Digital Labor and Metaliteracy: Students as Critical Participants in Profit-Driven Social Media Environments
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This document discusses digital labor and how people's online activities can be considered work. It explores how companies collect and analyze user data from social media, online purchases, and other digital interactions to target ads and commodify information. While some see this as a fair exchange for using free services, others argue it exploits users and can influence them without their full awareness or consent. The document suggests ways to help students critically examine their online presence and value both the data and content they generate intentionally or unintentionally through normal online activities.
![Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm
First Year Writing Student:
“[An algorithm] refines what appears based upon the
people we are friends with, the articles we link to and
share, the tweets we favorite, and the posts we create.
Some people are disturbed by this and feel that the
information they receive is now limited, meanwhile
other people, including me, actually appreciate this…”
Recognizes
monitoring
and control
Argues it
is positive](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitallaborpresentationslides-151112223300-lva1-app6891/85/Digital-Labor-and-Metaliteracy-Students-as-Critical-Participants-in-Profit-Driven-Social-Media-Environments-25-320.jpg)
![Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm
References, Continued
Oliver, J. (2014, June 1). Last week tonight with John Oliver: Net neutrality
[Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/fpbOEoRrHyU
Petersen, S. (2008). Loser generated content: From participation to
exploitation. First Monday, 13(3).
Reveley, J. (2013). The exploitative web: Misuses of Marx in critical social
media studies.Science & Society, 77(4), 512-535.
Reyman, J. (2013). User data on the social web: Authorship, agency, and
appropriation. College English 75(5), 513-533.
Van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-
generated content. Media, Culture & Society, 31(1), 41.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/digitallaborpresentationslides-151112223300-lva1-app6891/85/Digital-Labor-and-Metaliteracy-Students-as-Critical-Participants-in-Profit-Driven-Social-Media-Environments-33-320.jpg)
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Digital Labor and Metaliteracy: Students as Critical Participants in Profit-Driven Social Media Environments
- 1. In an average 48 hours, what do you do online? Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm A)Create social media posts B)Comment on articles or posts C)Collect and organize content D)Read articles or watch videos E) Use a search engine to find information To join: Text Framework to 37607 To vote: Text a list of your choices (by letter) DIGITAL LABOR AND METALITERACY Lauren Wallis
- 2. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm DIGITAL LABOR AND METALITERACY Students as Critical Participants in Profit-Driven Social Media Environments Lauren Wallis LOEX Fall Focus 2015
- 3. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm • Lauren uses Google Docs to create and share documents with colleagues • Lauren browses the Bare Minerals makeup website and purchases one item • Lauren reads an article about eBooks and libraries that her friend posted on Facebook last week Do any of these count as work?
- 4. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Microsoft Office Cloud Advertisement Bare Minerals Advertisement Amazon Fire Kids Edition Advertisement Lauren’s Facebook Page
- 5. Intro Framework BrainstormDigital Labor Microsoft Office Cloud Advertisement Bare Minerals Advertisement Amazon Fire Kids Edition Advertisement Lauren = $$$ for Facebook
- 6. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Is it digital labor? Is digital labor a bad thing?
- 7. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Relationship Status: It’s Complicated Is it digital labor? Is digital labor a bad thing?
- 8. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Relationship Status: It’s Complicated Leisure/Community Exploitation Is it digital labor? Is digital labor a bad thing?
- 9. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework ACRL Framework: Information Has Value Commodity Education/Influence
- 10. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework ACRL Framework: Information Has Value Commodity Education/Influence Journal publishers sell access to libraries • Another scholar cites • A student learns something Scholarly Journal Article
- 11. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework Tech companies collect user data for targeted ads Inspire friends and family Just finished the marathon! #nbd #nycmarathon 99 ACRL Framework: Information Has Value Commodity Education/Influence
- 12. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework Invisible to user Invisible to user Just finished the marathon! #nbd #nycmarathon 99 Commodity Education/Influence ACRL Framework: Information Has Value
- 13. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework Metaliteracy Just finished the marathon! #nbd #nycmarathon 99 Scholarly Journal Article Both important A lot of potential (especially in academic context)
- 14. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework How do we help students value the information they create online, both intentionally and unintentionally?
- 15. Intro Digital Labor BrainstormFramework How do we help students value the information they create online, both intentionally and unintentionally? User-Generated Content User-Generated Data
- 16. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm First Year Writing Student: Devalues user identity “I tend to have my phone in my hand if I am ever waiting for someone or eating alone. It’s as if it’s my only friend when there isn’t anyone around I actually know. I rarely post anything…I just look at what everyone else is posting. For me the internet is a one way street and traffic is heading in my direction.” Apathy/no creator identity Sense of helplessness
- 17. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Commodification of User Data Metadata and Content Aggregation and Analysis Individual Sites and Across Platforms Terms of Service ? ? ? ?
- 18. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm “If you want to do something evil, put it inside something boring. If Apple put the entire text of Mein Kampf in their user agreement you’d still click agree.” -John Oliver, Last Week Tonight Commodification of User Data
- 19. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm All 5,742 words!
