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The Reproductive System
- 1. CHAPTER 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM By: Bridget Maiellaro
- 2. KEY FACTS ABOUT THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: The three stages of labor and delivery are the dilation stage, the expulsion stage, and the placental stage. The cessation of menstruation is called menopause. The tubes that extend from the outer edges of the uterus and assist in transporting the ova and sperm are called uterine tubes.
- 3. THE THREE STAGES OF LABOR AND DELIVERY ARE THE DILATION STAGE, THE EXPULSION STAGE, AND THE PLACENTAL STAGE.
- 4. STAGE 1: DILATION During this stage: The uterine muscle contracts, causing the fetus to press on the woman’s cervix. The pressing causes the cervix to dilate. As the cervix dilates, it becomes thinner. This act of thinning is known as effacement. Figures A and B show the cervix tightly closed. Figure C shows the cervix at 60 percent effacement and 1 to 2 cm dilated. Figure D shows the cervix at 90 percent effacement and 4 to 5 cm dilated. Source: mayoclinic.org
- 5. STAGE 2: EXPULSION This stage begins when the cervix is completely dilated to 10 centimeters. During this stage: The mom actively pushes out the baby. The baby is delivered. Source: hopkinsmedicine.org
- 6. STAGE 3: PLACENTAL This stage takes place after the baby is delivered. During this stage: The uterus continues to contract. The placenta detaches from the uterine wall and is delivered through the vagina. Source: hopkinsmedicine.org
- 7. THE CESSATION OF MENSTRUATION IS CALLED MENOPAUSE.
- 8. MENOPAUSE It occurs when a woman’s menstrual cycle ends permanently, generally between ages 40 and 55. According to womenshealth.gov, a woman’s menstrual cycle can stop and start again, so a woman is considered to have been through menopause only after one year without periods. Menopause occurs when the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone; it signifies the end of childbearing years. Common symptoms include hot flashes, trouble sleeping, vaginal or urinary problems, mood changes, feeling less aroused, forgetfulness, trouble focusing, and osteoporosis.
- 9. THE TUBES THAT EXTEND FROM THE OUTER EDGES OF THE UTERUS AND ASSIST IN TRANSPORTING THE OVA AND SPERM ARE CALLED UTERINE TUBES.
- 10. UTERINE TUBES The uterine tubes, which extend from both sides of the uterus to each ovary, are also called fallopian tubes or oviducts. They are about 5 ½ inches long. The tubes’ unattached ends have finger-like projections called fimbriae. The fimbriae catch each ovum after ovulation and move them into the uterine tube, which then transports the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. Uterine tubes are typically where fertilization or conception takes place. Source: nlm.nih.gov
- 11. SOURCES • Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition • mayoclinic.org • hopkinsmedicine.org • womenshealth.gov • nmh.org • britannica.com • nlm.nih.gov