Effective Java with Groovy & Kotlin How Languages Influence Adoption of Good Practices

Effective Java
with Groovy & Kotlin
How Languages Inﬂuence Adoption of
Good Practices
Naresha K

@naresha_k

https://blog.nareshak.com/

About me
Developer, Architect & Coach
Founder & Organiser
Bangalore Groovy User Group

http://groovy-lang.org/

initial idea was to make a little
dynamic language which compiles
directly to Java classes and provides
all the nice (alleged) productivity
beneﬁts
- James Strachan
http://radio-weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html

https://kotlinlang.org/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:You-Are-Here-Earth.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Just_ask_%26_You_are_here_-.jpg

Know your guides
Context/ the Problem
What does “Eﬀective Java” say?
The traps
Idiomatic Solution
Lessons Learned
Tool Wisdom

class Product {
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
}

Product book1 = new Product(
sku: 'P101',
description: 'Effective Java’,
price: 40.0)
sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
println book1 == book2
false

sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
def stock = [:]
stock[book1] = 100
println stock[book2]
null

#10: Obey the general contract when
overriding equals
#11: Always override hashCode when
you override equals

class Product {
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
}
class Product {
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
LocalDate dateOfManufacture
} class Product {
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
LocalDate dateOfManufacture
LocalDate dateOfExpiry
}

@EqualsAndHashCode
class Product {
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
}

sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
println book1 == book2
true

sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
sku: 'P101',
price: 40.0)
def stock = [:]
stock[book1] = 100
println stock[book2]
100

@EqualsAndHashCode(includes = 'id')
class Product {
Long id
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
}

@EqualsAndHashCode(includes = ‘sku')
class Product {
Long id
String sku
String description
BigDecimal price
}

class Product(val sku: String, val description: String,
val price: BigDecimal)
fun main() {
val book1 = Product("P101", "Effective Java", BigDecimal("35.08"))
println(book1 == book2)
val stock = mapOf(book1 to 100)
println(stock[book2])
}
false
null

data class Product(val sku: String, val description: String, val price:
BigDecimal)
fun main() {
}
true
100

data class Product(val sku: String, val description: String,
val price: BigDecimal, var id: Long?)
fun main() {
val book1 = Product("P101", "Effective Java", BigDecimal("35.08"), null)
val book2 = Product("P101", "Effective Java", BigDecimal("35.08"), 1L)
}
false
null

data class Product(val sku: String, val description: String, val price:
BigDecimal) {
var id: Long? = null
}
fun main() {
book2.id = 1L
}
true
100

AST Transformation
Single point of representation
of any knowledge
Language / Compiler

#58: Prefer for-each loops to
traditional for loops

def numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]
def sum = 0
for(int number in numbers){
sum += number
}
println "Sum: " + sum

numbers.each { number ->
println number
}
println numbers.collect { number ->
number * 2
}
println numbers.inject(0,
{ result, number -> result + number }
)
10
20
30
40
[20, 40, 60, 80]
100

numbers.forEach {
println(it)
}
println(numbers.map {
it * 2
})
println(numbers.fold(0)
{ acc, number -> acc + number })
10
20
30
40
[20, 40, 60, 80]
100

Closures/ Higher Order Functions
Favor Internal iterators to
external iterators
Minimise the moving parts

float price = 0.1f;
float total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
total += price;
}
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
Total: 1.0000001

double price = 0.1;
double total = 0;
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
total += price;
}
Total: 0.9999999999999999

#60: Avoid float and double if exact
answers are required

BigDecimal price = new BigDecimal(0.1);
BigDecimal total = new BigDecimal(0);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
total = total.add(price);
}
Total: 1.0000000000000000555111512312578270211815834045410156250

def price = 0.1
def total = 0
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
total += price
}
println "Total: " + total
Total: 1.0

def price = 0.1
def total = 0
for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
total += price
}
println "Total: " + total
println price.class
println total.class
Total: 1.0
class java.math.BigDecimal
class java.math.BigDecimal

Select appropriate defaults
Principle of Least Astonishment

Million Dollar Eﬀort
null check

List<Speaker> getSpeakers(String conference) {
return null;
}
List<Speaker> j2DaysSpeakers = getSpeakers("Java2Days-2019");
if (j2DaysSpeakers != null) {
//...
}

#54: Return empty arrays or
collections, not nulls

println getSpeakers('Java2Days-2019')
.collect { it.firstName }
.findAll { it.firstName.length() > 5 }

.collect { it.firstName } // []
.findAll { it.firstName.length() > 5 } // []

fun getSpeakers(conference: String): List<Speaker> {
return null
}

return null
}
Null can not be a value of a non-null type List<Speaker>

return null
}
Null can not be a value of a non-null type List<Speaker>
fun getSpeakers(conference: String): List<Speaker>? {
return null
}

