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Solid and Infrastructure as Code

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Bram Vogelaar

This document discusses applying SOLID principles to infrastructure as code. It provides an overview of roles and profiles in infrastructure as code and how they relate to design patterns like Model View Controller (MVC). It also explains the five SOLID principles - single responsibility, open/closed, Liskov substitution, interface segregation and dependency inversion - and provides examples of applying them to infrastructure code through techniques like defining types, relationships between defined types and profiles, and creating abstract/generic defined types.

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Applying SOLID Principles to Infrastructure as Code @attachmentgenie
~$ whoami~$ whoami ● I used to be a Molecular Biologist,I used to be a Molecular Biologist, ● Then became a Dev,Then became a Dev, ● Now an Ops.Now an Ops. ● Open Source Consultant @Open Source Consultant @inuits.euinuits.eu
classclass webserver {webserver { include apacheinclude apache apache::vhost {apache::vhost { 'vhost.example.com''vhost.example.com':: port =>port => '80''80',, docroot =>docroot => '/var/www/vhost''/var/www/vhost',, }} include ::phpinclude ::php classclass {{ '::mysql::server''::mysql::server':: root_password =>root_password => 'secret''secret',, }} classclass {{ '::mysql::server::account_security''::mysql::server::account_security': }: } classclass {{ '::mysql::client''::mysql::client': }: } mysql::db {mysql::db { 'mydb''mydb':: user =>user => 'myuser''myuser',, password =>password => 'mypass''mypass',, host =>host => 'localhost''localhost',, grant => [grant => ['SELECT''SELECT',, 'UPDATE''UPDATE']],, }} include ::firewallinclude ::firewall firewall{firewall{'http''http':: dport =>dport => '80''80',, proto =>proto => 'tcp''tcp',, action =>action => 'accept''accept',, }}
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles ● Component modules — Modules that manageComponent modules — Modules that manage one particular technology, for exampleone particular technology, for example puppetlabs/apache.puppetlabs/apache. ● Profiles — Wrapper classes that use (multiple)Profiles — Wrapper classes that use (multiple) component modules to configure a layeredcomponent modules to configure a layered technology stack.technology stack. ● Roles — Wrapper classes that use multipleRoles — Wrapper classes that use multiple profiles to build a complete systemprofiles to build a complete system configuration.configuration. https://www.craigdunn.org/2012/05/239/https://www.craigdunn.org/2012/05/239/
Roles & Profiles - TLDRRoles & Profiles - TLDR ● Component modules — Resources definitions.Component modules — Resources definitions. ● Profiles — Your company specificProfiles — Your company specific implementation.implementation. ● Roles — Bussiness role.Roles — Bussiness role.
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql }}
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include ::profiles::apacheinclude ::profiles::apache }} classclass roles::database {roles::database { include ::profiles::mysqlinclude ::profiles::mysql }}
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles ● First approach: Granular rolesFirst approach: Granular roles ● Second approach: Conditional logicSecond approach: Conditional logic ● Third approach: Nested rolesThird approach: Nested roles ● Fourth approach: Multiple roles per nodeFourth approach: Multiple roles per node ● Fifth approach: Super profilesFifth approach: Super profiles ● Sixth approach: Building roles in the nodeSixth approach: Building roles in the node classifierclassifier https://puppet.com/docs/pe/2017.3/managinghttps://puppet.com/docs/pe/2017.3/managing _nodes/designing_convenient_roles.html_nodes/designing_convenient_roles.html
““loose coupling, high cohesion”loose coupling, high cohesion” Unknown?Unknown?
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::allinone {roles::allinone { include ::profiles::apacheinclude ::profiles::apache include ::profiles::mysqlinclude ::profiles::mysql }}
Design PatternsDesign Patterns
Model View ControllerModel View Controller ● The model is the central component of theThe model is the central component of the pattern. It expresses the application's behaviorpattern. It expresses the application's behavior in terms of the problem domain, independent ofin terms of the problem domain, independent of the user interface.[6] It directly manages thethe user interface.[6] It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application.data, logic and rules of the application. ● The controller, accepts input and converts it toThe controller, accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view.commands for the model or view. ● A view can be any output representation ofA view can be any output representation of information, such as a chart or a diagram.information, such as a chart or a diagram. Multiple views of the same information areMultiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for managementpossible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants.and a tabular view for accountants.
