An Analysis of Cross-Document Linking Mechanisms
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The document analyzes user behavior in associating information within and across digital and physical documents, highlighting the need for improved linking mechanisms. It presents findings from a qualitative study involving surveys and interviews of 238 participants, revealing challenges and user dissatisfaction with current methods. The results suggest a strong demand for better tools and design implications for enhancing cross-document linking solutions.
An Analysis of Cross-Document Linking Mechanisms
- 1. 2 December 2005 An Analysis of Cross-Document Linking Mechanisms Ahmed A.O. Tayeh and Beat Signer Web & Information Systems Engineering Lab Department of Computer Science Vrije Universiteit Brussel WEB & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
- 2. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2June 4, 2018 Documents are not Isolated Explicitly or implicitly linked links and footnotes similarity of content Simple link models offered by different document formats embedded and unidirectional in most document formats external and multidirectional in Xlink standard Annotation tools and link services Sun’s Link Service Microcosm Annotea CISA Human-Machine & Human-Information Interaction Information Systems & Management Information Visualisation & Navigation
- 3. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3June 4, 2018 User Behaviour in Associating Information General findings from different research domains digital documents - annotations - digital folders physical documents - annotations - physical folders Lack of empirical studies investigating user behaviour when linking information within and across documents Our Goal: investigate user behaviour in associating information within and across digital and physical documents
- 4. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4June 4, 2018 Methodology Qualitative approach using a multi-case design Online survey investigating whether users associate information in six different scenarios why they associate information which mechanisms are used by users to associate information users’ appreciation and criticism 238 participants: 23 Master’s students, 169 PhD students and 46 holding a PhD degree single physical (SP) multiple physical (MP) single digital (SD) multiple digital same (MDS) multiple digital different (MDD) digital physical (DP)
- 5. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5June 4, 2018 Methodology… Interviews investigate some answers of the survey’s participants get detailed insights about their information association behaviour 12 participants unstructured open questions performed either face-to-face or via Skype single physical (SP) multiple physical (MP) single digital (SD) multiple digital same (MDS) multiple digital different (MDD) digital physical (DP)
- 6. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6June 4, 2018 Results: Users Associating Information
- 7. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7June 4, 2018 Results: Frequency of Associations
- 8. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8June 4, 2018 Annotation and Highlighting Mechanisms
- 9. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9June 4, 2018 Single Physical (SP)
- 10. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 10June 4, 2018 Multiple Physical (MP)
- 11. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 11June 4, 2018 Single Digital (SD)
- 12. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12June 4, 2018 Multiple Digital Same (MDS)
- 13. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13June 4, 2018 Multiple Digital Different (MDD)
- 14. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14June 4, 2018 Digital Physical (DP)
- 15. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15June 4, 2018 User Satisfaction
- 16. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16June 4, 2018 User Satisfaction… Complaints wasted time in creating & refinding associations not easy to track the linked documents not efficient & mostly relies on memory digital & physical folders are not organised well losing the context of association …
- 17. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17June 4, 2018 The Need for a Linking Tool 75% indicated the need for a tool to associate information Suggestions web links integration of linking into workflow easy to use and learn navigation of links search and manage hyperlinks integrating physical and digital media …
- 18. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18June 4, 2018 Design Implications DI1: Granularity of the associations DI2: Bidirectional associations DI3: Documents side by side DI4: Linking across physical & digital media DI5: Management of the associations
- 19. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19June 4, 2018 Our Link Service
- 20. Ahmed A.O. Tayeh - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20June 4, 2018 Conclusions Investigated user behaviour in associating information within and across documents Revealed a number of association mechanisms and some of their characteristics General findings about user’s appreciation and criticism about their used mechanisms Design implications for cross-document linking solutions