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Ch.5 european absolutism
- 1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
- 2. What is absolutism?Period of time when Europe’s monarchs got strongerMonarchs ruled with absolute powerDivine Right TheoryIdea that God had chosen the monarch to ruleEveryone believes the theory during this periodIf you question the king, you question God
- 3. Europe During the Age of Absolutism
- 4. Strengths of Absolute MonarchiesEfficiencyDecisions are made by one personNationalismPromoted a common culture and identityStabilityThe ruler stays in power until deathWealthNo resistance means a large and powerful empire
- 5. Weaknesses of Absolute MonarchiesUndemocraticNo collaboration of ideasIndividual rightsOften violatedStabilityIf the ruler was poor, it could affect the country for decades
- 6. How to achieve more power?Monarchs gained power generally in one of two ways:Raising taxesIncreased their overall wealth and treasuriesWaging warVictory often led to riches
- 7. Absolute Monarchy-SpainPhillip II (reign: 1554-1598)Fought to protect and expand CatholicismTook control of Portugal when its king died without an heirCreated an army of about 50K soldiers
- 8. Spain’s Golden Age1600-1700sEl GrecoExpressed the deep Catholic faith in SpainDiego VelazquezReflected pride in the Spanish monarchyMiguel de CervantesWrote Don Quixote
- 9. El Greco
- 10. Velazquez
- 11. Don Quixote
- 12. The Fall of the Spanish EmpireInflation and TaxesSpain suffered from a severe economic declineWars cost Spain too much moneyHad to declared bankruptcy
- 13. Absolute Monarchy in FranceReligious Wars and Power StrugglesHenry of Navarre-converted to CatholicismSurvived the 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (of Huguenots)Edict of Nantes (1598)Henry’s declaration of religious tolerationAllowed Catholics and Huguenots to live in peaceLouis XIII and RichelieuAfter Henry died, his son took overLouis XIII Henry of Navarre
- 14. Louis XIII and Cardinal RichelieuLouis XIII was a weak KingHad an extremely powerful minister for support-Cardinal RichelieuRichelieu took two major steps towards powerMoved against the Huguenots and all ProtestantsWeakened the Nobles power and relied on the middle class instead
- 15. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
- 16. Louis XIV Comes to PowerLouis XIV, the Boy King (1643)Was not the true leader until 1661Cardinal Marazin ran the countryLouis Weakens the Noble’s AuthorityExcluded the Nobles from his councilEconomic GrowthMinister of Finance-Jean Baptiste ColbertGave tax benefits to companiesBeliever in mercantilism and self-sufficiency
- 17. The Sun King’s Grand StyleKing Louis spent much money on his personal life (servants, food, etc.)Especially the Palace at VersaillesLouis Controls the NobilityForced Nobles to be at the palaceMaking them dependant on the KingForced them from their homesPatronage of the ArtsPalace was the center of European arts
- 18. Louis XIV“The Sun King”
- 19. The Palace at Versailles
- 20. The Palace at VersaillesBedroom of Louis XIV
- 21. Louis Fights Disastrous WarsAttempts to Expand BoundariesFrance had four times the population than England by 1660Gained territory in the Netherlands through warfareA European alliance helped to stop French aggression and expansionWars cost France a tremendous amount of money
- 22. War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)Fought over the possible unification of Spain and France under one monarchFrance and Spain vs. England, the Holy Roman Empire, and the NetherlandsEnded with the Treaty of UtrechtThrones of Spain and France remained separateEngland gained a colony and greater access to the Atlantic Slave Trade
- 23. War of Spanish Succession
- 24. Death of Louis XIV and LegacyLouis died in 1715Positive LegacyFrance much more powerfulAt the top of art, literatureMilitary leader of EuropeNegative LegacyConstant warfare and construction Deep debtUnfair tax system
- 25. Central Monarchs ClashThe Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)Fought between Protestants (Hapsburgs) and Catholics in the Holy Roman EmpireNaval warfare expanded its destructionHelped to shape colonial formation of future nationsFirst 12 years, Protestants are successfulNext 18 years, Catholics eventually gain the advantage
- 26. Hapsburg Crest – Dual Headed EagleSpainAustria
- 27. The Thirty Years’ War
- 29. The Peace of WestphaliaEnds the Thirty Years’ WarHapsburgs of Spain and Austria weakenedFrance was strengthenedReligious wars in Europe endedGerman princes were independent of HREPeace negotiation to end war startedBeginning of Modern StatesEnded the idea of a Catholic empire
