Integrated farming
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The document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS) as a strategy to improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Tamil Nadu by combining agriculture with components such as livestock, aquaculture, and horticulture. It outlines various types and benefits of IFS, including increased productivity, waste recycling, and improved sustainability. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of proper management and technology development for successful implementation of IFS.
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Integrated farming
- 1. INTEGRATED FARMING ஒருங்கிணைந்த பண்ணையம் BY: PRIYAVADHANA S BE AGRI BIT SATHY
- 2. தேவைக்கான காரணம் • தமிழகத்தில் பெரும்ொலான உழவர்கள் ெயிர்த்பதாழிலலயய தனித் பதாழிலாகச் பெய்வதால் எதிர்ொர்க்கும் இலாெம் இன்றி தவிக்கின்றனர். • இரொயான உரங்கள், பூச்ெி, பூஞ்ொண், கலைக்பகால்லி மருந்துகள் மற்றும் ெண்லைத் பதாழிலாைர் கூலி யொன்றலவ விஷம் யொல் ஏறிக்பகாண்யேயிருப்ெயத நஷ்ேத்தின் காரைம்
- 3. DEFINITION (ைிளக்கம்) • Farming system approach envisages the integration of agroforestry(வேளாண்காடுேளர்ப்பு),horticulture(வ ாட்டக்கலை),dairy(பால் பண்லை), sheep, goat rearing(ஆடுேளர்ப்பு),fishery(மீன்ேளர்ப்பு),poultry(தகாழிப்பண் வண),pigeon,biogas(உயிர்ைாயு),mushroom(காளான்சாகுபடி), sericulture(பட்டு ைளர்ப்பு) and by product utilization with crops with main goal of increasing the income and standard of living of small and marginal farmers.
- 4. COMPONENTS OF IFS(அங்கங்கள்) Crops, livestock, birds and trees. பயிர்கள், கால்நவைகள், பறவைகள் , ைனைியல் Crops subsystem like monocrop, ஒற்வறப்பயிர், mixed/intercrop கலப்பு / ஊடுபயிர், multi-tier crops of cereals பலப்பயிர் , legumes (pulses), oilseeds, forage etc. Livestock components may be milch cow, goat, sheep, poultry, bees. பசு, ஆடு, தகாழி, தேன ீக்கள் Tree components may include timer, fuel, fodder and fruit trees. ேடிமரம், எரிைாயு , ேீைனம் மற்றும் பழ மரங்கள்.
- 5. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM COMPONENTS Crop Husbandry Livestock Production Poultry Duckery Horticulture Aquaculture Apiculture Sericulture Mushroom Cultivation Agro-forestry Biogas Plants Kitchen Gardening Nursery Seed Production Vermiculture Value Addition Bee Keeping.
- 6. INTEGRATED-FARMING SYSTEMS FOR DIFFERENT AGRO ECO-SYSTEM
- 7. wetland
- 10. Dry land Garden land Wet land Dairy கால்நவை ைளர்ப்பு Dairy கால்நவை ைளர்ப்பு Dairy கால்நவை ைளர்ப்பு Poultry தகாழிப்பண்வண Poultry தகாழிப்பண்வண Poultry தகாழிப்பண்வண Goat /sheep ஆடுேளர்ப்பு) Mushroom காளான்சாகுபடி Mushroom காளான்சாகுபடி Agro forestry வேளாண்காடுேளர்ப்பு Apiary தேன ீ பண்வண Apiary தேன ீ பண்வண Farm pond பண்வண குளம் Piggery பன்றித் தோழுைம் Fishery மீன் ைளர்ப்பு Sericulture பட்டு ைளர்ப்பு Duckery ைாத்து பண்வண
- 11. TYPES OF INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS Crop-live Stock Farming System Crop-live Stock -Fishery Farming System Crop-live Stock -Poultry - Fishery Farming System Crop-poultry-fishery - Mushroom Farming System Crop-fishery-duckery Farming System Crop- Livestock-fishery-vermicomposting Farming System Crop-live Stock-forestry Farming System Agri-silvi-apiary System Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral System
- 13. CYCLE
- 14. DAIRY CATTLE • Important dairy breeds of buffalo cattle are Murrah, Mehsana, Jafrabadi, Godavari and Jersey, H.F, Sahiwal and cross bred cattle, respectively. • Daily requirement @ 1 kg concentrate per 3 kg milk produced by cattle and 2 kg milk produced by buffaloes, green fodder (20- 30 kg), straw 5-7 kg & water 32 lit.
- 15. • SHEEP REARING: Housing should not be expensive. 1-2 kg of leguminous hay per day. Protein supplied through concentrate as groundnut cake. • GOAT REARING: Nutrients requirement to goat is low. Hence they are suitable for resources poor small farmers with marginal grazing lands
- 16. • PIGGERY: Pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste aquatic plants and crop wastes. The waste excreted by the 30-35 kg pig equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic pig breeds Large White Yorkshire, Landrace etc. are reared in pig sty near to the fish pond. • TURKEY REARING: Turkey is a robust bird and can be reared in humid tropics.
