Hard ips pdf
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The document discusses and compares hard intellectual property (IP) cores from various vendors such as ARM, PowerPC, and MIPS. It provides details on the ARM Cortex A9 and PowerPC 405 architectures and specifications. Hard IP cores offer benefits like pre-tested implementations but lack customizability, whereas soft cores are customizable but require more design effort.
![Seminar
Hard IPs
Shankardas Deepti Bharat
CGB0911002
VSD529
M.Sc.[Engg.] in VLSI System Design
Module Title: Field Reconfigurable Hardware Systems
Module Leader: Asst. Prof. Lasitha M
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hardipspdf-111216095559-phpapp02/85/Hard-ips-pdf-1-320.jpg)
![References
[1] ARM (2009) ‘The ARM Cortex-A9 Processors’ [online] available at
<http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/ARMCortexA-9Processors.pdf>Retrieved on 14 Dec 2011
[2] Rob Rutenbar A., ‘Semiconductor IP for Digital & Analog Designs’ , Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, 2004
[3] Ian Rickards, ‘ARM Architecture & NEON’, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 2010
[4] IBM Microelectronics Division, ‘The Power PC 405 Core’ [White paper] North Carolina,
1998
[5] MIPS (2005) ‘MIPS32-Kc IP core’ [online] available at <www.mips.com/products/cores/hard-
ip-cores/> Retrieved on 15 Dec 2011
M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 21](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hardipspdf-111216095559-phpapp02/85/Hard-ips-pdf-21-320.jpg)
Hard ips pdf
- 1. Seminar Hard IPs Shankardas Deepti Bharat CGB0911002 VSD529 M.Sc.[Engg.] in VLSI System Design Module Title: Field Reconfigurable Hardware Systems Module Leader: Asst. Prof. Lasitha M M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 1
- 2. Outline • Semiconductor IPs • Soft vs. Hard IPs • List of Hard IP vendors • ARM Cortex-A9 • PowerPC 405 • MIPS32-4Kc • Summary • References M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 2
- 3. Semiconductor IPs • Semiconductor intellectual property (IP) blocks, also known as IP cores, are reusable design components that are used to build ICs • Main attraction of IP cores is that they accelerate product development and shorten time to market • Semiconductor IP contracts typically consist of three cost components: one-time front-end license fee, support and royalties. Table 1. Semiconductor IPs categories M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 3
- 4. Hard vs. Soft IPs Figure 1. Hard and Soft IPs M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 4
- 5. Soft and hard IPs • Soft cores are IP blocks that describe the functionality of the IP component. • Delivered using high-level hardware description languages derived from computer programming languages. • The major advantages of soft cores include their customizability and are typically independent of the specific manufacturing process used to make the chips. • Hard IP cores, in contrast, are closely tailored to the specific manufacturing process used to make the chip. • Delivered in the form of a mask-level layout. • The main benefit of hard IP cores is that they can be pre-tested in a specific manufacturing process. This typically means faster time-to-market with less risk and less development cost. • As a hard IP core is optimized for a specific manufacturing process, it is, however, usually impossible for the end-users to modify or configure hard IP cores. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 5
- 6. List of Hard IPs vendors • ARM Ltd - ARM • Freescale - ColdFire • IBM - PowerPC • Intel - x86 Atom • MIPS Technologies - MIPS • Sun Microsystems - OpenSPARC • Tensilica - Xtensa • Digital Core Design - 8051, 80251, 68000 • Dolphin Integration - 8051, 80251 • EnSilica - eSi-RISC M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 6
- 7. ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) • Founded in 1990, headquartered at UK. • Characteristic feature of ARM processors is their low electric power consumption, which makes them particularly suitable for use in portable devices • ARM processors are used as the main CPU for most mobile phones • Unlike other microprocessor corporations, ARM only licenses its technology as intellectual property (IP), rather than manufacturing its own CPUs. • Intel, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Freescale , Nvidia , Qualcomm and Renesas have all licensed ARM technology. • In 2010, over 6.1 billion ARM-based chips were sold making it the world's leading semiconductor intellectual property (IP) supplier. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 7
- 8. Design characteristics of Cortex A9 Table 2. Speed vs. Power optimized macro M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 8
- 9. ARM Processors Figure 2. Overview of ARM processors Figure 3. Current Cortex A9 adoption M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 9
- 10. ARM Cortex A9 floor plan and configuration Figure 4. Floor plan of Cortex A9 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 10
- 11. ARM Cortex A9 architecture Figure 5. Cortex A9 architecture M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 11
