Style guideshell

Bash Style Guide and Coding Standard

With complementing comments on the testing of scripts

Fritz Mehner
Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, Iserlohn
mehner@fh-swf.de

Contents

1 Length of line 2 6 Files 5

2 Indentation 2 7 Command line options 6

3 Comments 2 8 Use of Shell Builtin Commands 6
3.1 Introductory comments in files . . 2
3.2 Line end comments . . . . . . . . . 2 9 SUID/SGID-Scripts 7
3.3 Section comments . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.4 Function comments . . . . . . . . . 3 10 Testing 7
3.5 Commenting style . . . . . . . . . 3 10.1 Syntax check . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
10.2 Test scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Variables and constants 3 10.3 Use of echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1 Use of variables . . . . . . . . . . . 3 10.4 Testing using bash options . . . . 8
4.2 Use of constants . . . . . . . . . . 4 10.5 Testing by means of trap . . . . . 9
10.6 The debugger bashdb . . . . . . . 10
5 Success verification 4
5.1 Command line options . . . . . . . 4 11 Further sources of information 10
5.2 Variables, commands and functions 4
5.3 Execution and summary reports . . 5 12 Summary 11

Often, script programming is considered to generate only rapid and hardly to understand “throw-
away solutions” which do not have to meet any specific quality requirements. However it is often
ignored that there are many areas where long-living scripts are quite the rule: System management,
start and configuration of operating systems, software installations, automation of user tasks and so
on. And, of course, these solutions need to be maintained, extended and documented.
When it comes to script programming therefore the same requirements have to be fulfilled than when
programming in a production language (meeting the purpose, correctness of the solution, meeting the
requirements, robustness, maintainability) and therefore the same standards have to be employed. A
program can only be maintained, if its structure and effect can be understood easily by someone who
has not written the program, so that successful changes can be executed in reasonable time. The way
these requirements are met depends to a great part on the programming style used. The specifications
dealt with here serve primarily for generating easily understandable and thus maintainable code and
therefore must be observed.

April 5, 2011 page 1 of 12


1 Length of line
The total length of a line (including comment) must not exceed more than 88 characters. Thus
searching in cross direction can be avoided and the file can be printed with the usual width of paper
without lines being cut or line breaks. Instructions have to be split up, as applicable, texts can be
made up as well.

2 Indentation
The indentation of program constructions has to agree with the logic nesting depth. The indentation
of one step usually is in line with the tabulator steps of the editor selected. In most cases 2, 4 or 8
are chosen.

3 Comments
3.1 Introductory comments in files
Every file must be documented with an introductory comment that provides information on the file
name and its contents:
#!/bin/bash
#===================================================================================
#
# FILE: stale-links.sh
#
# USAGE: stale-links.sh [-d] [-l] [-oD logfile] [-h] [starting directories]
#
# DESCRIPTION: List and/or delete all stale links in directory trees.
# The default starting directory is the current directory.
# Don’t descend directories on other filesystems.
#
# OPTIONS: see function ’usage’ below
# REQUIREMENTS: ---
# BUGS: ---
# NOTES: ---
# AUTHOR: Dr.-Ing. Fritz Mehner (Mn), mehner@fh-swf.de
# COMPANY: FH Südwestfalen, Iserlohn
# VERSION: 1.3
# CREATED: 12.05.2002 - 12:36:50
# REVISION: 20.09.2004
#===================================================================================

If required, additional information has to be added (e.g. copyright note, project assignment).

3.2 Line end comments
Consecutive line end comments start in the same column. A blank will always follow the introductory
character of the comment # to simplify the detection of the beginning of the word.
found=0 # count links found
deleted=0 # count links deleted



3.3 Section comments
If several lines form a section with interlinked instructions, such section must be provided with a
section comment.
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
# delete links, if demanded write logfile
#----------------------------------------------------------------------
if [ "$action" == ’d’ ] ; then
rm --force "$file" && ((deleted++))
echo "removed link : ’$file’"
[ "$logfile" != "" ] && echo "$file" >> "$logfile"
fi

The depth of the indentation of the comment is in accordance with the nesting depth of the subsequent
instruction.

3.4 Function comments
Each function is described by an introductory comment. This comment contains the function name,
a short description and the description of the parameters (if available). The name of the author and
the date of issue should be added in case of subsequent amendments.
#=== FUNCTION ================================================================
# NAME: usage
# DESCRIPTION: Display usage information for this script.
# PARAMETER 1: ---
#===============================================================================

3.5 Commenting style
For the scope and style of the comments the following applies:
Short, concise and sufficiently accurate.
Comprehensive descriptions are a matter of external documentation. The structure or the trick used
is described only in exceptional cases. For instructions the following applies:
The comment describes the purpose of the instruction.
The structure or the trick used is described only in exceptional cases. The following comment is not
particularly helpful as it repeats only what is indicated at the beginning of the line:
[ "$logfile" != "" ] && $(> "$logfile") # variable $logfile empty ?