MVC -TLDRMVC -TLDR ● Model: heavy lifting partModel: heavy lifting part ● Controller: Logic flow coordinatorController: Logic flow coordinator ● View: Consumable render of dataView: Consumable render of data
R&P vs MVCR&P vs MVC ● Component modules — Resources definitions.Component modules — Resources definitions. ● Profiles — Your company specificProfiles — Your company specific implementation.implementation. ● Roles — Bussiness role.Roles — Bussiness role. ● Model: heavy lifting partModel: heavy lifting part ● Controller: Flow coordinatorController: Flow coordinator ● View: Consumable render of dataView: Consumable render of data
OO - Objective OrientedOO - Objective Oriented ● Objects and classesObjects and classes ● Dynamic dispatch/message passingDynamic dispatch/message passing ● EncapsulationEncapsulation ● Composition, inheritance, and delegationComposition, inheritance, and delegation ● PolymorphismPolymorphism ● Open recursionOpen recursion
SOLID PrincipleSOLID Principle mnemonic acronym for five design principlesmnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs moreintended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainableunderstandable, flexible and maintainable Robert C. Martin, 2002Robert C. Martin, 2002
SOLID PrincipleSOLID Principle SS — Single Responsibility Principle— Single Responsibility Principle OO— Open-Closed Principle— Open-Closed Principle LL — Liskov Substitution Principle— Liskov Substitution Principle II — Interface Segregation Principle— Interface Segregation Principle DD — Dependency Inversion Principle— Dependency Inversion Principle
Single Responsibility PrincipleSingle Responsibility Principle ““A class should have one, and only one,A class should have one, and only one, reason to change”reason to change”
classclass webserver {webserver { include apacheinclude apache apache::vhost {apache::vhost { 'vhost.example.com''vhost.example.com':: port =>port => '80''80',, docroot =>docroot => '/var/www/vhost''/var/www/vhost',, }} include ::phpinclude ::php classclass {{ '::mysql::server''::mysql::server':: root_password =>root_password => 'secret''secret',, }} classclass {{ '::mysql::server::account_security''::mysql::server::account_security': }: } classclass {{ '::mysql::client''::mysql::client': }: } mysql::db {mysql::db { 'mydb''mydb':: user =>user => 'myuser''myuser',, password =>password => 'mypass''mypass',, host =>host => 'localhost''localhost',, grant => [grant => ['SELECT''SELECT',, 'UPDATE''UPDATE']],, }} include ::firewallinclude ::firewall firewall{firewall{'http''http':: dport =>dport => '80''80',, proto =>proto => 'tcp''tcp',, action =>action => 'accept''accept',, }}
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql }}
Open-Closed PrincipleOpen-Closed Principle ““You should be able to extend a class’sYou should be able to extend a class’s behavior, without modifying it”behavior, without modifying it”
classclass profiles::website::apache (profiles::website::apache ( BooleanBoolean $default_mods$default_mods == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $default_vhost$default_vhost == falsefalse,, HashHash $modules$modules = {}= {},, StringString $mpm_module$mpm_module == 'prefork''prefork',, BooleanBoolean $purge_configs$purge_configs == falsefalse,, BooleanBoolean $purge_vhost_dir$purge_vhost_dir == falsefalse,, HashHash $vhosts$vhosts = {}= {},, ) {) { classclass {{ '::apache''::apache':: default_mods =>default_mods => $default_mods$default_mods,, default_vhost =>default_vhost => $default_vhost$default_vhost,, mpm_module =>mpm_module => $mpm_module$mpm_module,, purge_configs =>purge_configs => $purge_configs$purge_configs,, purge_vhost_dir =>purge_vhost_dir => $purge_vhost_dir$purge_vhost_dir,, }} create_resources(create_resources('apache::mod''apache::mod',, $modules$modules)) create_resources(create_resources('apache::vhost''apache::vhost',, $vhosts$vhosts)) }}
