The Proliferation of New Database Technologies and Implications for Data Science Workflows
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The document discusses the emergence and implications of NoSQL databases for data science workflows, highlighting the advantages and trade-offs compared to relational databases. It introduces a specific case study on Elasticsearch, describing its features as a document-based, schema-optional data store designed for high availability and distribution. Additionally, it presents a tool named 'uptasticsearch' to bridge the gap between data scientists and Elasticsearch, aiming to simplify data access for users without extensive technical backgrounds.
The Proliferation of New Database Technologies and Implications for Data Science Workflows
- 1. Proprietary & Confidential Proliferation of New Database Technologies and Implications for Data Science Workflows November 2017 Manny Bernabe | James Lamb
- 2. Section 1 Intro to Uptake
- 3. 3Copyright © 2017 Uptake – CONFIDENTIAL13-Nov-17Collaboration Portfolio Uptake at a glance AVIATION CONSTRUCTION ENERGY MANUFACTURING 4MM+ Predictions/week 2014 founded in Chicago 75% across Data Science & Engineering 800+ Employees Uptake has developed partnerships in: MINING OIL & GAS RAIL RETAIL Ranked #5 on CNBC’s 2017 Disruptor 50 list – May 2017 Uptake’s Industry Thought Leaders featured in: Recognized as World Economic Forum 2017 Technology Pioneer – June 2017
- 4. 4Copyright © 2017 Uptake – CONFIDENTIAL13-Nov-17Collaboration Portfolio Rail Uptime: Predictive events & conditions – actual screenshot Real time alerts are too late. In this case we are predicting 2 weeks into the future.
- 5. 5Copyright © 2017 Uptake – CONFIDENTIAL13-Nov-17Collaboration Portfolio Our strength lies in data science. 1 2 3 4 5 Cutting edge tech Top tier talent Fast deployment Industry knowledge Applied experience Built from scratch for quality Over 60 data scientists Core platform built to scale out Our data scientists train in your field We work in many industries Failure Prediction Event/Alert Filtering Anomaly Detection Image Analytics Suggestion Our core machine learning engines can be deployed in any industry. Label Correction
- 6. Section 2 Emergence of NoSQL Databases
- 7. 7Copyright © 2017 Uptake To be clear: Relational DBs are awesome and they’re here to stay
- 8. 8Copyright © 2017 Uptake Relational databases are popular because they’re intuitive to reason about, easy to query, and come with some nice guarantees ● Normalized data model ○ Entities, relationships that look like the real world ● Declarative code ○ “I want this” ● Query Planning ○ “I know how to get this for you” ● Strong correctness guarantees ○ ACID principles (see next slide)
- 9. 9Copyright © 2017 Uptake What if a node writes data to disk and then dies before it tells you it’s done? Are you willing to wait for every node in your cluster to respond to a write? Are you willing to forgo some forms of parallelization? If you lose a block of data, are you ok with your application being down until it’s all restored? When your data are big and/or coming in fast, the guarantees made by relational DBs can be very difficult to maintain Atomicity → transactions cannot “partially succeed” Consistency → transactions cannot produce an invalid state (all reads see the same data) Isolation → executing transactions concurrently results in the same state as executing them sequentially Durability → once a transaction happens, the only way to reverse its effect is with another transaction
- 10. 10Copyright © 2017 Uptake NoSQL DBs exist to give your business the flexibility to make tradeoffs between accuracy, speed, and reliability Once you distribute your data, you have to pick one of these strategies: Consistent & Available “I’d rather my app be down than wrong” Examples: ● mobile payments ● ticketing Tech: Oracle, Postgres, MySQL Consistent & Partition-Tolerant “whatever data is up needs to be right” Examples: ● sports apps ● Slack Tech: MongoDB, Memcache Available & Partition-Tolerant “all data is available even if nodes fail” Examples: ● social media ● news aggregators Tech: Cassandra, CouchDB
- 11. 11Copyright © 2017 Uptake Relational DBs are (rightfully) still king, but NoSQL alternatives have been on the rise in recent years Image credit: db-engines
- 12. 12Copyright © 2017 Uptake NoSQL (“not only SQL”) DBs come in many shapes and sizes Document Stores Key-Value Stores Column Stores
- 13. Section 3 NoSQL Case Study: Elasticsearch
- 14. 14Copyright © 2017 Uptake To make this concrete, we’ll cover a document database called Elasticsearch
- 15. 15Copyright © 2017 Uptake Elasticsearch is a document-based, non-relational, schema-optional, distributed, highly-available data store ● Document-based → Single “record” is a JSON object which follows some schema (called a “mapping”) but is extensible and whose content varies within an index ● Non-relational → Documents are stored in indices and keyed by unique IDs, but explicit definition of relationships between fields is not required ● Schema-optional → You can enforce schema-on-write restrictions on incoming data but don’t have to ● Distributed → data in ES are distributed across multiple shards stored on multiple physical nodes (at least in production ES clusters) ● Available → Query load is distributed across the cluster without the need for a master node. No single point of failure Let’s go through each of these points...