The comment below, however, states the intention concisely:
[ "$logfile" != "" ] && $(> "$logfile") # empty an existing logfile

4 Variables and constants
4.1 Use of variables
For variables meaningful, self-documenting names have to be used (such as inputfile). In names
the first 31 characters have to be different. Long names are structured by underscores to improve
legibility.
If a name is not self-documenting, the meaning and use must be described when it first occurs by a
comment.



4.2 Use of constants
Principally, the following applies for all programming languages: No constants must be included
in the program text ! In particular numeral constants do not have another immediate meaning
apart from their value. The meaning of the value will only become clear in the specific text context.
In case of value changes of multiple occurring constants an automatic replacement in the editor is not
possible, because the value might have been used in different meanings. Such program texts therefore
are difficult to maintain. For the handling of constants - and of course also constant texts (such as
file names) - the following recommendations apply:

Global constants and texts. Global constants and texts (e.g. file names, replacement values for call
parameters and the like) are collected in a separate section at the beginning of the script and
commented individually, if the number is not too high.
startdirs=${@:-.} # default start directory: current directory
action=${action:-l} # default action is list

Long continuous texts. Long continuous texts (e.g. descriptions, help for invocation options) can be
described as here documents.
cat <<- EOT
List and/or delete all stale links in directory trees.

usage : $0 [-d] [-oD logfile] [-l] [-h] [starting directories]

-d delete stale links
-l list stale links (default)
-o write stale links found into logfile
-D delete stale links listed in logfile
-h display this message
EOT

5 Success verification
5.1 Command line options
If there has to be a minimum number or a specified number of command line parameters, this number
has to be verified. In case of an error, the script will be terminated with an error message and/or an
indication of the required call parameters.
The parameter values handed over have to be checked for validity as well. If, for example, the name
of an entry file is handed over, it has to be checked before read access whether this file exists and can
be read (e.g. with the test [ -r $inputfile ] ).

5.2 Variables, commands and functions
Variables must have obtained a meaningful starting value before being used. This has to be checked:
[ -e "$1" ] && expand --tabs=$number "$1" > "$1.expand"

This line checks whether the file exists whose name has been handed over in parameter $1. Since
the evaluation of logic terms is aborted, as soon as the result has been determined (the “short circuit
evaluation”) further processing is omitted if the prior condition is false. The return value of the last
command is stored in the variable $? and can be used for further process control:



mkdir "$new_directory" 2> /dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ]
then
...
fi

If it has not been possible to create a directory in this example, the return value of mkdir is not equal
to zero. The variable $? is used also to check the return value of a function.

5.3 Execution and summary reports
Scripts which will be used interactively should display a summary report. It tells whether the script
ran properly and it can be used to check the plausibility of the results, e.g.
mn4:~/bin # ./stale-links -o stale-links.log /opt

... searching stale links ...
1. stale link: ’/opt/dir link 23’
2. stale link: ’/opt/file link 71’
3. stale link: ’/opt/file link 7’

stale links found : 3
stale links deleted : 0
logfile: ’stale-links.log’

Detailed execution reports are written into logfiles. They need also to be available to help diagnose
failure.

6 Files
File names File names: For file names meaningful basic names have to be chosen. The file extensions
should, if possible, indicate the contents ( .dat, .log, .lst, .tmp etc.).

Temporary files Temporary files for storing of comprehensive intermediate results are usually gener-
ated in the central directory tmp and removed again after their use. For generation of accidental
names mktemp can be used (see man 1 mktemp):
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Cleanup temporary file in case of keyboard interrupt or termination signal.
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
function cleanup_temp {
[ -e $tmpfile ] && rm --force $tmpfile
exit 0
}

trap cleanup_temp SIGHUP SIGINT SIGPIPE SIGTERM

tmpfile=$(mktemp) || { echo "$0: creation of temporary file failed!"; exit 1; }

# ... use tmpfile ...

rm --force $tmpfile

The function cleanup_temp will be called if one of the specified signals is caught from the trap
statement. This function then deletes the temporary file. The file survives a termination with
SIGKILL because this signal can not be caught.



Backup copies If several older copies of files have to be retained, the use of the date as a component
of the file names of the copies is recommended:
timestamp=$(date +"%Y%m%d-%M%S") # generate timestamp : YYYYMMDD-mmss

mv logfile logfile.$timestamp

The file logfile is now being renamed, e.g. in logfile.20041210-3116. The components of date
and time are organized in reversed order. The files named following this convention are listed
in directory lists sorted chronologically.