YAML programmingYAML programming profiles::website::apache::vhosts:profiles::website::apache::vhosts: 'icinga.alerting.vagrant':'icinga.alerting.vagrant': port:port: 8080 docroot:docroot: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' directories:directories: -- 'icingaweb':'icingaweb': path:path: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' directoryindex:directoryindex: 'index.php''index.php' options:options: -- 'SymLinksIfOwnerMatch''SymLinksIfOwnerMatch' setenv:setenv: -- 'ICINGAWEB_CONFIGDIR "/etc/icingaweb2"''ICINGAWEB_CONFIGDIR "/etc/icingaweb2"' rewrites:rewrites: -- 'icingaweb':'icingaweb': comment:comment: 'Icingaweb2''Icingaweb2' rewrite_base:rewrite_base: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' rewrite_cond:rewrite_cond: -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -s [OR]''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -s [OR]' -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -l [OR]''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -l [OR]' -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d' rewrite_rule:rewrite_rule: -- '^.*$ - [NC,L]''^.*$ - [NC,L]' -- 'php':'php': comment:comment: 'PHP''PHP' rewrite_rule:rewrite_rule: -- '^.*$ index.php [NC,L]''^.*$ index.php [NC,L]' setenvif:setenvif: -- 'Authorization "(.*)" HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=$1''Authorization "(.*)" HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=$1' aliases:aliases: -- '/icingaweb2':'/icingaweb2': alias:alias: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' path:path: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' redirectmatch_regexp:redirectmatch_regexp: '^/$''^/$' redirectmatch_dest:redirectmatch_dest: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' custom_fragment:custom_fragment: || <LocationMatch "^/icingaweb2/(.*.php)$"><LocationMatch "^/icingaweb2/(.*.php)$"> ProxyPassMatch "fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/share/icingaweb2/public/$1"ProxyPassMatch "fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/share/icingaweb2/public/$1" </LocationMatch></LocationMatch>
Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker # cat default.pp# cat default.pp lookup(lookup('circuit_breaker_key''circuit_breaker_key', Boolean, Boolean)) Exec { path => [Exec { path => [ "/bin/""/bin/",, "/sbin/""/sbin/" ,, "/usr/bin/""/usr/bin/",, "/usr/sbin/""/usr/sbin/" ] }] } Package {Package { allow_virtual =>allow_virtual => truetrue,, }}
Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker [root@php72 ~]# puppet agent -t[root@php72 ~]# puppet agent -t ...... Error: Could not retrieve catalog from remote server:Error: Could not retrieve catalog from remote server: Error 500 on SERVER: Server Error: Function lookup()Error 500 on SERVER: Server Error: Function lookup() did not find a value for the name 'circuit_breaker'did not find a value for the name 'circuit_breaker' on node php72.website.vagranton node php72.website.vagrant Warning: Not using cache on failed catalogWarning: Not using cache on failed catalog Error: Could not retrieve catalog; skipping runError: Could not retrieve catalog; skipping run
Liskov Substitution PrincipleLiskov Substitution Principle ““Derived classes must be substitutableDerived classes must be substitutable for their base classes”for their base classes”
Using TypesUsing Types classclass nginx (nginx ( $temp_path = ‘/tmp’$temp_path = ‘/tmp’,, $confd_only$confd_only == falsefalse,, $daemon$daemon == undefundef,, $severity$severity == 'error''error',,
Using TypesUsing Types classclass nginx (nginx ( Stdlib::AbsolutepathStdlib::Absolutepath $temp_path = ‘/tmp’$temp_path = ‘/tmp’,, BooleanBoolean $confd_only$confd_only == falsefalse,, Optional[Enum[Optional[Enum['on''on',, 'off''off']]]] $daemon$daemon == undefundef,, Nginx::SeverityNginx::Severity $severity$severity == 'error''error',,
Using TypesUsing Types # cat modules/nginx/types/serverity.pp# cat modules/nginx/types/serverity.pp type Nginx::Severity = Enum[type Nginx::Severity = Enum[ 'debug''debug',, 'info''info',, 'notice''notice',, 'warn''warn',, 'error''error',, 'crit''crit',, 'alert''alert',, 'emerg' # lint:ignore:trailing_comma'emerg' # lint:ignore:trailing_comma ]]
Interface Segregation PrincipleInterface Segregation Principle ““Make fine-grained interfaces that areMake fine-grained interfaces that are client specific”client specific”
DRY – Dont Repeat YourselfDRY – Dont Repeat Yourself ““...”...”
