Putting some "logic" in LVM.
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The document discusses the Logical Volume Manager (LVM), emphasizing its ability to manage storage in a more flexible and abstract way compared to traditional partitioning. It outlines the advantages of LVM such as supporting thin provisioning, snapshot creation, and dynamic partitioning of storage to mitigate data loss risks. Additionally, it explains the practical commands for setting up and managing LVM, including creating physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes.
Putting some "logic" in LVM.
- 1. LVM It's only logical. Steven Lembark Workhorse Computing [email protected]
- 2. What's so logical about LVM?
- 3. What's so logical about LVM? Simple: It isn't phyiscal.
- 4. What's so logical about LVM? Simple: It isn't phyiscal. Think of it as "virtual memory" on a disk.
- 6. Begin at the beginning... Disk drives were 5, maybe 10Mb. Booting from tape takes too long. Can't afford a whole disk for swap. What to do? Tar overlays? RA-70 packs?
- 7. Partitions save the day! Divide the drive for swap, boot, O/S. Allows separate mount points. New partitions == New mount points.
- 8. What you used to do Partition the drive. Remembering to keep a separate partition for /boot. Using parted once the original layout was outgrown. Figuring out how to split space with new disks...
- 9. Size matters. Say you have something big: 20MB of data. Tape overlays take too long. RA-70's require remounts. How can we manage it?
- 10. Making it bigger We need an abstraction: Vnodes. Instead of "hardware".
- 11. Veritas & HP Developed different ways to do this. Physical drives. Grouped into "blocks". Allocated into "volumes". Fortunately linux uses HP's scheme.
- 12. First few steps pvcreate initialize physical storage. whole disk or partition. vgcreate multiple drives into pool of blocks. lvcreate re-partition blocks into mountable units.
- 13. Example: single-disk desktop grub2 speaks lvm – goodby boot partitions! Two partitions: primary swap + everything else. Call them /dev/sda{1,2}. swap== 2 * RAM rest == lvm
- 14. Example: single-disk desktop grub2 speaks lvm – goodby boot partitions! Two partitions: primary swap + everything else. Call them /dev/sda{1,2}. swap is for hibernate and recovery. otherwise use LVM.
- 15. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e
- 16. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e # pvcreate /dev/sda2;
- 17. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e # pvcreate /dev/sda2; # vgcreate vg00 /dev/sda2;
- 18. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e # pvcreate /dev/sda2; # vgcreate vg00 /dev/sda2; # lvcreate -L 8Gi -n root vg00;
- 19. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e # pvcreate /dev/sda2; # vgcreate vg00 /dev/sda2; # lvcreate -L 8Gi -n root vg00; # mkfs.xfs -blog=12 -L root /dev/vg00/root;
- 20. Example: single-disk desktop # fdisk /dev/sda; # sda1 => 82, sda2 => 8e # pvcreate /dev/sda2; # vgcreate vg00 /dev/sda2; # lvcreate -L 8Gi -n root vg00; # mkfs.xfs -blog=12 -L root /dev/vg00/root; # mount /dev/vg00/root /mnt/gentoo;
- 21. Finding yourself Ever get sick of UUID? Labels? Device paths?
- 22. Finding yourself Ever get sick of UUID? Labels? Device paths? LVM assigns UUIDs to PV, VG, LV.
- 23. Finding yourself Ever get sick of UUID? Labels? Device paths? Let LVM do the walking: vgscan -v
- 24. Give linux the boot mount -t proc none /proc; mount -t sysfs none /sys; /sbin/mdadm --verbose --assemble --scan; /sbin/vgscan –verbose; /sbin/vgchange -a y; /sbin/mount /dev/vg00/root /mnt/root; exec /sbin/switch_root /mnt/root /sbin/init;
- 25. Then root fills up... Say goodby to parted. lvextend -L12Gi /dev/vg00/root; xfs_growfs /dev/vg00/root; Notice the lack of any umount.
- 26. Add a new disk /sbin/fdisk /dev/sdb; # sdb1 => 8e pvcreate /dev/sdb1; vgextend vg00 /dev/sdb1; lvextend -L24Gi /dev/vg00/root; xfs_growfs /dev/vg00/root;
- 27. And another disk, and another... Let's say you've scrounged ten disks. One large VG.
- 28. And another disk, and another... Let's say you've scrounged ten disks. One large VG. Then one disk fails.
- 29. And another disk, and another... Let's say you've scrounged ten disks. One large VG. Then one disk fails. And the entire VG with it.
- 30. Adding volume groups Lesson: Over-large VG's become fragile. Fix: Multiple VG's partition the vulnerability. One disk won't bring down everyhing.
- 31. Growing a new VG Plug in and fdisk your new device. # pvcreate /dev/sdc1; # vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdc1; # lvcreate -n home vg01; # mkfs.xfs -blog=12 -L home /dev/vg01/home; Copy files, add /dev/vg01/home to /etc/fstab.
- 32. Your backups just got easier Separate mount points for "scratch". "find . -xdev" Mount /var/spool, /var/tmp. Back up persistent portion of /var with rest of root.
- 33. More smaller volumes More /etc/fstab entries. Isolate disk failures to non-essential data. Back up by mount point. Use different filesystems (xfs vs. ext4).
- 34. RAID + LVM - LV with copies using LVM. - Or make PV's out of mdadm volumes. LV's simplify handling huge RAID volumes.