- 30. States Form in Central EuropeEconomic Contrasts with the WestSerfdom still strong in eastern EuropeWeak EmpiresOttoman Empire Holy Roman EmpireThe rise of Austria and PrussiaDue to the end of the Holy Roman Empire
- 31. States Form in Eastern Europe (cont)Austria Grows StrongerGains Hungary and BohemiaWiped out ProtestantismMaria Theresa Inherits the ThroneFought constantly with PrussiaLimited the labor that nobles could force peasants to do
- 32. Prussia Challenges AustriaThe Rise of PrussiaBecame a rigidly controlled, highly militarized societyControlled by the King and the Junker class – landowning noblesFrederick the GreatVery practical leader – ruler as fatherAtheist- established religious tolerationVery aggressive in foreign affairs
- 34. Prussia Challenges Austria (cont)War of Austrian SuccessionWar between Prussia and Austria (1740)Fought for control of Silesia (iron, textiles)France helped Prussia, England and AustriaPrussia wins in 1748, becoming a major European power
- 35. The Seven Years’ WarAustria, France, Russia vs. Prussia and Britain1756 – Frederick attacked and Austrian ally, beginning the warWar did not change European territoryFrance lost all colonies in North America and India to Britain
- 36. Russian HistoryRussia Contrasts with EuropeEconomicallyStill heavily reliant on serfdomSociallyMongols kept Russia isolated from Renaissance and Age of ExplorationGeographicallyPorts froze during winterSize of Russia was a problemReligious differencesEurope: Catholic or ProtestantRussia: Orthodox
- 37. The Absolute Rulers of RussiaThe First CzarIvan IV (“The Terrible”)became czar (caesar) in 1533Took control over the noblesRule by TerrorPolice force organized to track down and murder “traitors” to IvanKilled many nobles (boyars) and gave the land to new, more loyal nobles
- 38. Ivan IV
- 39. The Absolute Rulers of Russia (cont)Rise of the RomanovsAfter Ivan IV’s death (1584), there was a power vacuum“Time of Troubles” – nobles struggling for power1613 Michael Romanov was chosen as the next czarRomanov Dynasty 1613-1917
- 40. Peter the Great Comes to Power1689-1725Peter visits the WestWanted to learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques
- 41. Peter the Great
- 42. Peter Rules AbsolutelyPeter’s ReformsRussian Orthodox Church under state controlReduced the power of landownersHired European military officersWesternizing RussiaIntroduced potatoesWomen’s status increasedNobles had to give up traditional dressAdvanced education
- 43. Peter Rules AbsolutelyEstablishing St. PetersburgWanted to establish a seaportMake it easier to get to EuropeWarm water port – would not freeze in winterBuilt on a swamp25-100K people died to build the cityBecame a very important port city
- 44. St. PetersburgThe Cathedral of the Spilled Blood
- 45. Parliament Limits the English MonarchyMonarchs Defy ParliamentKing James’s ProblemsOffended Puritan members of ParliamentFought over moneyKing Charles I Fights ParliamentWanted money, Parliament refused each time – he dissolved Parliament Parliament forced him to sign the Petition of Right – took power from KingHe did, but then just ignored it
- 46. King James and Charles I
- 47. English Civil WarWar Topples a KingParliament tried to limit the powers of King Charles I – starts a war insteadEnglish Civil War (1642-1649)Royalists (Cavaliers) vs. RoundheadsPuritan Roundheads wonTried, convicted and executed Charles INever had a monarch been tried and executed
- 48. English Civil War (cont)Oliver Cromwell’s RuleGeneral during the war who now led the countryEstablished a republican governmentHad to squash a rebellion in IrelandPuritan MoralitySought to reform societyAbolish sinful activities – sports, theaterReligious toleration for all except CatholicsCromwell ruled until death, gov’t collapsed
- 49. Oliver Cromwell
- 50. Restoration and RevolutionCharles II ReignsRestored the Monarchy of EnglandReformed the legal systemJames II and the Glorious RevolutionKing James offended many b/c of his CatholicismParliament worried of a Catholic line of KingsJames’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William were asked by Parliament to overthrow JamesWilliam invaded, and James fled – Bloodless Revolution known as the Glorious Revolution
- 51. King Charles II and King James II
- 52. William and Mary
- 53. Limits on Monarch’s PowerBill of RightsWilliam and Mary established a constitutional monarchyLimits on royal power increasedEstablishment of the English Bill of RightsCabinet System DevelopsBecame the link between the King and Parliament - advisors to the KingLeader of the majority party heads the cabinet – Prime Minister
- 54. English Bill of RightsRuler cannot:Suspend Parliament’s lawsLevy taxes without permissionInterfere with freedom of speechPenalize a citizen who criticizes the King
- 55. END