DRYDRY modules grep -r "apache::vhost" . | wc -l❯ 75
RelationshipsRelationships
Profiles & Defined TypesProfiles & Defined Types create_resources(create_resources( 'apache::vhost''apache::vhost',, $vhosts$vhosts,, $vhost_defaults$vhost_defaults )) VSVS create_resources(create_resources( '::profile_symfony::vhost''::profile_symfony::vhost',, $instances$instances )) create_resources(create_resources( '::profile_drupal::vhost''::profile_drupal::vhost',, $instances$instances ))
Dependency Inversion PrincipleDependency Inversion Principle ““Depend on abstractions, not onDepend on abstractions, not on concretions”concretions”
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql include profiles::firewallinclude profiles::firewall }}
Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass role::webserver {role::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::phpinclude profiles::php include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql include profiles::firewallinclude profiles::firewall }}
Defined TypesDefined Types definedefine profile_static_app::vhost(profile_static_app::vhost( StringString $public_name$public_name,, StringString $internal_name$internal_name,, StringString $package_name$package_name,, StringString $docroot$docroot == "/var/vhosts/"/var/vhosts/${name}${name}"",, BooleanBoolean $force_ssl$force_ssl == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $letsencrypt$letsencrypt == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $package_ensure$package_ensure == 'installed''installed',, Enum[Enum['apache''apache',,'haproxy''haproxy',, 'none''none']] $rproxy_type$rproxy_type == 'apache''apache',, StringString $rproxy_basicauth$rproxy_basicauth == 'ldap''ldap',, StringString $custom_fragment$custom_fragment == '''',, Array[String]Array[String] $internal_aliases$internal_aliases = []= [],, Array[String]Array[String] $public_aliases$public_aliases = []= [],, ) {) { ::profile_static_app::instance {::profile_static_app::instance {$public_name$public_name:: package_name =>package_name => $package_name$package_name,, ensure =>ensure => $package_ensure$package_ensure,, }} ::profile_apache::vhost{::profile_apache::vhost{ $public_name$public_name:: docroot =>docroot => $docroot$docroot,, internal_name =>internal_name => $internal_name$internal_name,, internal_aliases =>internal_aliases => $internal_aliases$internal_aliases,, public_name =>public_name => $public_name$public_name,, public_aliases =>public_aliases => $public_aliases$public_aliases,, force_ssl =>force_ssl => $force_ssl$force_ssl,, letsencrypt =>letsencrypt => $letsencrypt$letsencrypt,, rproxy_type =>rproxy_type => $rproxy_type$rproxy_type,, rproxy_basicauth =>rproxy_basicauth => $rproxy_basicauth$rproxy_basicauth,, custom_fragment =>custom_fragment => $custom_fragment$custom_fragment,, }} }}
php::fpm::pool {php::fpm::pool { $name$name:: access_log =>access_log => $acces_log$acces_log,, listen =>listen => $fpm_listen$fpm_listen,, pm =>pm => $process_manager$process_manager,, pm_status_path =>pm_status_path => "/"/${name}${name}_status"_status",, }} profile_base::logrotate::file {profile_base::logrotate::file { ""${name}${name}-pool"-pool":: location => [location => [$acces_log$acces_log]],, }} ifif $create_cachetool_config$create_cachetool_config {{ ::profile_php::cachetool::config {::profile_php::cachetool::config { $name$name:: fpm_listen =>fpm_listen => $fpm_listen$fpm_listen,, location =>location => $cachetool_config_dir$cachetool_config_dir,, }} }} ifif $enable_alerting$enable_alerting {{ notify {notify { 'no alerting to see here''no alerting to see here': }: } }} ifif $enable_ship_logs$enable_ship_logs {{ ::profile_base::rsyslog::file {::profile_base::rsyslog::file { ""${name}${name}-pool"-pool":: location =>location => $acces_log$acces_log,, }} }} ifif $enable_ship_metrics$enable_ship_metrics {{ notify {notify { 'no metrics to see here''no metrics to see here': }: } }}
ConclusionsConclusions VV Single Responsibility PrincipleSingle Responsibility Principle ½½ Open-Closed PrincipleOpen-Closed Principle ½½ Liskov Substitution PrincipleLiskov Substitution Principle ½½ Interface Segregation PrincipleInterface Segregation Principle ¾¾ Dependency Inversion PrincipleDependency Inversion Principle
More ReadingMore Reading
ContactContact Bram VogelaarBram Vogelaar +31 6 46 62 60 78+31 6 46 62 60 78 bram.vogelaar@inuits.eubram.vogelaar@inuits.eu @attachmentgenie@attachmentgenie Inuits BEInuits BE Essensteenweg 31Essensteenweg 31 2930 Brasschaat2930 Brasschaat BelgiumBelgium Inuits NLInuits NL Maashaven Zuidzijde 2Maashaven Zuidzijde 2 3081 AE Rotterdam3081 AE Rotterdam NetherlandsNetherlands