Intermediate results Intermediate results that are also written into the files can be output by the
use of tee as well as to the default output. In this way they can serve for process control or for
testing of the script:
echo $output_string | tee --append $TMPFILE

7 Command line options
Invoking of external programs Invoking of external programs: If system programs are invoked, the
long forms of command line options have to be used in a script, if these are available. The
long names are mostly self-documenting and thus simplify reading and understanding a script.
In the following useradd-instruction the long forms of the commands -c, -p and -m are used:
useradd --comment $full_name
--password $encrypted_password
--create-home
$loginname

By means of carriage return (character at line end) the generation of an overlong line is
avoided. The table orientation increases legibility.

Command line options of own script For the designation of own options (short form) letters that
come to mind easily or that are commonly used must be selected (e.g. -f, with argument, for
the indication of a file, or -d, with or without argument, for control of the extent of test outputs
(debug)). For suggestions for long forms, see the GNU Coding Standards1 .

8 Use of Shell Builtin Commands
If possible shell buitins should be preferred to external utilities. Each call of sed, awk, cut etc.
generates a new process. Used in a loop this can extend the execution time considerably. In the
following example the shell parameter expansion is used to get the base name and the directory of a
path:
for pathname in $(find $search -type f -name "*" -print)
do
basename=${pathname##*/} # replaces basename(1)
dirname=${pathname%/*} # replaces dirname(1)
...
done

1
http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards.html



Pattern matching in strings can be done with the comparison operator =~ .
metacharacter=’[~&|]’
if [[ "$pathname" =~ $metacharacter ]]
then
# treat metacharacter
fi

Using POSIX regular expressions (regex(7)) is possible.2

9 SUID/SGID-Scripts
A shell script depends on user input, the process environment, the initialization files, the system
utilities used etc. Shell languages are not well suited to write secure scripts because all of the above
mentioned facilities (others as well) can be used to attack your system. Utilities may be vulnerable
themselves.
There are a number of precautions which should be taken to run a SUID/SGID script [4, 6]. Here
the most important without the claim for completeness:

• Execute the script from a directory where it can not be changed unauthorized.

• Check if the environment variable BASH_ENV is empty.

• Set umask to 077.

• Reset the environment variables PATH and IFS to secure values.

• Change to a safe working directory and validate this change.

• Use absolute path names for system utilities and data files.

• Check all return codes from system utilities.

• Signify the end of the option list with -- .

• Quote all command line parameters (e.g. "$1").

• Check the user input for shell metacharacters and other unwanted characters.

• Check user supplied pathnames (absolute/relative).

• Set the shell option noclobber to avoid overwriting existing files.

• Create temporary files in a save directory. Use mktemp (See section 6).

10 Testing
10.1 Syntax check
If a script with bash call option -n is executed, the script commands are read but not executed:
bash -n remove_ps.sh

Such call can be used for syntax check. However, only severe errors will be detected in this way. A
mutilated key word (cho instead of echo) for example will not be detected, since it might also be the
name of a program or a function.
2
Most bash Shells are configured with the options cond-command and cond-regexp.



10.2 Test scope
In the development phase it is indispensable to organize a test environment with example files or
example data of non-complex scope (e.g. in a directory tree organized for this purpose). This increases
the process speed of the scripts and decreases the danger of making unintended changes to important
data.

10.3 Use of echo
Commands causing a change, such as the deletion or renaming of files, should in test scope be first
output as character strings by means of echo and checked. This is particularly advisable, when
wildcards or recursive directory patterns are used. The instructions
for file in *.sh
do
rm "$file"
done

will immediately delete all files with the extension .sh in the overall directory tree. If the delete
command is set initially into an echo instruction, the delete instructions are output in the same way
as without echo.
echo "rm "$file""

After verification echo can be removed.

10.4 Testing using bash options

Command set -o Option Meaning
line option
-n noexec Commands are not executed, only syntax check (see 10.1)
-v verbose Outputs the lines of a script before execution.
-x xtrace Outputs the lines of a script after replacements.

Table 1: Options supporting the search for errors

If the lines
TMPFILE=$( mktemp /tmp/example.XXXXXXXXXX ) || exit 1
echo "program output" >> $TMPFILE
rm --force $TMPFILE

are executed with the options -xv by means of
bash -xv ./tempfile.sh

below output is generated:
TMPFILE=$( mktemp /tmp/example.XXXXXXXXXX ) || exit 1
mktemp /tmp/example.XXXXXXXXXX
++ mktemp /tmp/example.XXXXXXXXXX
+ TMPFILE=/tmp/example.AVkuGd6796
echo "program output" >> $TMPFILE
+ echo ’program output’
rm --force $TMPFILE
+ rm --force /tmp/example.AVkuGd6796



The lines starting with + are generated by the -x option. The number of plus signs reﬂects the level
of replacements. These options can be set in a script only for one section and then be cancelled again:
set -o xtrace # --- xtrace on ---
for file in $list
do
rm "$file"
done
set +o xtrace # --- xtrace off ---

10.5 Testing by means of trap

Pseudo signal Trigger
DEBUG The shell has executed a command.
EXIT The shell terminates the script.

