Design and Simulation of DC-DC Converters

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2015, IRJET ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 63
Design and Simulation of DC-DC Converters
Shafinaz A. Lopa1, S. Hossain2, M. K. Hasan3, T. K. Chakraborty4
1 B. Sc Engineer in EEE, Department of ECE, Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Senior Scientific Officer, Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
3 Senior Lecturer, Department of Physics, Trust College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4 Professor, Department of ECE, Presidency University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract – This research paper focuses especially the
design and simulation of dc-dc converters. It contains
the theoretical derivations and parameters equations
with design and examples. Simulation results for buck,
boost and buck-boost converters are shown with the
chance of different input parameters. In this work we
have analyzed the equation of a buck, boost and buck-
boost converters and proposed the design components
and simulation of these converters. Changing the input
parameters like inductance, capacitance and switching
frequency in order to observe the changes in output
voltage has been added with simulation graph. These
parameters and their equations should be well
understood before designing buck or boost or buck-
boost converters. Simulation procedures in Orcad are
also added in this paper. We have achieved
performance parameter equations for these three
regulators. It was completed the design and
investigation of these three converters through
mathematical examples and have generated the
circuits for simulating buck, boost and buck boost
converters. And also have attained different output
voltage curve with the change of input parameters. The
output graphs for all the converters are well fitted.
Key Words: Converters, Simulation, Orcad, PSpice,
Power Regulator, Switching Matrix.
1. INTRODUCTION
For the control of electric power or power conditioning,
the conversion of electric power from one form to another
is necessary and the switching characteristics of the power
devices permit these conversions [1]. The static power
converters perform these functions of power conversions
[2]. A converter may be considered as a switching matrix.
As the portable electronics industry progressed over the
years, different requirements evolved such as increased
the battery lifetime, small and cheap systems, brighter, full
color displays and a demand for increased talk time in
cellular phones. A continually increasing demand from
power systems has placed power consumption at a
premium. To carry on with these demands engineers have
worked towards developing efficient conversion
techniques and also have resulted in the subsequent
formal growth of an interdisciplinary field of Power
Electronics. However it comes as no surprise that this new
field has offered challenges owing to the unique
combination of two major disciplines of electrical
engineering: electronics and power.
Commonly speaking the use of a swift or switches for the
rationale of power conversion can be regarded as an SMPS
(Switch Mode Power Supply). A dc-dc converter can be
considered as dc equivalent to an ac transformer with a
continuously variable turn’s ratio [3].
1.1 Application of DC-DC Converters
In many industrial applications, it is required to convert a
fixed-voltage dc source into a variable-voltage dc source. A
dc-dc converter converts directly from dc to dc and is
simply known as a dc converter [4]. A dc converter can be
considered as dc equivalent to an ac transformer with a
continuously turns ratio. Like a transformer, it can be used
to step down or step up a dc voltage source.
The dc-dc converters are widely used for traction motor
control in electronic automobiles, trolley cars, marine
hoists, forklift trucks, and mine haulers. They provide
smooth acceleration control, high efficiency, and fast
dynamic response. DC-DC converters can be used in
regenerative braking of dc motors to return energy back
into the supply, than this feature results in energy savings
for transportation systems with frequent stops [5]. DC
converters are used in dc voltage regulators and also are