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Solid and Infrastructure as Code

  • 2. ~$ whoami~$ whoami ● I used to be a Molecular Biologist,I used to be a Molecular Biologist, ● Then became a Dev,Then became a Dev, ● Now an Ops.Now an Ops. ● Open Source Consultant @Open Source Consultant @inuits.euinuits.eu
  • 3. classclass webserver {webserver { include apacheinclude apache apache::vhost {apache::vhost { 'vhost.example.com''vhost.example.com':: port =>port => '80''80',, docroot =>docroot => '/var/www/vhost''/var/www/vhost',, }} include ::phpinclude ::php classclass {{ '::mysql::server''::mysql::server':: root_password =>root_password => 'secret''secret',, }} classclass {{ '::mysql::server::account_security''::mysql::server::account_security': }: } classclass {{ '::mysql::client''::mysql::client': }: } mysql::db {mysql::db { 'mydb''mydb':: user =>user => 'myuser''myuser',, password =>password => 'mypass''mypass',, host =>host => 'localhost''localhost',, grant => [grant => ['SELECT''SELECT',, 'UPDATE''UPDATE']],, }} include ::firewallinclude ::firewall firewall{firewall{'http''http':: dport =>dport => '80''80',, proto =>proto => 'tcp''tcp',, action =>action => 'accept''accept',, }}
  • 4. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles ● Component modules — Modules that manageComponent modules — Modules that manage one particular technology, for exampleone particular technology, for example puppetlabs/apache.puppetlabs/apache. ● Profiles — Wrapper classes that use (multiple)Profiles — Wrapper classes that use (multiple) component modules to configure a layeredcomponent modules to configure a layered technology stack.technology stack. ● Roles — Wrapper classes that use multipleRoles — Wrapper classes that use multiple profiles to build a complete systemprofiles to build a complete system configuration.configuration. https://www.craigdunn.org/2012/05/239/https://www.craigdunn.org/2012/05/239/
  • 5. Roles & Profiles - TLDRRoles & Profiles - TLDR ● Component modules — Resources definitions.Component modules — Resources definitions. ● Profiles — Your company specificProfiles — Your company specific implementation.implementation. ● Roles — Bussiness role.Roles — Bussiness role.
  • 6. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql }}
  • 7. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include ::profiles::apacheinclude ::profiles::apache }} classclass roles::database {roles::database { include ::profiles::mysqlinclude ::profiles::mysql }}
  • 8. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles ● First approach: Granular rolesFirst approach: Granular roles ● Second approach: Conditional logicSecond approach: Conditional logic ● Third approach: Nested rolesThird approach: Nested roles ● Fourth approach: Multiple roles per nodeFourth approach: Multiple roles per node ● Fifth approach: Super profilesFifth approach: Super profiles ● Sixth approach: Building roles in the nodeSixth approach: Building roles in the node classifierclassifier https://puppet.com/docs/pe/2017.3/managinghttps://puppet.com/docs/pe/2017.3/managing _nodes/designing_convenient_roles.html_nodes/designing_convenient_roles.html
  • 9. ““loose coupling, high cohesion”loose coupling, high cohesion” Unknown?Unknown?
  • 10. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::allinone {roles::allinone { include ::profiles::apacheinclude ::profiles::apache include ::profiles::mysqlinclude ::profiles::mysql }}
  • 12. Model View ControllerModel View Controller ● The model is the central component of theThe model is the central component of the pattern. It expresses the application's behaviorpattern. It expresses the application's behavior in terms of the problem domain, independent ofin terms of the problem domain, independent of the user interface.[6] It directly manages thethe user interface.[6] It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application.data, logic and rules of the application. ● The controller, accepts input and converts it toThe controller, accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view.commands for the model or view. ● A view can be any output representation ofA view can be any output representation of information, such as a chart or a diagram.information, such as a chart or a diagram. Multiple views of the same information areMultiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for managementpossible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants.and a tabular view for accountants.