Table 2: Pseudo signals

The bash shell provides two pseudo signals which can be responded to by individual signal treat-
ment. Figure 1 below shows the use of the two pseudo signals together with trap instructions. Figure 2
shows the output generated by this section.

1 #=== FUNCTION ================================================================
2 # NAME: dbgtrap
3 # DESCRIPTION: monitor the variable ’act_dir’
4 #===============================================================================
5 function dbgtrap ()
6 {
7 echo "act_dir = "$act_dir""
8 } # ---------- end of function dbgtrap ----------
9
10 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
11 # traps
12 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
13 trap ’echo "On exit : act_dir = "$act_dir""’ EXIT
14

15 trap dbgtrap DEBUG
16

17 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
18 # monitoring ...
19 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------
20 act_dir=$(pwd)
21 cd ..
22 act_dir=$(pwd)
23 cd $HOME

Figure 1: Example for the use of pseudo signals and trap



act_dir = ""
act_dir = "/home/mehner"
act_dir = "/home/mehner"
act_dir = "/home"
act_dir = "/home"
act_dir = "/home"
On exit : act_dir = "/home"

Figure 2: Output of script in figure 1

10.6 The debugger bashdb
The debugger bashdb3 works with bash from version 3.0 and can be installed simply from the source
package. It can interact also with the graphic debugger front end ddd4

11 Further sources of information
The most important source of information are the manuals for the actually installed version of the
shell and the system utilities.
Occasionally technical journals publish articles on shell programming. Besides that there are a number
of textbooks on shell programming. For questions concerning system programming and security a
good point to start is [4, 6]. There are many platform oriented internet sites on security issues and
new developments.

References
[1] Ken O. Burtch. Linux Shell Scripting with Bash (Developer’s Library). Sams, 2004.

[2] Mendel Cooper. Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide. http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/, 2010.
Comprehensive tutorial with many examples, available in several formats. Well suited for addi-
tional online help and as reference work.

[3] FSF. Bash Reference Manual. http://www.gnu.org, Free Software Foundation, 12 2009. Bash
shell, version 4.1. The official manual.

[4] Simson Garfinkel, Gene Spafford, and Alan Schwartz. Practical Unix & Internet Security (3rd
Edition). O’Reilly Media, 2003.

[5] Cameron Newham and Bill Rosenblatt. Learning the bash Shell (3rd Edition). O’Reilly Media,
2005. Textbook; covers the features of Bash Version 3.0.

[6] David A. Wheeler. Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO, March 2003. Version
v3.010.

3
http://bashdb.sourceforge.net
4
http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd/



12 Summary

No. Programming style Section
1 Line length max. 88 characters. 1
2 Indentation in accordance with nesting depth. 2
3 Each file has an introductory comment. 3.1
4 Consecutive line end comments start in the same column. 3.2
5 Interlinked instructions can be provided with a section comment. 3.3
6 A function always has a function comment. 3.4
7 Comments are short, concise and as precise as necessary. 3.5
8 A comment describes the purpose of an instruction. 3.5

No. Programming rules Section
1 Meaningful, self-documenting names shall be used for variables. 4.1
2 No constants must be included in the middle of program text. 4.2
3 The number and the validity of command line parameters must be verified. 5.1
4 The return values of programs and scripts have to be verified by means of the 5.2
variable $?.
5 File extensions should indicate the contents. 6
6 For command line options the long form has to be used in scripts. 7

No. SUID/SGID-Scripts Section
1 Execute the script from a directory where it can not be changed unauthorized. 9
2 Check if the environment variable BASH_ENV is empty. 9
3 Set umask to 077. 9
4 Reset the environment variables PATH and IFS to secure values. 9
5 Change to a safe working directory and validate this change. 9
6 Use absolute path names for system utilities and data files. 9
7 Check all return codes from system utilities. 9
8 Signify the end of the option list with -- . 9
9 Quote all command line parameters (e.g. "$1"). 9
10 Check the user input for shell metacharacters and other unwanted characters. 9
11 Check user supplied pathnames (absolute/relative). 9
12 Set the shell option noclobber to avoid overwriting existing files. 9
13 Create temporary files in a save directory. Use mktemp (See section 6). 9



No. Testing Section
1 Test using small test data amounts and copies of original data. 10.2
2 Critical commands for testing shall be ﬁrst output and veriﬁed with echo. 10.3
3 Syntax check: bash-command line switch -n. 10.4
4 Output script lines before execution: bash-command line switch -v. 10.4
5 Output script lines after replacements: bash-command line switch -x. 10.4
6 Tracing of single variables possible by using trap. 10.5


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