used in conjunction with an inductor, to generate a dc
current source, especially for the current source inverter.
1.2 Different Topologies
The dc converters can be used as switching mode
regulators to convert a dc voltage, usually unregulated, to
a regulated dc output voltage. The regulation is normally
achieved by PWM at a fixed frequency and the switching
driver is normally BJT, MOSFET, or IGBT.
The power regulator can be inductor based, switch-mode
power converter, a switch capacitor charge pump or a
linear regulator. Each regulator has its own advantages
and disadvantages, but it is the particular application
requirements that determine which type of power
regulator is best suited.
There are four topologies of switching-mode regulators:
 Buck regulator
 Boost regulator
 Buck-boost regulator
 Cuk regulator
This thesis paper focuses especially on buck, boost and
buck-boost regulator topologies. The boost is one of the
fundamental switch-mode power topologies. The other
being is the buck regulator. From these two topologies, all
other topologies switch-mode power supply topologies
are derived.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Buck Converter
A buck converter is a step down dc-dc converter
consisting primarily of inductor and two switches
(generally a transistor switch and diode) for controlling
inductor. It fluctuates between connection of induction to
source voltage to mount up energy in inductor and then
discharging the inductor’s energy to the load [6].
Figure 1: Basic buck circuit.
When the switch pictured above is closed (i.e., On-state),
the voltage across the inductor is VL= Vi- Vo. The current
flowing through inductor linearly rises. The diode doesn’t
allow current to flow through it, since it is reverse-biased
by voltage.
For Off case (i.e., when switch pictured above is opened),
diode is forward biased and voltage is VL= - Vo (neglecting
drop across diode) across inductor. The inductor current
which was rising in ON case now decreases.
2.1.1 Ideal circuit analysis
In a buck converter, the average output Va is less than the
input voltage, Vs. The circuit diagram of a buck regulator
has shown below and this is like a step-down converter.
Figure 2: Circuit diagram of an ideal buck regulator.
The freewheeling diode D conducts due to energy stored
in the inductor; and the inductor current continues to flow
through inductor (L), capacitor (C), load and diode (D).
The inductor current falls until transistor S is switched on
again in the next cycle.
Figure 3: Waveforms of voltage and current of buck
converter.

The waveforms for voltage and current are shown in for
continuous load current assuming that the current rises or
falls linearly.
For a constant current flow in the inductor L, it is assumed
that the current rises and falls linearly. In practical
circuits, the switch has a finite, nonlinear resistance. Its
effect can generally be negligible in the most applications
depending on the switching frequency, filter inductance,
and capacitance, the inductor current could be
discontinuous.
2.2 Boost Converter
A boost converter (step-up converter), as its name suggest
step up the input DC voltage value and provides at output.
This converter contains mostly a diode, a transistor as
switches and at least one energy storage element.
Capacitors are usually added to output so as to perform
the function of removing output voltage ripple and
sometimes inductors are also combined with [7].
Figure 4: Basic boost circuit.
Its operation is generally of two separate states,
 During the ON period, switch is made to close its
contacts which results in increase of inductor
current.
 During the OFF period, switch is made to open
and thus the only path for inductor current to
flow through the fly-back diode ‘D’ and the
parallel combination of capacitor and load. This
enables capacitor to transfer energy gained by it
during ON period.
2.2.1 Ideal Circuit Analysis
In a boost regulator the output voltage is larger than the
input voltage hence the name ‘boost’. A boost regulator
using a power MOSFET is shown in figure.
Figure 5: Circuit diagram of an ideal boost regulator.
2.3 Buck-boost Converter
A buck-boost converter provides an output voltage that
may be less than or greater than the input voltage hence
the name “buck-boost”; the output voltage polarity is
opposite to that of the input voltage. This converter is also
known as inverting regulator [8]. The circuit arrangement
of a buck-boost converter is shown is figure 6.
Figure 6: Circuit diagram of buck-boost converter.
Figure 7: Equivalent circuit of buck-boost converter.

The circuit operation divided into two modes. During
mode 1, transistor Q1 is turned on and the diode Dm is
reversed biased. The input current, which rises, flows
through inductor L and transistor Q1. During mode 2,
transistor Q1 is switched off and the current, which was
flowing through inductor L, would flow through L, C, Dm,
and the load. The energy stored in inductor L would be
transferred to the load and inductor current would fall
until transistor Q1 is switched on again in the next cycle.
The equivalent circuits for the modes are shown in figure
7. The waveforms for steady-state voltages and currents of
the buck-boost regulator are shown in figure 8 for a
continuous load current.
Figure 8: Waveforms of buck-boost converter.
3. DESIGN ANALYSIS OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
3.1 Performance Parameters
There are quantities of vital performance parameters
which decide the output characteristics of the dc-dc
converters. These parameters should be well understood
before designing an ideal dc-dc converter.
3.1.1 Operating frequency
The operating frequency determines the performance of
the switch. Switching frequency selection is normally
determined by efficiency requirements. There is now a
rising trend in research work and new power supply
designs in increasing the switching frequencies. The
higher is the switching frequency, the smaller the physical
size and component value.
At higher frequencies the switching losses in the MOSFET
increase, and therefore reduce the overall efficiency of the
circuit.
At lower frequencies the required output capacitance and
inductor size increases, and the volumetric efficiency of
the supply degrades.
The trade-off between size and efficiency has to be
evaluated very carefully.
3.1.2 Inductor Selection
The role of the inductor is to limit the current slew rate
(limit the current in rush) through the power switch when
the circuit is ON. The current through the inductor cannot
change abruptly. When the current through an inductor
trends to fall, it tends to sustain the current by acting as a
source. This limits the otherwise high peak current that
would be limited by the resistance alone.
Figure 9: The waveform of the inductor current.
The key advantage is when the inductor is used to drop
voltage, it stores energy. Also the inductor controls the
percent of the ripple and determines whether or not the
circuit is operating in the continuous mode.