  • 13. MVC -TLDRMVC -TLDR ● Model: heavy lifting partModel: heavy lifting part ● Controller: Logic flow coordinatorController: Logic flow coordinator ● View: Consumable render of dataView: Consumable render of data
  • 14. R&P vs MVCR&P vs MVC ● Component modules — Resources definitions.Component modules — Resources definitions. ● Profiles — Your company specificProfiles — Your company specific implementation.implementation. ● Roles — Bussiness role.Roles — Bussiness role. ● Model: heavy lifting partModel: heavy lifting part ● Controller: Flow coordinatorController: Flow coordinator ● View: Consumable render of dataView: Consumable render of data
  • 15. OO - Objective OrientedOO - Objective Oriented ● Objects and classesObjects and classes ● Dynamic dispatch/message passingDynamic dispatch/message passing ● EncapsulationEncapsulation ● Composition, inheritance, and delegationComposition, inheritance, and delegation ● PolymorphismPolymorphism ● Open recursionOpen recursion
  • 16. SOLID PrincipleSOLID Principle mnemonic acronym for five design principlesmnemonic acronym for five design principles intended to make software designs moreintended to make software designs more understandable, flexible and maintainableunderstandable, flexible and maintainable Robert C. Martin, 2002Robert C. Martin, 2002
  • 17. SOLID PrincipleSOLID Principle SS — Single Responsibility Principle— Single Responsibility Principle OO— Open-Closed Principle— Open-Closed Principle LL — Liskov Substitution Principle— Liskov Substitution Principle II — Interface Segregation Principle— Interface Segregation Principle DD — Dependency Inversion Principle— Dependency Inversion Principle
  • 18. Single Responsibility PrincipleSingle Responsibility Principle ““A class should have one, and only one,A class should have one, and only one, reason to change”reason to change”
  • 19. classclass webserver {webserver { include apacheinclude apache apache::vhost {apache::vhost { 'vhost.example.com''vhost.example.com':: port =>port => '80''80',, docroot =>docroot => '/var/www/vhost''/var/www/vhost',, }} include ::phpinclude ::php classclass {{ '::mysql::server''::mysql::server':: root_password =>root_password => 'secret''secret',, }} classclass {{ '::mysql::server::account_security''::mysql::server::account_security': }: } classclass {{ '::mysql::client''::mysql::client': }: } mysql::db {mysql::db { 'mydb''mydb':: user =>user => 'myuser''myuser',, password =>password => 'mypass''mypass',, host =>host => 'localhost''localhost',, grant => [grant => ['SELECT''SELECT',, 'UPDATE''UPDATE']],, }} include ::firewallinclude ::firewall firewall{firewall{'http''http':: dport =>dport => '80''80',, proto =>proto => 'tcp''tcp',, action =>action => 'accept''accept',, }}
  • 20. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql }}
  • 21. Open-Closed PrincipleOpen-Closed Principle ““You should be able to extend a class’sYou should be able to extend a class’s behavior, without modifying it”behavior, without modifying it”
  • 22. classclass profiles::website::apache (profiles::website::apache ( BooleanBoolean $default_mods$default_mods == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $default_vhost$default_vhost == falsefalse,, HashHash $modules$modules = {}= {},, StringString $mpm_module$mpm_module == 'prefork''prefork',, BooleanBoolean $purge_configs$purge_configs == falsefalse,, BooleanBoolean $purge_vhost_dir$purge_vhost_dir == falsefalse,, HashHash $vhosts$vhosts = {}= {},, ) {) { classclass {{ '::apache''::apache':: default_mods =>default_mods => $default_mods$default_mods,, default_vhost =>default_vhost => $default_vhost$default_vhost,, mpm_module =>mpm_module => $mpm_module$mpm_module,, purge_configs =>purge_configs => $purge_configs$purge_configs,, purge_vhost_dir =>purge_vhost_dir => $purge_vhost_dir$purge_vhost_dir,, }} create_resources(create_resources('apache::mod''apache::mod',, $modules$modules)) create_resources(create_resources('apache::vhost''apache::vhost',, $vhosts$vhosts)) }}