- 35. LVM RAID # lvcreate -m <#copies> … Automatically duplicates LV data. "-m 2" == three-volume RAID (1 data + 2 copy). Blocks don't need to be contiguous. Can lvextend later on.
- 36. LVM on RAID Division of labor: - mdadm for RAID. - LVM for mount points. Use mdadm to create space. Use LVM to manage it.
- 37. "Stride" for RAID > 1 LV blocks == RAID page size. Good for RAID 5, 6, 10. Meaningless for mirror (LVM or hardware).
- 38. Monitored LVM # lvmcreate –monitor y ... Use dmeventd for monitoring. Know about I/O errors. What else would you want to do at 3am?
- 39. Real SysAdmin's don't need sleep! Archiving many GB takes time. Need stable filesystems. Easy: Kick everyone off, run the backups at 0300.
- 40. Real SysAdmin's don't need sleep! Archiving many GB takes time. Need stable filesystems. Easy: Kick everyone off, run the backups at 0300. If you enjoy that sort of thing.
- 41. Snapshots: mounted backups Not a hot copy. Snapshot pool == stable version of COW blocks. Stable version of LV being backed up. Size == max pages that might change during lifetime.
- 42. Lifecycle of a snapshot Find mountpoint. Snapshot mount point. Work with static contents. Drop snapshot.
- 43. Most common: backup Live database Spool directory Disk cache Home dirs
- 44. Backup a database Data and config under /var/postgres. Data on single LV /dev/vg01/postgres. At 0300 up to 1GB per hour. Daily backup takes about 30 minutes. VG keeps 8GB free for snapshots.
- 45. Backup a database # lvcreate -L1G -s -n pg-tmp /dev/vg01/postgres; 1G == twice the usual amount. Updates to /dev/vg01/postgres continue. Original pages stored in /dev/vg01/pg-backup. I/O error in pg-backup if > 1GB written.
- 46. Backup a database # lvcreate -L1G -s -n pg-tmp /dev/vg01/postgres; # mount --type xfs -o'ro,norecovery,nouuid' /dev/vg01/pg-tmp /mnt/backup; # find /mnt/backup -xdev … /mnt/backup is stable for duration of backup. /var/postgres keeps writing.
- 47. Backup a database One downside: Duplicate running database. Takes extra steps to restart. Not difficult. Be Prepared.
- 48. Giving away what you ain't got "Thin volumes". Like sparse files. Pre-allocate pool of blocks. LV's grow as needed. Allows overcommit.
- 49. "Thin"? "Thick" == allocate LV blocks at creation time. "—thin" assigns virtual size. Physical size varies with use.
- 50. Why bother? Filesystems that change over time. No need to pre-allocate all of the space. Add physical storage as needed. ETL intake. Archival. User scratch.
- 51. Example: Scratch space for users. Say you have ~30GB of free space. And three users. Each "needs" 40GB of space. No problem.
- 52. The pool is an LV. "--thinpool" labels the LV as a pool. Allocate 30GB into /dev/vg00/scatch. # lvcreate -L 30Gi --thinpool scratch vg00;
- 53. Virtually allocate LV "lvcreate -V" allocates space out of the pool. "-V" == "virtual" # lvcreate -V 40Gi --thin -n thin_one /dev/vg00/scratch; # lvcreate -V 40Gi ...
- 54. Virtually yours Allocated 120Gi using 30GB of disk. lvdisplay shows 0 used for each volume??
- 55. Virtually yours Allocated 60GiB of 50GB. lvdisplay shows 0 used for each volume?? Right: None used. Yet. 40GiB is a limit.
- 56. Pure magic! Make a filesytem. Mount the lvols. df shows them as 40GiB. Everyone is happy!
- 57. Pure magic! Make a filesytem. Mount the lvols. df shows them as 20GiB. Everyone is happy... Until 30GB is used up.
- 58. Size does matter. No blocks left to allocate. Now what? Writing procs are "killable blocked". Hold queue until "kill -KILL" or space available.
- 59. One fix: scrounge a disk vgextend vg00; lvextend -L<whatever> /dev/vg00/scratch; Bingo: free blocks.
- 60. Reduce, reuse, recycle fstrim(8) removed unused blocks from a filesystem. Reduces virtual allocations. Allows virtual volumes to re-grow: ftrim --all -verbose; cron is your friend.
- 61. Highly dynamic environment Weekly doesn't cut it: download directory. uncompress space compile large projects. Or a notebook with small SSD.
- 62. Automatic real-time trimming 3.0+ kernel w/ "TRIM". Device needs "FITRIM". http://xfs.org/index.php/FITRIM/discard
- 63. Sanity check: discard avaiable? $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/discard_max_bytes; 2147450880 $ cat /sys/block/dm-8/queue/discard_max_bytes; 2147450880 So far so good...
- 64. Do the deed /dev/vg00/scratch_one /scratch/jowbloe xfs defaults,discard 0 1 or mount -o defaults,discard /foo /mnt/foo;
- 65. What you see is all you get Dynamic discard == overhead. Often not worse than network mounts. YMMV... Avoids "just in case" provisioning. Good with SSD, battery-backed RAID.
- 66. LVM benefits - Saner mount points. - Hot backups. - Dynamic space manglement.
- 67. LVM benefits - Saner mount points. - Hot backups. - Dynamic space manglement. Seems logical?