Figure 10: Continuous mode of operation.
Figure 11: Discontinuous mode of operation.
Peak current through the inductor determines the
inductor’s required saturation current rating, which is
turn dictates the approximate size of the inductor.
Figure 12: Output voltage ripple of inductor.
Saturating the inductor core decreases the converter
efficiency, while increasing the temperature of the
inductor, the MOSFET and diode. The size of inductor and
capacitor can be reduced by the implementation of high
switching frequency, multi-phase interleaved topology,
and a fast hysteric controller.
A smaller inductor value enables a faster transient
response; it also results in larger current ripple, which
causes higher conductor losses in the switches, inductor,
and parasitic resistances. The smaller inductor also
requires a larger filter capacitor to decrease the output
voltage ripple.
Critical value of inductor Lc, for buck converter
Lc=L=
f
Rk
2
)1( 
(3.1)
For Boost converter Lc=L=
f
Rkk
2
)1( 2

(3.2)
Critical inductance Lc is the minimum value of the inductor
for a given k, f and R before the converter enter the
discontinuous conduction mode (dcm) of operation.
3.1.3 Capacitor Selection
The primary criterion for selecting the output filter
capacitor is its capacitance and equivalent series
resistance, ESR. Since the capacitor’s ESR affects the
efficiency, low ESR capacitors will be used for best
performance.
For reducing ESR, it is also possible to connect few
capacitors in parallel. The output filter capacitors are
chosen to meet an output voltage ripple specifications, as
well as the ability to handle the required ripple current
stress.
For Buck converter the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is,
2
8
)1(
LCf
kkV
V s
c

 (3.3)
Figure 13: Ripple voltage in buck capacitor.

For Boost converter the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is,
fC
kI
V a
c  (3.4)
Figure 14: Ripple voltage in boost capacitor
4. SIMULATION RESULTS OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
4.1 Introduction to PSpice
The SPICE, the acronym for a Simulation Program with
Integrated Circuit Emphasis, was developed at the
University of California Berkeley, USA. PSpice is a
commercial version, developed by Microsim Corporation.
In 1997 PSpice was bought by Orcad, Inc., then in 1998
Cadence bought Orcad. There are two schematic editors
are available: a) Capture and b) Schematic.
The Capture is inherited from Orcad, whilst the Schematic
is inherited from Microsim. The Schematic Editor of
Microsim is still available now and for the next few years
until the PSpice users become more familiar with the
Orcad capture.
4.2 General Procedure to use PSpice Orcad
Capture
The circuit simulation in PSpice is a four stepped process:
1. Open and draw a circuit file under Orcad
Capture
2. Simulate
3. Plot results using probe
4. Analyze the results
4.3 Buck Converter
Figure 15: Circuit for the simulation of buck converter.
 5 Volt gate pulse applied to the MOSFET IRF
540
 Circuit operating at continuous conduction
mode, cLL 1
Table 1: Input parameters for buck converter.
Figure 16: Output voltage of buck converter.
 Simulation has taken up to 1.0 s.
 Output voltage becomes steady at almost 600
ms.
4.4 Buck-Boost Converter