- 12. Explanation of Individual blocks PL310 L2 Cache Controller ensures high data throughput and maximum performance • Support for multiple outstanding AXI transactions on each interface • Support for parity and ECC RAMS • Support for synchronous half clock ratios to reduce latencies on high speed processor designs • Auto preload on instruction miss Floating Point Unit – Delivers single and double precision FPU for accelerated 2D/3D, imaging and scientific computation Program Trace Unit – PTU is a real-time trace module providing instruction tracing of a processor. Similar to single stepping in microprocessors. The program flow trace architecture provides full information about exceptions, and the instruction set state, security state, and current Context ID of the processor. It can also provide cycle count information, and time stamping. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 12
- 13. …Continued Bus Interface Unit • Increased tolerance to memory latencies • Up to 16 outstanding bus transactions per processor • Out of order execution enabling execution of more than 30 instructions • Multicore L1 cache-to-cache transfer capabilities reducing system power NEON Media Processing Engine • Accelerating media and signal processing functions for increased application specific performance with the convenience of consolidated application software development and support M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 13
- 14. ARM Operating modes Seven basic operating modes exist: 1. User: Unprivileged mode under which most tasks run 2. FIQ: Entered when a high priority interrupt is raised 3. IRQ: Entered when a low priority interrupt is raised 4. Supervisory: Entered on reset and when a software Interrupt instruction is executed 5. Abort: Used to handle memory access violations 6. Undefined: Used to handle undefined instructions 7. System: Privileged mode using the same registers as user mode. Figure 6. Operating modes M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 14
- 15. POWER PC 405 Figure 7. PowerPC 405 architecture M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 15
- 16. POWER PC 405 Specs Specifications • Technology: 0.25 µm CMOS process • Frequency: 0-200MHz • Performance: 228 Dhrystone 2.1 MIPS @ 200MHz (est.) • Supply voltage: 2.5V • Die Size: 2.0mm² for CPU only • Power (typ.): 400mW @ 200MHz, CPU only Features • 32 bit architecture • Flexible memory management. • MAC instructions for computationally intensive application. • Enhance debug capability. • Cache memory- 16 kb , set associative mapping. • Five stage of pipelining with single cycle executive. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 16
- 17. MIPS The MIPS32® M4K® Hard IP Cores are technology-specific implementations of the synthesizable 32-bit MIPS32 M4K core. • Available implementations include area optimized and performance optimized cores targeting SMIC 0.18µm. • Chip developers or system OEMs who are building complex SoC ASIC devices can significantly reduce design time, resources, and time to-market by using M4K Hard IP Cores. • Target markets for these cores include Microcontrollers, Automotive, Cell phones • Based on MIPS32 architecture for high performance • Extensive clock gating reduces power consumption without reducing application performance • Enhanced JTAG (EJTAG) debug with trace and fast download enable quick and easy debugging M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 17
- 18. …Continued • All major operating systems and compiler tool chains, and hundreds of third-party development tools, support the MIPS architecture • Testability features include BIST and full scan • Supports CorExtend capability which enables users to significantly enhance the value and competitive advantage of their SoC products Table 3 MIPS 32-bit MIPS M4K cores 0.18µm SMIC – Speed 0.18µm SMIC - Area Process Opt Opt Frequency 138 MHz 105 MHz Core Size 0.65 sq. mm 0.38 sq. mm M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 18
- 19. Features of M4K IP core Hard Microprocessor Cores • 110 MHz in .18µm SMIC process – Area optimized • 137 MHz in .18µm SMIC process - Speed optimized 32-bit MIPS32 enhanced architecture • 32-bit address and data paths • Bit field instructions • Vectored interrupts Memory-management unit • Simple Fixed Mapping Translation mechanism Power control • Power-down mode (triggered by WAIT instruction) • Support for extensive use of local gated clocks EJTAG debug • Support for single stepping • Virtual instruction and data address breakpoints M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 19
- 20. Summary Table 4 MIPS Vs Power PC Vs Cortex A9 Parameter MIPS M4K IP Power 405 IP ARM Cortex A9 Process 0.18µm SMIC – 0.25 µm CMOS 40nm TSMC Speed Opt process Cores 1 1 2 Frequency 138 MHz 200MHz 800MHz Core Size 0.65 mm² 2.0 mm² 4.6 mm² Pipeline stages 5 7 8 Registers 32-bit 32-bit (supports 64-bit 64-bit as well) FLOPS Slower operations Faster operations Fastest Overall the Power PC is a better architecture than the MIPS architecture because it is capable of handling more instructions, it is able do more operations as far as branching and floating point operations and it is a more efficient architecture in handling various complexities in data and memory. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 20
- 21. References [1] ARM (2009) ‘The ARM Cortex-A9 Processors’ [online] available at <http://www.arm.com/files/pdf/ARMCortexA-9Processors.pdf>Retrieved on 14 Dec 2011 [2] Rob Rutenbar A., ‘Semiconductor IP for Digital & Analog Designs’ , Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 2004 [3] Ian Rickards, ‘ARM Architecture & NEON’, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 2010 [4] IBM Microelectronics Division, ‘The Power PC 405 Core’ [White paper] North Carolina, 1998 [5] MIPS (2005) ‘MIPS32-Kc IP core’ [online] available at <www.mips.com/products/cores/hard- ip-cores/> Retrieved on 15 Dec 2011 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 21
- 22. Thank You M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 22