Intrinsic Methods in HotSpot VM

Intrinsic Methods in HotSpot
VM
Krystal Mo
Member of Technical Staff
HotSpot JVM Compiler Team


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Agenda

 Background
 Intrinsic Methods in HotSpot VM
 Intrinsic Methods added in TaobaoJDK
 Experiment: Implement Your Own Intrinsic
 Further Experiment


Agenda

 Background


What is a Intrinsic Method?

 In compiler theory, an intrinsic function is a function available for use in
a given programming language whose implementation is handled
specially by the compiler. Typically, it substitutes a sequence of
automatically generated instructions for the original function call,
similar to an inline function. Unlike an inline function though, the
compiler has an intimate knowledge of the intrinsic function and can
therefore better integrate it and optimize it for the situation. This is also
called builtin function in many languages.
 (via Wikipedia)


Intrinsic Functions in Native Compilers
Examples

 Microsoft Visual C/C++ Compiler
– __debugbreak()
 inserts an “int 3” instruction for breaking into debugger
 GCC
– __builtin_ia32_pause()
 inserts a “pause” instruction and necessary compiler barriers to prevent
the instruction from floating around


Intrinsic Methods in JVMs

 Specific to JVM implementations
– can’t assume a method is intrinsic across JVMs in general
– mostly implemented in JVM compilers



 Compatible
– appear to be no different from normal Java methods on Java source level;
all special handling is done within JVM
– can fallback to normal (non-intrinsic) version on JVMs that don’t intrinsify
them



 Reliable
– are good “anchor” points for JVM optimizations for common code patterns
– e.g. java.lang.System.arraycopy()
 easier to recognize than matching an explicit array-copying loop



 Extend Java semantics
– the same way native methods do, but usually more performant
 reliably inlined
 no JNI overhead
– e.g. sun.misc.Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt() on x86/AMD64
 no Java bytecode can express its semantics
 without intrinsics: implemented in native via JNI
(Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt())
 with intrinsics: a direct cmpxchg instruction, inlined to caller


Agenda

 Background


Intrinsic Methods in HotSpot VM
What to intrinsify?

 Commonly used public APIs in JDK core library
– to speed up common code patterns
– so use JDK core library methods whenever you can
 they may be better optimized!
 Special internal methods
– to implement special semantics
– the “secret sauce” to allow more parts of the Java core library be
implemented in Java
– may be exposed indirectly via ease-of-use APIs, e.g. j.u.c.atomic.*


How to intrinsify?

 Declare intrinsic methods in vmSymbols
 Implement intrinsic methods in
– Interpreter
 currently only implements intrinsics for
– some math functions
– a few MethodHandle internals for bootstrapping
– Client Compiler (C1)
– Server Compiler (C2)


Example: java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis() on Linux

 Interpreter
– not intrinsified
– java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis() (Java / core library)
 (-> through normal JNI call path)
 JVM_CurrentTimeMillis() (C++ / HotSpot VM)
 os::javaTimeMillis() (C++ / HotSpot VM)
 gettimeofday() (C / Linux)


Example: java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis() on Linux

 C1
– intrinsified
– inlined to caller as a direct call to os::javaTimeMillis()
 C2
– same as in C1

 (Intrinsification eliminates JNI overhead in compiled code)


Example: sun.misc.Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt() on x86/AMD64

 Interpreter
– not intrinsified
– sun.misc.Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt() (Java / core library)
 (-> through normal JNI call path)
 Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt() (C++ / HotSpot VM)
 Atomic::cmpxchg() (C++ inline asm / HotSpot VM)
 lock cmpxchgl


Example: sun.misc.Unsafe.compareAndSwapInt() on x86/AMD64

 C1
– intrinsified
– inlined into caller as a plain “lock cmpxchgl” instruction
 C2
– same as in C1

 (Intrinsification easily leverages special hardware instructions)


Example: java.lang.Math.log() on x86/AMD64

 Interpreter
– intrinsified
– java.lang.Math.log() (Java / core library)
 (-> through special interpreter method entry)
 “flog” x87 instruction


Example: java.lang.Math.log() on x86/AMD64

 C1 and C2
– intrinsified
– inlined into caller as “flog” x87 instruction

 (Intrinsification ignores Java-level implementation)
– java.lang.Math.log() is implemented in pure Java in JDK core library
– HotSpot VM ignores that implementation on platforms where hardware
floating point instructions are available


