01 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.pdf

LIVING IN THE IT ERA
ONECHO ANGELO A. GABINETE
PREPARED BY:

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 History of ICT
 Uses of ICT in daily lives
 Impacts of ICT in the society

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the
students should be able to:
● trace the History of ICT;
● enumerate the role and
importance of ICT; and
● Determine the impacts of
ICT in the society.

Introduction
The quickening pace of evolution in technology is very evident
in this era. It seems that it is progressing faster than ever. From
year to year, the evolution of technology is one of staggering
promise and opportunity-as well as uncertainty. Basically,
technology has been around before, and as long as there are
people, information technology will be there also because there
were always ways of communicating through technology
available at that point in time. The future may be unknown, but
digital advancement continues to reshape our world in ways
that encourage people to form new habits, find new ways to
work together, and become better human beings. And, in most
cases, these changes translate into a range of opportunities and
disruptions across every industry. Humans have always been
quick to adapt technologies for better and faster
communication.

History of ICT
Information and Communications Technology, is the
infrastructure and components that enable modern
computing.
Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is
generally accepted to mean all devices, networking
components, applications and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies,
governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital
world.

Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives

Communication
We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of
communicating, way back in the past our parents use to make letter
and send it via post mail. But now with the help of ICT, it is easier to
communicate with our love ones. We can use cellular phones that
design for communicating with other people even they are miles away
far from you.
Nowadays people are in touch with the help of ICT. Through chatting,
E-mail, voice mail and social networking people communicate with
each other. It is the cheapest means of communication.

Education
ICT can impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how
to integrate it into curriculum.
Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and
manage information. In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-
learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive
digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning
during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at
home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.
When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to
higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to
express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing
technological change in society and the workplace.

Socializing
Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these
technologies is changing how we find partners, how we access information
from the news, and how we organize to demand political change.
The internet and social media provide young people with a range of
benefits, and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways.
Young people can maintain social connections and support networks that
otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more information than ever
before. The communities and social interactions young people form online
can be invaluable for bolstering and developing young people's self-
confidence and social skills.

As the ICT has become ubiquitous, faster and increasingly accessible to non-
technical communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown
rapidly enabling people to communicate and share interest in many more ways,
sites like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram, second life
delicious blogs wiki’s and many more let people of all ages rapidly share their
interest of the movement without others everywhere. But Facebook seems to
be the leading areas of where people communicate and share their opinions.
What a change! “Nothing is permanent, but change” (As Heraditus in the 4th
century BC). Internet can be seen as the international networks of
interconnection of computer networks, the main purpose for the institution of
internet are quest for information i.e. browsing, electronic mail, file transfer and
access and use of other computer.
Socialization can be seen as a process by which a child adapts a behavior to
be an effective member of the society, which can only be achieved through
learning or education.

Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology
- Access to information: Increase in access to information and services that has
accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this
increased access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP
phone and Instant Messaging.
- Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials. New
ways of learning, e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality.
- New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not
previously exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software and high quality printers,
screen magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind
people to work with ordinary text rather than Braille.
- Communication: by using e.g. VoIP instead of normal telephone, email /
messaging instead oCost savings f post, video conferencing instead of traveling to
meetings, e-commerce web sites instead of sales catalogues. Access to larger, even
worldwide, markets.

- Information management: Data mining of customer information to produce
lists for targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage,
better cash flow, etc.
- Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods
can keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while
it is being sent electronically.
- ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
- Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the
world.
- ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using
simulations.
- Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts,
programmers and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers.

Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology
- Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g. robots
replacing people on an assembly line. Job export. e.g. Data processing work
being sent to other countries where operating costs are lower. Multiple workers
being replaced by a smaller number who are able to do the same amount of
work. e.g. A worker on a supermarket checkout can serve more customers per
hour if a bar-code scanner linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods
instead of the worker having to enter the item and price manually
- Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social
interaction in their daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk
with other people they may feel isolated and unhappy.

- Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as obesity,
heart disease, and diabetes.
- Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to
maintain. An ICT system usually requires specialist staff to run it and there is
also the challenge of keeping up with ever-changing technology.
- Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some
organizations being exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the
organization is competing for customers, donations, or other means of funding
nationally or even internationally, they may lose out to other organizations that
can offer the same service for less money.