- 17. • RABBIT REARING: Rabbit can be easily reared with relatively less concentrate feed with high production rate . • POULTRY: Use of cheap and efficient ration will give maximum profit cereals- maize, barley, oats, wheat, rice ± broken mineral/ salt ± limestone, salt manganese.
- 18. • DUCK REARING: They are popular in cereal and logged states like West Bengal. Orissa, A.P, T. Nadu, they have production potential of about 130- 140 eggs/bird / year. • BEE KEEPING: Bee keeping is one of the most important agro- based industries which do not required any raw material like other industries. Nectar and pollen from flower are the raw material, which available in plenty in nature.
- 19. • SERICULTURE: It plays an important role in socio- economic development of rural poor in some areas. Karnataka is the major silk producing state in India • MUSHROOM CULTIVATION: The popular varieties are Oyster mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom- volvarilla volvacea and White button mushroom- Agaricus gisporus ( var, A- 11, Horst V3).
- 20. DUCK CUM FISH FARMING SYSTEM Experiment conducted in Bangladesh:- Ponds stocked with 7500 carp fingerlings/ha with 200, 400 and 500 khaki Campbell ducks /ha. Resulted production found that 1.82,3.15 and 4.50 tons/ha/year respectively as compared to the control pond with 0.49tons/ha. The avg, egg production is 240 eggs/duck/year. After several trails it has been founded that avg, fish yield of 5.68 tons/ha/year, which was 5 to 7 times higher than normal fish yield.(Nuruzzaman,1991).
- 21. Contd.. • Jhingran and sharma (1980) reported that fish yield was 4.32 tons/ha/year in duck cum fish farming in India. • While the usual pond fish raising may produce about 4 tons of fish per hectare, the integration system may produce more than 10 tons per hectare(12.2-19.5 tons ) of 2 to 3.9 times more. • Duck usually consumes tadpoles, mosquitoes and dragon fly larvae which are not consumed by fish. • And another advantage is feed on snails which are vectors for fish parasite and not only fertilize ponds also release nutrients from pond soil by dabbling activity.
- 22. INTEGRATED LAYER CHICKEN CUM FISH FARMING In this birds kept at the floor over the pond in which droppings drop directly into pond In this skilled management require, but it is proves economically and technically viable at farmers conditions. Economic analysis:- net profit of Tk.219.836.00/ha/year with fish production of 4.89 tons/ha/year(nuruzzaman,1991).
- 23. contd • In poultry fish farming 500 birds is enough to fertilize one hectare pond area. • The yield of about 3.9t/ha/yr has been obtained in composite culture system stocked @8000 fish/ha. • Faster growth rate and high survival rate were recorded when a mixture of cowdung and poultry droppings was used.
- 24. INTEGRATED GOAT CUM FISH FARMING • It is combined production of goat along with fish farming. • Libunao(1990) reported that fish feed produced in the ponds with goat manure is efficiently utilized by the fish biomass. • He also mentioned that tilapia increased with rate of goat manure loading.
- 25. INTEGRATED RICE CUM FISH FARMING • Rice cum shrimp culture practice in southern part of Bangladesh is known as “gher method”. Advantages:- • Reduced cost of rice cultivation through removal of weeds, insects and pest that are consumed by fish. • Increased fertilization. • Provision of feed for fish (Pollen grains) • Increased production of fish and rice
- 26. MANAGEMENT OF POND • Over fertilization with manure lead to poor quality of pond water, particularly depletion of oxygen and fish kills. • Management of water quality, promoting growth of phytoplankton to generate oxygen to maintain positive photosynthesis. • Natural depression or excavated land are to be avoided. • Depth 1.5 to 3.0 m is good. • clay or loamy soil type having PH 6.5-7.5 is good. • Detoxication: killing of weeds of undesirable and unwanted fishes by mahua cake. • Time of stocking and harvesting:-stock in june -sep and harvest after 12 months. • Growth of fish affected if temp below 18 to 20 degree Celsius.
- 27. VERMICOMPOST DEFINTION • Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process and a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of earthworms. It is one of the easiest methods to recycle agricultural wastes and to produce quality compost.
- 28. VERMICOMPOSTING MATERIALS • Decomposable organic wastes such as animal excreta, kitchen waste, farm residues and forest litter are commonly used as composting materials. • In general, animal dung mostly cow dung and dried chopped crop residues are the key raw materials. • Mixture of leguminous and non-leguminous crop residues enriches the quality of vermicompost.
- 29. SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS • Red earthworm is preferred because of its high multiplication rate and thereby converts the organic matter into vermicompost within 45-50 days. Since it is a surface feeder it converts organic materials into vermicompost from top.
