Geography strongly influenced the development of ancient Chinese civilization in several key ways. Rivers like the Huang He and Yangtze provided fertile soil for agriculture and facilitated trade, allowing ancient China to develop large populations and surplus food. Mountain ranges and deserts isolated China, protecting it from outside invasions and allowing Chinese culture to develop distinctly. However, the Silk Road later opened China to international trade, fostering technological and cultural exchange. Overall, geography both nurtured and insulated ancient China, contributing to its early success and unique identity.