Stress.pptx
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This document discusses stress, models of stress, and coping. It defines stress as a negative experience that results in biological, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes. It describes several models of stress including Seyle's general adaptation syndrome model, which outlines the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion in response to stressors. It also discusses Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model of stress, which emphasizes cognitive appraisal processes. Finally, it defines coping as efforts to manage internal and external demands, and discusses how personality traits like negative affectivity and explanatory style can influence stress responses and health outcomes, while traits like hardiness may promote better coping.
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Stress.pptx
- 2. Objectives • To understand what is stress? • To understand the concept of stress through different models of stress.
- 3. • Stress, Coping, and Health • Models of stress: Seyle, Mason, and Lazarus • Stress and illness (Assessment of stress and identification of stressors) • Stress management
- 4. Stress • Stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects (Baum,1990). • Stress is the consequence of a person’s appraisal processes • The assessment of whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment. • Stress is determined by the relationship between person and environment. • When person’s resources are more than enough and adequate to deal with a difficult situation, he or she may feel little stress. • And if he/she perceives that his or her resources are insufficient he or she may experienced a great deal of stress.
- 5. What is a Stressor • Stressful events themselves are called stressors. • Include, Noise, crowding, a bad relationship, exam, interview, work etc. • Stressor help to define some condition which likely to produce stress. • But cannot fully explain the experience of stress • Each stressful experience may be stressful to some people but not for others. • Noise of latest rock music, • Loss of job may be highly stressful for some one but can be an opportunity for other one, to seek a new better job.
- 6. The stimulus based Model of stress • Holmes Rahes • Life changes or stressor either positive or negative that tax adaptation capacity of a person cause physiological and psychological strains that leads to health problems • They developed Social Adjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) • People with higher score have more stressors and life changes in their lives and experience physical and mental illness. • Criticism • But correlation was fairly low • Ignore cognitive aspect, appraisal
- 7. Fight or Flight • Canon (1932) • When an organism feels a threat, the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. • Organism mobilize to decide fight or flee. • It can be harmful for the organism because it disrupts physiological and emotional functioning and cause problems. • The fight response may be manifested in angry, argumentative behavior • The flight response may be manifested through social withdrawal, substance abuse, and even television viewing.
- 8. GeneralAdaptation Syndrome • Selye (1956-1976) • Emphasizes the common physiological consequences of stressful situation. • When an organism confronts a stressor, it mobilizes itself for action. • General adaptation syndrome (GAS) • Hans Selye describe the physiological reaction to stressors which includes the three stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- 9. Stages • 1. Alarm • The organism is mobilized to meet the threat • 2. Resistance • Organism makes efforts to cope with the threat through confrontation • 3. Exhaustion • Occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and drains its resources in the process of trying
- 10. • This model provide the a way of thinking about the interplay of physiological and environmental factors. • Provides a physiological mechanism for stress and illness • Selye believed that repeated or prolonged exhaustion of resources 3rd stage is responsible for the physiological damage that lays for disease. Such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, hypertension etc.
- 11. Criticism • Selye assign a very little role to psychological factors, researchers now believe that the psychological appraisal of events is important in the determination of stress. • Not all the stressors produce same endocrinological responses. Response of individual is influenced by his personality, perception, and biological constitution.
- 12. TheTransactional Model • Lazarus & Folkman 1980 • They believe that people have capacity to thinking, evaluating, and reacting. • Lasarus emphasize on the role of cognition • Suggested two stage process of Appraisal: • A primaryAppraisal process • A secondaryAppraisal Process
- 13. • A Primary Appraisal Process • Determine the meaning of the event • Irrelevant • Positive • Negative • Negative events are further appraised for their possible harm, threat or challenge. • Harm is the assessment of the damage that has already been done by an event. • Man fired from the job---low self-esteem---threat of future damage • May appraised as challenge for other person
- 14. • Secondary appraisal • At the same time secondary appraisal is initiated • It is the assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources, whether they are sufficient to meet the harm, threat, and challenge • If harm and threat are high and coping abilities and resources are low threat will be felt. • If coping ability is high , stress may be low • Cognitive responses to the stress include outcomes of the appraisal process • Controllability of the event • Predictability of the event
- 15. • Mason noticed that Selye repeatedly referred to emotional factors in these experiments as “mere nervous stimuli,“ • downplaying the role of the mind.Yet canon prior work with animals, and Mason’s own experiments at the (WRAIR) with both animals and human subjects, suggested that these “mere” stimuli were actually highly significant, and that the psychological and emotional state of the subjects under study required more careful attention.
- 16. • Over the course of his career atWRAIR, • Mason repeatedly challenged Selye to recognize the many flaws in his biological theory and to accept the importance of psychological factors in stress and disease. • Mason and Selye's exchange of arguments and contradictions in the Journal of Human Stress, received popular press both at the time and more recently[ as a crucial turning point in the history of stress as a concept, and as the beginning of experimentally-validated integrative medicine.
- 17. Coping • Coping is the process of managing demands ( internal & external) that appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. • Coping consists of efforts both action oriented and intrapsychic, manage environmental and internal demands and conflicts among them(Lasarus &Launier, 1978). • This definition has many aspects • Relationship between coping and stressful event is a dynamic process. • Coping is a series of transections between a person and environment • Coping is not a one time action that a person take; rather it is asset of responses occurring over time, by which person and environment influence each other • Secondly emotional reactions including anger or depression, can be thought of as the part of coping process, that are voluntarily undertaken to confront the event. • Coping efforts are moderated by the resources that the individual have available.
- 18. Personality and coping • Coping with stressful event is influenced by the personality of an individual. • Some personality characteristics make stressful situation more worse, whereas others improve them. • Negative Stress and illness • Some people are predisposed by their personalities to experience stressful events as especially stressful. • Which may in turn, affect their physical symptoms, and/or their rates of illness. • This line of research has focused on a psychological status called “Negative affectivity”
- 19. Conti......... • Negative affectivity • A pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility. • These individuals express distress, discomfort, and dissatisfaction across wide range of situations • These people are more prone to drink heavily, to be depressed, and to engage in suicidal gestures or even suicide • Negativity is related to poor health • Literature suggested five diseases—asthma, arthritis, ulcers, headaches, and coronary artery disease. • Friedman and Booth-kewely 1987, suggested that psychological distress involving depression anger, hostility, and anxiety may constitute the basis of a disease-prone personality.
- 20. • Pessimistic Explanatory Style • This style may relate to illness (Sligman et.al.1989). • People explain their negative events of their lives in term of internal, stable, global qualities of themselves. leads to poor health • People marked by this personality characteristic may have reduced immunocompetence.
- 21. Cont.. • Hardiness • Is composed of three characteristics: • Commitment: tendency to involve oneself in whatever one encounters • belief in control: that one causes the event that happen in ones life and that can influence one’s environment • Challenge: a willingness to undertake change and confront new activities that represents for opportunities for growth. • Hardy people are physically and mentally healthier because they may appraise potentially stressful life events more favourable what may the value for the futurebly. • They may take more direct action to find out about these events, to incorporate them in their lives, and to learn from them . AQSA SHAHID