Figure 17: Circuit for the simulation of buck-boost
converter
Table 2: Input parameters for the buck-boost
converter.
Figure 18: Output current and voltage waveform of buck-
boost converter.
 Simulation has taken up to 6.0 ms.
 Output voltage becomes peak at 1.1 ms and at
14.4 volts.
 Output current becomes peak at 0.5 ms and at
14.5 volts.
 Current and voltage don’t reach from zero to the
peak during same time.
 In steady state positions the current falls more
than the voltage.
 Better the ripple current better the performance
which depends on circuit parameters.
Figure 19: Output current and voltage waveform of buck-
boost converter.
 Simulation has taken up to 1.0 s.
 Output voltage becomes peak at 1.1 ms and at
14.4 volts.
 Output current becomes peak at 0.5 ms and at
14.5 volts.
 Current and voltage don’t reach from zero to the
peak during same time.
 In steady state positions the current falls more
than the voltage.
 Better the ripple current better the performance
which depends on circuit parameters.
Figure 20: Output ripple current waveform of buck-boost
converter.
 This part of the waveform has taken from the
output current.

 Simulation has taken from 6.00 ms to 6.10 ms.
 Minimum inductor current is 6.140A and the
maximum is 6.850A.
 12 III  is the peak to peak ripple current of
inductor which depends on input voltage,
inductance and time.
 Better the ripple current better the performance.
 Ripple current can be reduced by decreasing the
input voltage or increasing the inductance.
5. CONCLUSIONS
From the simulation results it is found that in case of the
buck, boost and buck-boost converters, the desired output
voltages can be obtained by selecting proper values of
inductor, capacitor and switching frequency. All of these
individual theories were difficult for anyone to grasp
primarily and putting them collectively in the simulator
which was extremely puzzling. But it has been done most
excellent to formulate an outstanding scheme dissertation
with affluent in its contest. At each stage, targets were set
to acquire the necessary skills to meet the criteria of the
research and design the circuits for implementation into
the software simulation. This research gives the
opportunity to study new skills and raise valuable
knowledge in circuit designing and problem solving skills
which has greatly enriched knowledge and understanding
through the erudition route which may help one in for the
further progression.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very grateful to the Department of ECE,
Presidency University, Bangladesh and Department of
EEE, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology (BUET) for supporting the equipment for this
research works done.
REFERENCES
[1] Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power Electronics: Circuits,
Devices, and Application”. THIRD EDITION.
[2] R. D. Middlebrook, “Power Electronics: Topologies,
Modeling and Measurement”. Proc. IEEE Int. Symp.
Circuits System, April 1981.
[3] Jaber Abu-Qahouq and Issa Batarseh, “Generalized
Analysis of Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters”.
International Symposium on Circuits And Systems
(ISCAS- IEEE); May 28-31, 2000.
[4] Robert W. Erickson and Dragon Maksimoni,
“Fundamentals of Power Electronics”. SECOND
EDITION, Springer International Edition.
[5] R. Tymerski and V. Vorperian, “Generation,
Classification and Analysis of Switched-mode DC to DC
Converters by the use of Converter Cells”. Proc.
INTELEC’86, pp. 181-195, Oct. 1986.
[6] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, “Buck Converter
(online), Available from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck converter”.
[7] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, “Boost Converter
(online), Available from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost converter”.
[8] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, “Buck-boost
Converter (online), Available from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck-boost converter”.
BIOGRAPHIES
Ms. Shafinaz Akter Lopa has done
her B. Sc in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering from
Presidency University, Dhaka,
Bangladesh. She has served as a
part time Lecturer for EEE of
EETE in Dhaka International
University, Bangladesh for more
than two years. Now she is
searching for a better research
group in a good University for her
MS degree under any scholarship.
She has two published articles
and two conference proceedings.
Mr. Shahzad Hossain has done his
B. Sc and M. Sc from SUST and
done all the theory courses for M.
Phil. in BUET, Bangladesh in
Physics. Prior to BAEC he has
served in BUET and Presidency
University, Bangladesh as a
Lecturer for more than three
years. Now he is working as a
PhD scholar in University of
Brunei Darussalam, Brunei. He
has seven published articles and
nine conference proceedings.
Mr. Muhammad Kamrul Hasan
has completed his B. Sc and M. S
in Physics from SUST,
Bangladesh. He is working as a
Senior Lecturer in Department of
Physics, Trust College, Dhaka,
Bangladesh for more than two
years. He has one published
article and three conference
proceedings.

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