Music of the 20th Century
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The 20th century saw the diversification of musical styles and trends as composers experimented with new techniques and forms. Romanticism continued into the early 20th century but was later replaced by modernist styles like atonality, expressionism, minimalism, and electronic music. Performance practice was also transformed by new technologies like recording devices, amplified instruments, and synthesizers which expanded the potential audience. By the late 20th century, multimedia works combining various art forms emerged as artists incorporated new digital technologies.
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Music of the 20th Century
- 2. INTRODUCTION The twentieth century initially saw a continuation of Romanticism. Some composers turned their attention to their respective folk and traditional music, an attitude that was a holdover from nineteenth century nationalism. Music is diversified in a number of tendencies with the century’s advancement. Many styles and trends arose, often contradicting one another. The tradition practice of following one model or style of music as faded as the Romantic era came to an end. New movements and methods, like atonality Expressionism, and Minimalism, invaded the musical scene as a means of achieving originality. In spite of its constant controversy and relative lack of unity, the twentieth century left behind compositions of undeniable quality, without a doubt on par with those of preceding centuries.
- 3. Most Essential Learning Competencies • Describes distinctive musical elements of given pieces in 20th century styles; • Explains the performance practice (setting, composition, role of composers/performers, and audience) of 20th century music; • Relates 20th Century music to other art forms and media during the same time period; • Performs music sample from the 20th century • Evaluates music and music performances using guided rubrics
- 4. 1. Post-Romanticism 2. Electronic music 3. Jazz 4. Serialism 5. Expressionism in music 6. Indeterminacy, aka aleatoric music 7. Impressionism in music 8. neo-Classicism 9. minimalism in music 10.neo-Romanticism 11.Second Viennese School
- 5. Post-Romanticism late romantic characteristics extended into the 20th century - expansive melodies, chromatic harmonies, lush orchestrations, affinity for programmatic elements.
- 6. Electronic music • any type of music created whole or in part by electronic means • may utilize recording devices (tape recorder), synthesizers, and more recently, computers
- 7. Jazz • a uniquely American musical style developed initially by African Americans in New Orleans, Chicago, and New York • emphasized syncopation • inflected melodies (including "blue" notes Flat3, Flat5, and Flat7) and improvisation • ex. “Basin Street Blues” - 1964
- 8. Serialism • a compositional approach developed in the 20th century by the Second Viennese School • any number of musical parameters (such as pitch, rhythm, dynamics, tone colour) are organized using a specific ordering (set) that undergoes manipulation • sometimes used as a synonym for dodecaphonic (or twelve-tone) music
- 9. Expressionism in music • early 20th century German style • marked by extreme dissonance, angular melodies, irregular rhythmic groupings • explored deeply psychological themes • ex. "Erwartung" op. 17, Arnold Schoenberg
- 10. Indeterminacy, aka aleatoric music • a style that evolved in the mid-20th century • relied on randomness and chance to determine some of the aspects of the music and its performance
- 11. Impressionism in music • late 19th and early 20th century French style associated most closely with the music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel • often programmatic • use of non-traditional scales: modes, whole tone, pentatonic • 9th chords, parallel harmonies • blurring of the metrical pulse
- 12. neo-Classicism • a post WWI style marked by a return to absolute music and traditional formal structures • cultivated a less emotional (more detached) sensibility • ex. Symphony No. 1, op. 25 "Classical" first movement, Sergei Prokofiev
- 13. minimalism in music • a style o music that evolved in the latter half of the 20th century • generally characterized by he seemingly endless repetition of short melodic patterns, complex cross-rhythms, and a return to tonal/modal principles • its adherents include Steve Reich, Philip Glass, John Adams, and Michael Nyman • ex. "Six Pianos", Steve Reich
- 14. neo-Romanticism • generally, a late 20th century style • a return to tonal principles, lush orchestration, and expansive melodies • characterized by heightened emotionalism
- 15. Second Viennese School • the trio of early 20th century composers formed by Schoenberg and his disciples Alban Berg and Anton Webern • works demonstrate Expressionism • developed twelve-tone method • music marked by atonality and contrapuntal textures • ex. Violin Concerto, first movement, Alban Berg
- 16. THE 20TH CENTURY AND BEYOND (Performance practice of the 20th century music)
- 17. Performance practice of the 20th century music The major performing institutions of the 19th century have continued into the 21st century with only minimum structural change, except for a rather belated movement toward unionization of personnel; this development has of course improved the performers’ lot greatly, while increasing the costs of performance. Unquestionably, the major new influence on 20th-century music performance was electronics. Broadcasting and recording widened even further the potential audience for concert artists, at the same time as they tended to decrease the physical necessity for large new public performance arenas. Electronic instruments appeared, both amplified versions of older ones (guitar, piano, and even some woodwinds) and instruments with fundamentally electronic means of tone production (electronic pianos and organs, the theremin and Ondes Martenot, sound synthesizers, and still later developments).
- 18. Performance practice of the 20th century music Other new compositional and performance possibilities also emerged—for example, film, tape, stereophonism, and computers. Even before the phonograph (invented c. 1875) had begun to be regarded as more than a toy, serious research into the authentic performance of older music had produced an awareness of possibilities that pointed the way out of late Romantic gigantism and subjectivism. From the very beginning of the 20th century, the chamber concerts given by Arnold Dolmetsch and his family, on reconstructions of old gambas and recorders, attracted attention to small ensembles and different sonorities and encouraged the activities of other artists.
- 19. New Media in Late 20th-century Art New forms of multimedia, performance, and digital art
- 20. New forms of multimedia, performance, and digital art There’s nothing like discussing ‘contemporary’ art forms for making you realise we’re now in the twenty-first century. When you look at developments which seem quite recent (particularly related to the Internet) you suddenly realise that these were in the LAST CENTURY!! – (to sound for a moment a little like Tom Wolfe). The latter half of the nineteen hundreds saw artists breaking up the boundaries of aesthetic genres and introducing all sorts of new technology into their work – as well as mixing disparate activities into one experience. New Media in Late 20th-century Art is a survey of the new media which evolved roughly in the period 1950—2000.
- 21. New forms of multimedia, performance, and digital art It covers the mixing of media and performance, video art, video installations, and the new forms of digital art. Starting from the notion that traditional Art has been a painting in two dimensions, Michael Rush looks at the extensions made by the twentieth century. It’s a beautifully illustrated book, with picture captions which explain the significance of each medium
- 22. REFERENCES/LINKS • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_music • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_20th- century_classical_composers • https://www.britannica.com/art/musical- performance/The-20th-century-and-beyond • https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/composer s-5296284/packs/7879751 • https://mantex.co.uk/new-media-in-late-20c-art/