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the
students should be able to:
● fain familiarity of the
different discoveries during
the different periods;
● learn different inventions
and discoveries during
electro-mechanical age that
lead to the inventions of
today’s technology; and
● identify different
technologies and their
improvements during the
different generations.

Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information,
or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing
various kinds of computations or calculations.

Three principal characteristics of computer:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined
manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

1. Business
Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be
employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel records,
manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and
reports. They enable communication with people both within and
outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail.
They can be used to promote the business and enable direct
interaction with customers.

2. Education
Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages,
interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over
the internet. They can be used to access educational
information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books.
They can be used to maintain and monitor student’s
performance, including through the use of online examinations,
as well as to create projects and assignments.

3. Healthcare
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as
digitized medical information making it easier to store and access
patient data, complex information can also be analyzed by software to
aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases.
Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood
pressure monitors. They enable doctors to have greater access to
information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability to share information
on diseases with other medical specialists.

4. Retail and Trade
Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this
enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and
buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery
preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising
too, using sites such as Amazon, Lazada, Shoppee, or local listings
on social media or independent websites.

5. Government
Various government departments use computers to improve the
quality and efficiency of their services. Examples include city
planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers can
be used to store information, promote services, communicate
internally and externally, as well as for routine administrative
purposes.

6. Marketing
Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise
through the analysis and manipulation of data. They facilitate the
creation of websites and promotional materials. They can be used
to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct
communication with customers through email and online chat.

7. Science
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work
tool. In science, computers can be used for research, sharing
information with other specialists both locally and internationally,
as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and
maintaining space craft, as well as operating other advanced
technology.

8. Publishing
Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of
publication. These might include newsletters, marketing materials,
fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers are used in
the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to
market publications and track sales.

9. Arts and Entertainment
Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well
as in the wider entertainment industry. Computers can be used to
create drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. They can be used
to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by
writers to create and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit,
play, and listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit and
watch videos. They can be used for playing games.

10. Communication
Computers have made real-time communication over the internet
easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as
Skype, Messenger, Zoom, Google Meet. Families can connect with
audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote
participants, and news organizations can interview people without the
need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have microphones
and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software. Older
communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.

11. Banking and Finance
Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can
use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or
pay off credit cards. You can also use computer technology to
access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage
investments. Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed
information on customer behavior which is used to streamline
marketing. examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus
tickets. They can be used to explore and book accommodation,
whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as Air
BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored
and booked online using computers.

12. Transport
Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated
with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation
systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They can also
highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil
changes, or a failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to
customize settings for individuals, for example, seat setup, air-
conditioning temperatures.

13. Navigation
Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since
computer technology has been combined with GPS technology.
Computers combined with satellites mean that it's now easy to
pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on
a map, and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around
you.

14. Working From Home
Computers have made working from home and other forms of
remote working increasingly common. Workers can access
necessary data, communicate, and share information without
commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor
workers' productivity remotely.

15. Military
Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for
training purposes. They are used for analyzing intelligence data.
They are used to control smart technology, such as guided
missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and
destroying them. They work with other technologies such as
satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They
aid communications. They help tanks and planes to target enemy
forces.

16. Social and Romance
Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn't
previously exist. Social media enables people to chat in text or
audio in real time across large distances, as well as exchange
photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help
people to find romance. Online groups help people to connect with
others who have similar interests. Blogs enable people to post a
variety of views, updates, and experiences. Online forums enable
discussions between people on specialist or general topics.

17. Booking Vacations
Computers can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine
route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used
to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or
through newer services, such as Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions,
events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using
computers.

18. Security and Surveillance
Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to
monitor people and goods. Computers combined with biometric
passports make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or
gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition technology
makes it easier to identify terrorists or criminals in public places. Driver
plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. Private
security systems have also become much more sophisticated with the
introduction of computer technology and internet technology.

19. Weather Forecasting
The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of
factors that are constantly changing. It's impossible for human
beings to monitor and process all the information coming in from
satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex
calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the
future. Computers can process the large amounts of
meteorological information.

20. Robotics
Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines
computers with science and engineering to produce machines that
can either replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are
unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing
to build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore
areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law
enforcement, to help the military, and to assist healthcare
professionals.