- 16. 16Copyright © 2017 Uptake Document stores are databases that store unstructured or semi-structured text Each “record” in Elasticsearch is a JSON document. Information on how the cluster responded. In this case, 4 shards participated in responded to the request. This tells you how many documents matched your query. The “hits.hits” portion of the response contains an array of documents. Each document in this array is equivalent to one “record” (think 1 row in a relational DB) The fields starting with “_” are default ES fields, not data we indexed into the cluster
- 17. 17Copyright © 2017 Uptake Schemas are optional but strongly encouraged in Elasticsearch Elasticsearch is “schema-optional” because you can enforce type restrictions on certain fields, but the databases will not reject documents that have additional fields not present in your mapping Example mapping for a field called firstContactDate store: true = tells Elasticsearch to store the raw values of this field, not just references in an index fields: {} = additional alternative fields to create from raw values passed to this one. In this case, a field called firstContactDate.search will exist that users can query with the “dateOptionalTime” format This block tells ES to index a timestamp with every new document passed to this index. Can be user-generated or auto-generated by ES This applies to the customer index. For now, just think of: index in ES = table in RDBMS
- 18. 18Copyright © 2017 Uptake Non-relational = No Joins! Elasticsearch has no support for query-time joins. Data that need to be used together by applications must be stored together. This is called “denormalization”. Image credit: Contactually
- 19. 19Copyright © 2017 Uptake Elasticsearch presents as a single logical data store, but it stores data distributed across multiple physical machines This is not specific to ES. Lots of distributed databases do this. Commit this image to memory: Image credit: LIIP
- 20. 20Copyright © 2017 Uptake A cool trick called “consistent hashing” allows ES to tolerate node failures, stay available, distribute load evenly, and scale up and down smoothly (if done correctly) Each document has a unique id that gets hashed to a physical location in the cluster. Because you only need the id to identify where a document lives, and all nodes know the hashing scheme, there is no need for a “master” or “namenode” and any node can respond to any request Image credit: Parse.ly
- 21. Section 4 Data Science Workflows with NoSQL Databases
- 22. 22Copyright © 2017 Uptake NoSQL involves “denormalizing” your data. This makes these databases very efficient for serving certain queries, but inefficient for arbitrary questions Execute Query (DB handles joins) Train Model Execute several queries (join results) (Make a rectangle) Train Model RDBMS Workflow NoSQL Workflow
- 24. 24Copyright © 2017 Uptake We wrote an R package called “uptasticsearch” to reduce friction between data scientists and data in Elasticsearch. We wanted data scientists to say “give me data” and get it
- 25. 25Copyright © 2017 Uptake uptasticsearch ropensci/elastic: uptasticsearch’s API is intentionally less expressive than the Elasticsearch HTTP API. We wanted to narrow the focus to make it easy to use for people who are not sys admins or engineers
- 26. 26Copyright © 2017 Uptake We open-sourced uptasticsearch to give back to the R community and to hopefully get bright developers like you to help us make it better! How you can get involved: ● Submit a PR addressing one of the open issues (https://github.com/UptakeOpenSo urce/uptasticsearch/issues) ● Download from CRAN and report any issues you encounter! ● Open issues on GitHub with feature requests and proposals
- 27. James Lamb Manny Bernabe [email protected] [email protected]
- 28. Appendix: Notes on Eventual Consistency
- 29. 29Copyright © 2017 Uptake Eventual Consistency Some databases (like Cassandra) implement “tunable” consistency Consistency strategies involve setting two parameters dictating how your cluster responds to actions: R = “min number of nodes that have to ack a successful read” W = “min number of nodes that have to ack a successful write” To determine appropriate values for these, you need to also know how big your cluster is: N = “total number of available nodes in your cluster”
- 30. 30Copyright © 2017 Uptake Eventual Consistency “Go fast”: R + W < N - This strategy will give you a fast response because less nodes are involved in the decision to acknowledge a new action - However, it is possible to get some incorrect responses...writes good go to one group of nodes and reads could hit a totally separate set of nodes (none of which have the correct value) - Example with R = 1, W = 1, N = 3: box1 box2 box3 R W
- 31. 31Copyright © 2017 Uptake Eventual Consistency “Majority Rules”: R + W > N - This strategy is faster than total consistency but can still give good guarantees about correctness - With this strategy, you are guaranteed to have at least one node that has the most recent write and acknowledges the new read - Example with R = 2, W = 2, N = 3: box1 box3 box2 W R R W
- 32. 32Copyright © 2017 Uptake Eventual Consistency “Total Certainty”: R + W = 2N - This strategy is equivalent to consistency in an RDMBS - Every node has to participate in every read / write - Response latency will be controlled by the slowest node box1 box2 box3 W W R RWR
- 33. 33Copyright © 2017 Uptake Eventual Consistency Try this demo to get a hands-on look at different consistency strategies Demo + awesome resource to learn more: http://pbs.cs.berkeley.edu/#demo