Sonet (synchronous optical networking )
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SONET is a standard for optical telecommunication transport that uses optical fiber to send data. It was developed independently in the US as SONET and in Europe as SDH. The SONET standard includes four functional layers - path, line, section, and photonic. It uses a SONET frame that is a 2-dimensional matrix of bytes transmitted at a fixed rate. SONET networks can be created using SONET equipment to form linear, ring or mesh topologies with advantages like protection, high bandwidth, and efficient bandwidth management.
Sonet (synchronous optical networking )
- 2. • Introduction • SONET SYSTEM • SONET FRAME • SONET LAYERs • SONET Network • Advantage Contents
- 3. SONET • Synchronous optical network is a standard for optical telecommunication transport. • We use it when we send data by optical fiber.
- 4. Independently developed in USA & Europe: • SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) by ANSI. • SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) by ITU-T. SONET
- 6. Signals: • Electrical signaling levels called synchronous transport signals (STSs). • The corresponding optical signals are called optical carriers (OCs). • SDH specifies a similar system called a synchronous transport module (STM). SONET SYSTEM
- 7. SONET SYSTEM
- 8. Devices: • STS multiplexers • STS DE multiplexers • Regenerators • add/drop multiplexers • Terminals. SONET SYSTEM
- 9. SONET SYSTEM
- 10. STS Multiplexer/ DE multiplexer: • Provide the interface between an electrical tributary network and the optical network. • STS multiplexer multiplexes an electrical signal into corresponding Optical signal. • STS DE multiplexer DE multiplexes an optical OC signal into corresponding electric signals. SONET SYSTEM
- 11. Regenerator • Regenerator is a repeater • Extend the length of the links SONET SYSTEM
- 12. Add/drop Multiplexer • Add/drop multiplexers allow insertion and extraction of signals. SONET SYSTEM
- 13. SONET SYSTEM
- 14. Terminals • Device that uses the services of a SONET network. SONET SYSTEM
- 15. Connections: • Sections(connecting two neighboring devices). • Lines(two multiplexers). • Paths(end-to-end portion ). SONET SYSTEM
- 16. The SONET standard includes four functional layers: • Path • Line • Section • Photonic. SONET LAYERs
- 17. Path: • The path layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical destination. Line: • The line layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical line • STS multiplexers and add/drop multiplexers provide line layer functions. SONET LAYERs
- 18. Section Layer: • Section layer overhead is added to the frame at this layer and control errors. Photonic Layer: • It includes physical specifications for the optical fiber channel. • NRZ encoding, with the presence of light representing 1 and the absence of light representing O. SONET LAYERs
- 19. • Two-dimensional matrix of bytes • 9 rows by 90 x n columns • Each byte in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel. SONET FRAME
- 20. SONET FRAME
- 21. • Bytes are transmitted from the left to the right and top to the bottom. • STS-n signal is transmitted at a fixed rate of 8000 frames per second. SONET FRAME
- 22. SONET LAYERs
- 23. Using SONET equipment, we can create a SONET network that can be used as a high-speed backbone carrying loads from other networks. SONET NETWORK
- 24. Linear Network Point-to-Point: A point-to-point network is normally made of an STS multiplexer, an STS DE multiplexer, and zero or more regenerators with no add/drop multiplexers SONET NETWORK
- 25. Multipoint: A multipoint network uses ADMs to allow communications between several terminals. SONET NETWORK
- 26. One-Plus-One APS • To create protection against failure in linear networks, SONET defines automatic protection switching (APS). • In this scheme, there are normally two lines: one working line and one protection line. Both lines are active all the time. SONET NETWORK
- 27. One-to-One APS • The data are normally sent on the working line until it fails. SONET NETWORK
- 28. One-to-Many APS • This scheme is similar to the one-to-one scheme except that there is only one protection line for many working lines. SONET NETWORK
- 29. Ring Network UPSR: A unidirectional path switching ring (UPSR) is a unidirectional network with two rings. SONET NETWORK
- 30. BLSR: Another alternative in a SONET ring network is a bidirectional line switching ring (BLSR). SONET NETWORK
- 31. Mesh Network: When the traffic in a ring increases, we need to upgrade. SONET NETWORK
- 32. ADVANTAGE Reduced network complexity Protection Bandwidth High data rate. Flexible Topologies Efficient management of bandwidth
- 33. • Introduction • Requirement for SONET • In which layer SONET work • FRAME of SONET • SONT Network SUMMARY
- 34. Questions