- 20. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Effects on Users .. .. Simple Leisure/Play? Unequal Relationships Between Unequal Partners? .. .. .. Marxian Exploitation?! Class, Coercion, Control
- 21. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm “The privatization and commercialization of the internet reinforces and reproduces the structure of social relations wherein a small group controls the productive resources used by the many and allows economic advantages to accrue from this control.” -Mark Andrejevic, Estranged Free Labor Effects on Users
- 22. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm “Current data-mining practices create an unequal exchange between unequal partners.” -Jessica Reyman, User Data on the Social Web Effects on Users
- 23. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm
- 24. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm User Response .. .. .. .. .. I guess I don’t really care… A personalized web experience is great! I’m giving them my info in order to use the site for free
- 25. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm First Year Writing Student: “[An algorithm] refines what appears based upon the people we are friends with, the articles we link to and share, the tweets we favorite, and the posts we create. Some people are disturbed by this and feel that the information they receive is now limited, meanwhile other people, including me, actually appreciate this…” Recognizes monitoring and control Argues it is positive
- 26. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm First Year Writing Student: “…I follow the people I follow for a reason, I favorite the tweets I like for a reason, and I share articles I think people would benefit from for a reason. Therefore I am the one limiting my information because of my actions on social media.” Illusion of agency
- 27. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm First Year Writing Student: “The way I respond to different things on the internet affects what I will see and what I will know. Is this a bad thing? I am not really sure. Part of me appreciates the fact that I have filtered results, but part of me is curious about what else could be out there that I am not able to see.” Acceptance Ambivalence
- 28. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Assignments and Discussion Prompts Information Narrative: Take fieldnotes on the ways you engage with information over the course of a week. Identify interesting themes and write a reflection. Analyze your Ads: Take screenshots of ads you see on different social media platforms or websites. Reflect on how they got there, considering actions you’ve taken online and demographic information that companies know about you. Analyze Privacy Policies: In groups, have students do a rhetorical analysis of a company’s Terms of Service or Privacy Policy, considering how the documents use logos, ethos, and pathos. Assign each group a different company, have groups report their findings to the class. Facilitate class discussion comparing and contrasting the policies.
- 29. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm What could/should this look like at your institution? How can we help students value the information they create online, both intentionally and unintentionally?
- 30. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Readings for Students Digital Labor “Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy,” Tiziana Terranova “From Mega-Machines to Mega-Algorithms,” Jathan Sadowski “You for Sale: Mapping and Sharing the Consumer Genome,” Natasha Singer “Here’s How Much Money You Made for Facebook Last Year,” Dan Frommer Privacy and Control Online Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect your Data and Control your World, Dan Schneier “Beware Online Filter Bubbles,” Eli Pariser “Facebook’s Zuckerberg Says the Age of Privacy is Over,” Marshall Kirkpatrick “New Web Code Draws Concern over Privacy Risks, “ Tanzina Vega “Consumers Fundamentally Misunderstand the Online Advertising Marketplace,” Joseph Tudrow, Deirdre Mulligan, Chris Hoofnagle
- 31. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Readings for Students, Continued Valuing Online Participation “Social Media and Young Adults,” Pew Research Center “What is the One Percent Rule?” Charles Arthur Extended Implications of Digital Labor “Is Online Surveillance of Black Teenagers the New Stop-and-Frisk?” Rose Hackman “Mining Online Data Could Save Student Lives,” Michael Morris “1984 Was a Warning against Data Mining,” Landon Hurley (student response to Morris article) “Edward Snowden, Whistle-Blower,” New York Times Editorial Board
- 32. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm References Andrejevic, M. Estranged free labor. (2013). In T. Scholz (Ed.), Digital labor: Internet as playground and factory (149-164). New York: Routledge. Konkol, M. (2015). Public archives, new knowledge, and moving beyond the digital humanities/digital pedagogy distinction. Hybrid Pedagogy: A Digital Journal of Learning, Teaching, and Technology. Mackey, T. P., & Jacobson, T. E. (2014). Metaliteracy : Reinventing information literacy to empower learners. Chicago: ALA. McDonald, A., & Cranor, L. (2008). The cost of reading privacy policies. Information System: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 4(3), 543-568.
- 33. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm References, Continued Oliver, J. (2014, June 1). Last week tonight with John Oliver: Net neutrality [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/fpbOEoRrHyU Petersen, S. (2008). Loser generated content: From participation to exploitation. First Monday, 13(3). Reveley, J. (2013). The exploitative web: Misuses of Marx in critical social media studies.Science & Society, 77(4), 512-535. Reyman, J. (2013). User data on the social web: Authorship, agency, and appropriation. College English 75(5), 513-533. Van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user- generated content. Media, Culture & Society, 31(1), 41.
- 34. Intro Framework Digital Labor Brainstorm Lauren Wallis Assistant Instruction Librarian Christopher Newport University @LaurenMWallis [email protected] Slides: bit.ly/diglabor
Editor's Notes
- #4: [Insert my Facebook example, do any of these count as work?—Brief explanation of commodifying user data (through posting and other online activities)
- #5: [Insert my Facebook example, do any of these count as work?—Brief explanation of commodifying user data (through posting and other online activities)
- #6: [Insert my Facebook example, do any of these count as work?—Brief explanation of commodifying user data (through posting and other online activities)
- #7: Facebook it’s complicated graphic Overview of different sides of digital labor debate, maybe brief overview of talk
- #8: Facebook it’s complicated graphic Overview of different sides of digital labor debate, maybe brief overview of talk
- #9: Facebook it’s complicated graphic Overview of different sides of digital labor debate, maybe brief overview of talk
- #10: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #11: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #12: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #13: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #14: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #15: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #16: Connection to Framework/metaliteracy, thesis about how valuing their own online content and caring about commodification of personal data are intertwined
- #18: Individual and collective levels Harvesting metadata attached to user actions Within a site and across platforms Legal stipulations (Terms of Service)
- #25: Intentionally invisible link between UGC and UGD Positive language/personalized web experience User data in exchange for social media platform? Apathy/sense of no ability to control the situation