Other intrinsic methods of interest (on AMD64)

 java.lang.Thread.currentThread()
– mov reg, [r15 + java_thread_offset]
 java.lang.String.indexOf()/compareTo()/equals()
– use STTNI instructions in SSE4.2
 com.sun.crypto.provider.AESCrypt.encryptBlock()/decryptBlock()
– use AES instructions


Find out if you’re using intrinsics in compiled code

 -XX:+PrintCompilation -XX:+PrintInlining
– (prepend -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions when running on product VM)


Find out if you’re using intrinsics in compiled code: example

public class Foo {
private static Object bar() {
return Thread.currentThread();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
while (true) { bar(); }
}
}


Find out if you’re using intrinsics in compiled code: example

$ java -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:CompileCommand='exclude,Foo,main'
-XX:+PrintCompilation -XX:+PrintInlining Foo
CompilerOracle: exclude Foo.main
50 1 n java.lang.Thread::currentThread (0 bytes) (static)
### Excluding compile: static Foo::main
50 2 Foo::bar (4 bytes)
@ 0 java.lang.Thread::currentThread (0 bytes) (intrinsic)


Find out what intrinsic compiled into

 -XX:+PrintAssembly
– (prepend -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions when running on product VM)
– requires hsdis disassembler plugin


Find out what intrinsic compiled into: example
$ java -XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions -XX:CompileCommand='exclude,Foo,main'
-XX:+PrintAssembly Foo
...
# {method} 'bar' '()Ljava/lang/Object;' in 'Foo'
# [sp+0x20] (sp of caller)
0x00007f91cd061bc0: sub $0x18,%rsp
0x00007f91cd061bc7: mov %rbp,0x10(%rsp) ;*synchronization entry
; - Foo::bar@-1 (line 3)
0x00007f91cd061bcc: mov 0x1b0(%r15),%rax ;*invokestatic currentThread
; - Foo::bar@0 (line 3)
0x00007f91cd061bd3: add $0x10,%rsp
0x00007f91cd061bd7: pop %rbp
0x00007f91cd061bd8: test %eax,0xb7ed422(%rip) # 0x00007f91d884f000
; {poll_return}
0x00007f91cd061bde: retq
0x00007f91cd061bdf: hlt


Agenda

 Background


Instrinsic Methods Added in TaobaoJDK
Why make your own custom intrinsic method?

 Make better use of new instructions available on new hardware
– In Taobao’s case, new instructions on Westmere/Sandy Bridge
 Eliminate JNI overhead when having to invoke hot native methods
– Instead of calling a native method through normal JNI, implement it as an
intrinsic method

(this section is material from Taobao;
TaobaoJDK is a custom version of OpenJDK from Taobao)


A few examples

 TCrc32.xxx
– crc32c instruction in SSE4.2
 Unsafe.byteArrayCompare()
– byte array comparison via packed compare instructions
 Unsafe.pause()
– insert “pause” instruction before backedge of spinlock-like loop
…


crc32c

 Used in Hadoop
– throughput in TestDFSIO benchmark increased by 40%-180%


JVM Instrinsics Added in TaobaoJDK
crc32c


Agenda

 Background


Implementing an Intrinsic in C1
Example

 Implement java.lang.Class.isInstance() intrinsic in C1
– https://gist.github.com/rednaxelafx/2830194

 Note: starting point at GraphBuilder::try_inline_intrinsics()


Implementing an Intrinsic in C2
Example

 Implement a simple intrinsic demo in C2
– https://gist.github.com/rednaxelafx/1986224
 Implement a prototype for java.lang.Math.addExact() intrinsic in C2
– https://gist.github.com/rednaxelafx/db03ab15ef8b76246b84

 Note: starting point at LibraryCallKit::try_to_inline()


Agenda

 Background


Further Experiment
Introducing Graal

 Experiment with implementing your own language-/library-specific
intrinsic in HotSpot VM, but don’t want to write C++ or build HotSpot
VM?
– Graal (from Oracle Labs) is the answer to your call!
 bytecode-to-native compiler implemented in Java, can be plugged into
HotSpot VM
 OpenJDK project page
 Graal introduction (from JVM Language Summit 2011)


Q&A


Intrinsic Methods in HotSpot VM

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