History of Computer:
Basic Computing Periods

Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by
humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation
of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring
to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the
word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th
century.

Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China
in around 500 B.C.
It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Napier’s Bones
Invented by John Napier in 1614.
Allowed the operator to multiply, divide, calculate square and cube
roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially
constructed boards.

Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms,
Trigonometry
Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

Pascaline
Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
It is too expensive.

Stepped Reckoner
Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.

Jacquard Loom
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Arithmometer
A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating
machine.
The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
The first mass-produced calculating machine.

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
It is the first mechanical computer.

First Computer Programmer
In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use
the binary system.
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
The first printing calculator.

Tabulating Machine
Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Harvard Mark 1
Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (ASCC).
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
The first electro-mechanical computer.

Z1
The first programmable computer.
Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a
punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch
tape.

Atanasoff - Berry Computer (ABC)
It was the first electronic digital computing device.
Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford
Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

ENIAC
ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
Completed in 1946.
Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

UNIVAC 1
The UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 was the first
commercial computer.
Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.
The First Stored Program Computer
Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

The First Portable Computer
Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

The First Computer Company
The first computer company was the Electronic Controls
Company.
Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Basic Computing Periods - Ages

a. Pre-mechanical (3000BC – 1450AD)
The pre-mechanical age is the earliest age of information
technology. We are talking about a long time ago. When
humans first started communicating they would try to use
language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths
which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

As alphabets became more popular and more people were
writing information down, pens and paper began to be
developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper
was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper
made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags.
Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they
needed ways to keep it all in permanent storage. This is where
the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve probably
heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing
down information to save. Some groups of people were actually
binding paper together into a book-like form.

Also, during this period were the first numbering systems.
Around 100A.D. was when the first 1-9 system was created by
people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875AD (775 years later)
that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers
were created, people wanted stuff to do with them, so they
created calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an
information processor. The popular model of that time was the
abacus.

b. Mechanical (1450-1840)
The mechanical age is when we first start
to see connections between our current
technology and its ancestors. A lot of new
technologies are developed in this era as
there is a large explosion in interest with
this area. Technologies like the slide rule
(an analog computer used for
multiplying and dividing) were invented.
Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which
was a very popular mechanical computer.
Charles Babbage developed the difference
engine which tabulated polynomial
equations using the method of finite
differences.

There were lots of different machines created during this era
and while we have not yet gotten to a machine that can do
more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day
calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one
machines started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines
invented in this time compared to the power behind them it
seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody
would want to use them, but to the people living in that time all
of these inventions were HUGE.

c. Electro-mechanical (1840-1940)
Now we are finally getting close to some
technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be
These are the beginnings of
telecommunication. The telegraph was
created in the early 1800s. Morse code was
created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The
telephone (one of the most popular forms of
communication ever) was created by
Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio
developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of
these were extremely crucial emerging
technologies that led to big advances in the
information technology field.

The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University
around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide,
and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch
cards. How does your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It
was from huge machines like this that people began to look
at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by
businesses and eventually in your own home.

d. Electronic (1940-present)
The electronic age is what we
currently live in. The ENIAC was the
first high-speed, digital computer
capable of being reprogrammed to
solve a full range of computing
problems. This computer was
designed to be used by the U.S. Army
for artillery firing tables. This machine
was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking
up 680 square feet and weighing 30
tons - HUGE. It mainly used vacuum
tubes to do its calculations.

There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era
of vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1.
Rotating magnetic drums were used for internal storage. The
second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch
cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic
drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also
during this time high-level programming languages were created
such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced
transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used
throughout all computers, and magnetic core turned into metal
oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up
around this time along with the advanced programming language
BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central
processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control
circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed
(Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.

History of Computer:
Generations of Computer

There are five generations of computer:
• First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 to today
• Fifth generation – today to future

a. The First Generation
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great
deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language,
the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to
perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was
displayed on printouts.
Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

b. The Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation
of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum
tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation
computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their
memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

c. The Third Generation
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the
third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out
instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper
compare to the second-generation computers.

d. The Fourth Generation
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built
onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked together to form
networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of
GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

e. The Fifth Generation
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), still in development. The
use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization. There are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used
today.

01 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.pdf

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to 01 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

01 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.pdf