NullObject Pattern
No boilerplate code - $$$
Life is too short for null checks!
Type system

#3: Enforce the singleton property
with a private constructor
or an enum type

class Manager {
private static final Manager manager =
new Manager()
private Manager() { super() }
static Manager getInstance() { manager }
}
def m1 = Manager.getInstance()
println m1 == m2
true

class Manager {
private static final Manager manager =
new Manager()
private Manager() { super() }
static Manager getInstance() { manager }
}
println m1 == m2
true
def m3 = new Manager()
println m3 Manager@b968a76

@Singleton
class Manager {}
println m1 == m2
def m3 = new Manager()
println m3
true
Caught: java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't instantiate singleton Manager.
Use Manager.instance

object Manager {
init {
println("Initialising Manager")
}
}
public final class Manager {
public static final Manager INSTANCE;
private Manager() {
}
static {
Manager var0 = new Manager();
INSTANCE = var0;
String var1 = "Initialising Manager";
boolean var2 = false;
System.out.println(var1);
}
}

private static Manager manager
static Manager getInstance() {
if(!manager){ manager = new Manager() }
manager
}

private static Manager manager
static synchronized Manager getInstance() {
manager
}

private static volatile Manager manager
static synchronized Manager getInstance() {
manager
}

@Singleton(lazy=true)
class Manager {}
public static Manager getInstance() {
if (instance != null) {
return instance
} else {
synchronized (Manager) {
if (instance != null) {
return instance
} else {
return instance = new Manager()
}
}
}
}

AST Transformation
YAGNI
Premature optimisation is the root
of all evil
Object Declaration

https://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/38080114@N07/8594601982/

Rules to make a class immutable
1. Don’t provide any mutators
2. Ensure that the class can’t be extended
3. Make all fields final
4. Make all fields private
5. Ensure exclusive access to any mutable
components

class ImmutableClass{
private final def field1
//...
public ImmutableClass(f1, f2,… f10){
//initialization
}
}

import groovy.transform.Immutable
@Immutable
class Rectangle {
int length
int breadth
}
def r = new Rectangle(length: 10, breadth: 5)
println r // Rectangle(10, 5)

public final class Rectangle extends java.lang.Object
implements groovy.lang.GroovyObject {
private final int length
private final int breadth
public Rectangle(int length, int breadth) {
//
}
public Rectangle(java.util.Map args) {
}
public Rectangle() {
this([:])
}
}
new Rectangle(length: 10, breadth: 5)

data class Rectangle(val length: Int, val breadth: Int)
public final class Rectangle {
private final int length;
private final int breadth;
public final int getLength() {
return this.length;
}
public final int getBreadth() {
return this.breadth;
}
public Rectangle(int length, int breadth) {
this.length = length;
this.breadth = breadth;
}
// more code
}

data class Rectangle(val length: Int, val breadth: Int)
fun main() {
val rectangle = Rectangle(20, 10)
val r2 = Rectangle(length = 20, breadth = 10)
}
public static final void main() {
Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle(20, 10);
Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle(20, 10);
}

AST Transformation
Readability Matters
Syntactic Sugar

#18: Favour composition over
inheritance

def ph = ['919812312345', '4512341234', ‘19252199916']
as PhoneNumbers
println ph.find { it == '19252199916'}
println ph.findAll { it.endsWith('4') }

def ph = ['919812312345', '4512341234', '19252199916']
as PhoneNumbers
println ph.find { it == '19252199916'}
println ph.findAll { it.endsWith('4') }
println ph.indianNumbers()

class PhoneNumbers extends ArrayList {
}

class PhoneNumbers {
private @Delegate List phoneNumbers
PhoneNumbers(numbers) {
phoneNumbers = numbers
}
def indianNumbers() {
phoneNumbers.findAll { it.startsWith('91') }
}
}

class PhoneNumbers(val list: List<String>) :
List<String> by list {
fun indianNumbers(): List<String> {
return list.filter { it.startsWith("91") }
}
}

trait CanSing {
def sing() {
println "Singing"
}
}
trait CanDance {
def dance() {
println "Dancing"
}
}
class Person implements CanSing, CanDance {}
Person reema = new Person()
reema.sing()
reema.dance()
https://www.slideshare.net/nareshak/designing-with-groovy-traits-gr8conf-india

Some of the ‘Effective Java’ already
built into the languages

Favour compiler generated cod to
IDE generated code

Don’t fall into the trap of copying the
Java implementation

Programming languages can reduce
friction to implement good practices

There could be multiple right
solutions. Choose what ﬁts your
context

The way we code is inﬂuenced not
just by the language we code in,
but also by the languages we
know.

Effective Java with Groovy & Kotlin How Languages Influence Adoption of Good Practices

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