  • 23. YAML programmingYAML programming profiles::website::apache::vhosts:profiles::website::apache::vhosts: 'icinga.alerting.vagrant':'icinga.alerting.vagrant': port:port: 8080 docroot:docroot: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' directories:directories: -- 'icingaweb':'icingaweb': path:path: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' directoryindex:directoryindex: 'index.php''index.php' options:options: -- 'SymLinksIfOwnerMatch''SymLinksIfOwnerMatch' setenv:setenv: -- 'ICINGAWEB_CONFIGDIR "/etc/icingaweb2"''ICINGAWEB_CONFIGDIR "/etc/icingaweb2"' rewrites:rewrites: -- 'icingaweb':'icingaweb': comment:comment: 'Icingaweb2''Icingaweb2' rewrite_base:rewrite_base: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' rewrite_cond:rewrite_cond: -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -s [OR]''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -s [OR]' -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -l [OR]''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -l [OR]' -- '%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d''%%{}{REQUEST_FILENAME} -d' rewrite_rule:rewrite_rule: -- '^.*$ - [NC,L]''^.*$ - [NC,L]' -- 'php':'php': comment:comment: 'PHP''PHP' rewrite_rule:rewrite_rule: -- '^.*$ index.php [NC,L]''^.*$ index.php [NC,L]' setenvif:setenvif: -- 'Authorization "(.*)" HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=$1''Authorization "(.*)" HTTP_AUTHORIZATION=$1' aliases:aliases: -- '/icingaweb2':'/icingaweb2': alias:alias: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' path:path: '/usr/share/icingaweb2/public''/usr/share/icingaweb2/public' redirectmatch_regexp:redirectmatch_regexp: '^/$''^/$' redirectmatch_dest:redirectmatch_dest: '/icingaweb2''/icingaweb2' custom_fragment:custom_fragment: || <LocationMatch "^/icingaweb2/(.*.php)$"><LocationMatch "^/icingaweb2/(.*.php)$"> ProxyPassMatch "fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/share/icingaweb2/public/$1"ProxyPassMatch "fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/share/icingaweb2/public/$1" </LocationMatch></LocationMatch>
  • 24. Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker # cat default.pp# cat default.pp lookup(lookup('circuit_breaker_key''circuit_breaker_key', Boolean, Boolean)) Exec { path => [Exec { path => [ "/bin/""/bin/",, "/sbin/""/sbin/" ,, "/usr/bin/""/usr/bin/",, "/usr/sbin/""/usr/sbin/" ] }] } Package {Package { allow_virtual =>allow_virtual => truetrue,, }}
  • 25. Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker [root@php72 ~]# puppet agent -t[root@php72 ~]# puppet agent -t ...... Error: Could not retrieve catalog from remote server:Error: Could not retrieve catalog from remote server: Error 500 on SERVER: Server Error: Function lookup()Error 500 on SERVER: Server Error: Function lookup() did not find a value for the name 'circuit_breaker'did not find a value for the name 'circuit_breaker' on node php72.website.vagranton node php72.website.vagrant Warning: Not using cache on failed catalogWarning: Not using cache on failed catalog Error: Could not retrieve catalog; skipping runError: Could not retrieve catalog; skipping run
  • 26. Liskov Substitution PrincipleLiskov Substitution Principle ““Derived classes must be substitutableDerived classes must be substitutable for their base classes”for their base classes”
  • 27. Using TypesUsing Types classclass nginx (nginx ( $temp_path = ‘/tmp’$temp_path = ‘/tmp’,, $confd_only$confd_only == falsefalse,, $daemon$daemon == undefundef,, $severity$severity == 'error''error',,
  • 28. Using TypesUsing Types classclass nginx (nginx ( Stdlib::AbsolutepathStdlib::Absolutepath $temp_path = ‘/tmp’$temp_path = ‘/tmp’,, BooleanBoolean $confd_only$confd_only == falsefalse,, Optional[Enum[Optional[Enum['on''on',, 'off''off']]]] $daemon$daemon == undefundef,, Nginx::SeverityNginx::Severity $severity$severity == 'error''error',,
  • 29. Using TypesUsing Types # cat modules/nginx/types/serverity.pp# cat modules/nginx/types/serverity.pp type Nginx::Severity = Enum[type Nginx::Severity = Enum[ 'debug''debug',, 'info''info',, 'notice''notice',, 'warn''warn',, 'error''error',, 'crit''crit',, 'alert''alert',, 'emerg' # lint:ignore:trailing_comma'emerg' # lint:ignore:trailing_comma ]]
  • 30. Interface Segregation PrincipleInterface Segregation Principle ““Make fine-grained interfaces that areMake fine-grained interfaces that are client specific”client specific”
  • 31. DRY – Dont Repeat YourselfDRY – Dont Repeat Yourself ““...”...”