- 30. CHARACTERS OF RED EARTHWORM (EISENIA FOETIDA ) • Body length 3-10cm • Body weight 0.4-0.6g • Maturity 50-55days • Conversion rate 2.0 q/1500worms/2 months • Cocoon production 1 in every 3 days • Incubation of co coon 20-23days
- 32. BED METHOD Composting is done on the pucca / kachcha floor by making bed (6x2x2 feet size) of organic mixture. This method is easy to maintain and to practice
- 33. PIT METHOD • Composting is done in the cemented pits of size 5x5x3 feet. The unit is covered with thatch grass or any other locally available materials. This method is not preferred due to poor aeration, water logging at bottom, and more cost of production.
- 34. METHOD OF PREPARATION Vermicomposting unit should be in a cool, moist and shady site . Cow dung and chopped dried leafy materials are mixed in the proportion of 3: 1 Kept for partial decomposition for 15 – 20 days. A layer of 15-20cm of chopped dried leaves/grasses should be kept as bedding material at the bottom of the bed. Beds of partially decomposed material of size 6x2x2 feet should be made . Each bed should contain 1.5-2.0q of raw material and the number of beds can be increased as per raw material availability and requirement.
- 35. Contd.. Red earthworm (1500-2000) should be released on the upper layer of bed. Water should be sprinkled with can immediately after the release of worms. Beds should be kept moist by sprinkling of water (daily) and b y covering with gunny bags/polythene Bed should be turned once after 30 days for maintaining aeration and for proper decomposition. Compost gets ready in 45-50 days. The finished product is ¾ of the raw materials used.
- 36. HARVESTING •When raw material is completely decomposed it appears black and granular. • Watering should be stopped as compost gets ready. •The compost should be kept over a heap of partially decomposed cow dung so that earthworms could migrate to cow dung from compost. •After two days compost can be separated and sieved for use.
- 37. contd • The floor of the unit should be compact to prevent earthworms’ migration into the soil. • 15-20 days old cow dung should be used to avoid excess heat. • The organic wastes should be free from plastics, chemicals, pesticides and metals etc. • Aeration should be maintained for proper growth and multiplication of earthworms. • Optimum moisture level (30-40 %) should be maintained 18- 25°C temperature should be maintained for proper decomposition.
- 38. Preventive measures • Death of worms • They are getting enough food----- food should be burried into the bedding • Food may be too dry---- moisture • Food may be too wet--- bedding • Worms may be too hot--- put bin in shade • Bad smells • No enough air circulation • Dry bedding under and over the worms • Turning of the food
- 39. NUTRIENTS AVAILABLE • The level of nutrients in compost depends upon the source of the raw material and the species of earthworm. A fine worm cast is rich in N P K besides other nutrients. • Nutrients in vermicompost are in readily available form and are released within a month of application. PARAMETERS CONTENT • pH 6.8 • OC% 11.88 • OM% 20.46 • C/N ration 11.64 • Total Nitrogen (%) 1.02 • Available N (%) 0.50 • Available P (%) 0.30 • Available K (%) 0.24 • Ca (%) 0.17 • Mg (%) 0.06
- 40. ADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOST • Vermicompost is rich in all essential plant nutrients. • Provides excellent effect on overall plant growth, encourages the growth of new shoots / leaves and improves the quality and shelf life of the produce. • Vermicompost is free flowing, easy to apply, handle and store and does not have bad odour. • It improves soil structure, texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and prevents soil erosion. • Vermicompost is rich in beneficial micro flora such as a fixers, P- solubilizers, cellulose decomposing micro-flora etc in addition to improve soil environment.
- 41. CONTD • It neutralizes the soil protection. • Vermicompost contains earthworm cocoons and increases the population and activity of earthworm in the soil. • It prevents nutrient losses and increases the use efficiency of chemical fertilizers. • Vermicompost is free from pathogens, toxic elements, weed seeds etc. • Vermicompost minimizes the incidence of pest and diseases. • It enhances the decomposition of organic matter in soil. • It contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and hormones like auxins, gibberellins
- 42. ADVANTAGES OF IFS • Increased productivity through increased economic yield per unit area per time. • Improved profitability achieved due to recycling of waste of enterprise as energy inputs for other system. • Greater sustainability in production. • Integration of different production systems. • To avoid piling of waste.
- 43. CONTD • To provide cash availability, flow of money round the year. • Solving energy crises. • Silvi pasture system reduces pressure on forests. • System forces entrepreneur to know more things to improve literacy rate. • Provide opportunity for the growth of agri oriented industries. • Involvement of rural women in production.
- 44. Conclusion • The integration of fish with livestock and agriculture needs to be seriously viewed because this activity can go long way in the uplift of rural life through manifold increase in return on investment. • Although information on concerning production data does not exist, it appears with proper management and technical skills.
- 45. CONTD • This farming become a profitable and viable industry in a country like ours where economy is largely based on agriculture. • Investigation an different aspects of waste utilization have to be geared up. • Suitable technology has to be developed for treatment of wastes and all round effective utilization.