  • 32. DRYDRY modules grep -r "apache::vhost" . | wc -l❯ 75
  • 34. Profiles & Defined TypesProfiles & Defined Types create_resources(create_resources( 'apache::vhost''apache::vhost',, $vhosts$vhosts,, $vhost_defaults$vhost_defaults )) VSVS create_resources(create_resources( '::profile_symfony::vhost''::profile_symfony::vhost',, $instances$instances )) create_resources(create_resources( '::profile_drupal::vhost''::profile_drupal::vhost',, $instances$instances ))
  • 35. Dependency Inversion PrincipleDependency Inversion Principle ““Depend on abstractions, not onDepend on abstractions, not on concretions”concretions”
  • 36. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass roles::webserver {roles::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql include profiles::firewallinclude profiles::firewall }}
  • 37. Roles & ProfilesRoles & Profiles classclass role::webserver {role::webserver { include profiles::apacheinclude profiles::apache include profiles::phpinclude profiles::php include profiles::mysqlinclude profiles::mysql include profiles::firewallinclude profiles::firewall }}
  • 38. Defined TypesDefined Types definedefine profile_static_app::vhost(profile_static_app::vhost( StringString $public_name$public_name,, StringString $internal_name$internal_name,, StringString $package_name$package_name,, StringString $docroot$docroot == "/var/vhosts/"/var/vhosts/${name}${name}"",, BooleanBoolean $force_ssl$force_ssl == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $letsencrypt$letsencrypt == truetrue,, BooleanBoolean $package_ensure$package_ensure == 'installed''installed',, Enum[Enum['apache''apache',,'haproxy''haproxy',, 'none''none']] $rproxy_type$rproxy_type == 'apache''apache',, StringString $rproxy_basicauth$rproxy_basicauth == 'ldap''ldap',, StringString $custom_fragment$custom_fragment == '''',, Array[String]Array[String] $internal_aliases$internal_aliases = []= [],, Array[String]Array[String] $public_aliases$public_aliases = []= [],, ) {) { ::profile_static_app::instance {::profile_static_app::instance {$public_name$public_name:: package_name =>package_name => $package_name$package_name,, ensure =>ensure => $package_ensure$package_ensure,, }} ::profile_apache::vhost{::profile_apache::vhost{ $public_name$public_name:: docroot =>docroot => $docroot$docroot,, internal_name =>internal_name => $internal_name$internal_name,, internal_aliases =>internal_aliases => $internal_aliases$internal_aliases,, public_name =>public_name => $public_name$public_name,, public_aliases =>public_aliases => $public_aliases$public_aliases,, force_ssl =>force_ssl => $force_ssl$force_ssl,, letsencrypt =>letsencrypt => $letsencrypt$letsencrypt,, rproxy_type =>rproxy_type => $rproxy_type$rproxy_type,, rproxy_basicauth =>rproxy_basicauth => $rproxy_basicauth$rproxy_basicauth,, custom_fragment =>custom_fragment => $custom_fragment$custom_fragment,, }} }}
  • 39. php::fpm::pool {php::fpm::pool { $name$name:: access_log =>access_log => $acces_log$acces_log,, listen =>listen => $fpm_listen$fpm_listen,, pm =>pm => $process_manager$process_manager,, pm_status_path =>pm_status_path => "/"/${name}${name}_status"_status",, }} profile_base::logrotate::file {profile_base::logrotate::file { ""${name}${name}-pool"-pool":: location => [location => [$acces_log$acces_log]],, }} ifif $create_cachetool_config$create_cachetool_config {{ ::profile_php::cachetool::config {::profile_php::cachetool::config { $name$name:: fpm_listen =>fpm_listen => $fpm_listen$fpm_listen,, location =>location => $cachetool_config_dir$cachetool_config_dir,, }} }} ifif $enable_alerting$enable_alerting {{ notify {notify { 'no alerting to see here''no alerting to see here': }: } }} ifif $enable_ship_logs$enable_ship_logs {{ ::profile_base::rsyslog::file {::profile_base::rsyslog::file { ""${name}${name}-pool"-pool":: location =>location => $acces_log$acces_log,, }} }} ifif $enable_ship_metrics$enable_ship_metrics {{ notify {notify { 'no metrics to see here''no metrics to see here': }: } }}
  • 40. ConclusionsConclusions VV Single Responsibility PrincipleSingle Responsibility Principle ½½ Open-Closed PrincipleOpen-Closed Principle ½½ Liskov Substitution PrincipleLiskov Substitution Principle ½½ Interface Segregation PrincipleInterface Segregation Principle ¾¾ Dependency Inversion PrincipleDependency Inversion Principle
  • 42. ContactContact Bram VogelaarBram Vogelaar +31 6 46 62 60 78+31 6 46 62 60 78 [email protected]@inuits.eu @attachmentgenie@attachmentgenie Inuits BEInuits BE Essensteenweg 31Essensteenweg 31 2930 Brasschaat2930 Brasschaat BelgiumBelgium Inuits NLInuits NL Maashaven Zuidzijde 2Maashaven Zuidzijde 2 3081 AE Rotterdam3081 AE Rotterdam NetherlandsNetherlands