02 basics
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Smalltalk is an object-oriented programming language where everything is an object and communication is done through message passing. The document discusses Smalltalk basics including its syntax, variables, methods, blocks, control structures and more. It provides a roadmap for learning Smalltalk and examples to illustrate Smalltalk concepts.
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.11
Smalltalk Syntax on a Postcard
exampleWithNumber: x
"A method that illustrates every part of Smalltalk method syntax
except primitives. It has unary, binary, and key word messages,
declares arguments and temporaries (but not block temporaries),
accesses a global variable (but not and instance variable),
uses literals (array, character, symbol, string, integer, float),
uses the pseudo variable true false, nil, self, and super,
and has sequence, assignment, return and cascade. It has both zero
argument and one argument blocks. It doesn’t do anything useful, though"
|y|
true & false not & (nil isNil) ifFalse: [self halt].
y := self size + super size.
#($a #a 'a' 1 1.0)
do: [:each | Transcript
show: (each class name);
show: (each printString);
show: ' '].
^ x < y](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-11-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.12
Language Constructs
^ return
"…" comment
# symbol or array
'…' string
[ ] block or byte array (VisualWorks)
. statement separator
; message cascade
|…| local or block variable
:= assignment (also _ or ←)
$_ character
: end of selector name
_e_ _r_ number exponent or radix
! file element separator (used in change sets)
<primitive: ...> for VM primitive calls](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-12-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.15
Messages instead of keywords
> In most languages, basic operators and control constructs are
defined as language constructs and keywords
> In Smalltalk, there are only messages sent to objects
— bitShift: (>>) is just a message sent to a number
— ifTrue: (if-then-else) is just a message sent to a boolean
— do:, to:do: (loops) are just messages to collections or numbers
> Minimal parsing
> Language is extensible
10 bitShift: 2
(x>1) ifTrue: [ Transcript show: 'bigger' ]
#(a b c d) do: [:each | Transcript show: each ; cr]
1 to: 10 do: [:i | Transcript show: i printString; cr]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-15-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.22
Method Return
> Use a caret to return a value from a method or a block
> Methods always return a value
— By default, methods return self
max: aNumber
^ self < aNumber
ifTrue: [aNumber]
ifFalse: [self] 1 max: 2 2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-22-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.23
Block closures
> Use square brackets to delay evaluation of expressions
^ 1 < 2 ifTrue: ['smaller'] ifFalse: ['bigger']
'smaller'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-23-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.24
Variables
> Local variables within methods (or blocks) are delimited
by |var|
> Block parameters are delimited by :var|
OrderedCollection>>collect: aBlock
"Evaluate aBlock with each of my elements as the argument."
| newCollection |
newCollection := self species new: self size.
firstIndex to: lastIndex do:
[ :index |
newCollection addLast: (aBlock value: (array at: index))].
^ newCollection
[:n | |x y| x := n+1. y := n-1. x * y] value: 10 99](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-24-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.25
Control Structures
> Every control structure is realized by message sends
|n|
n := 10.
[n>0] whileTrue:
[ Transcript show: n; cr.
n := n-1 ]
1 to: 10 do: [:n| Transcript show: n; cr ]
(1 to: 10) do: [:n| Transcript show: n; cr ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-25-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.38
Comparisons
Money>>= aMoney
^ self currency = aMoney currency
and: [ self amount = aMoney amount ]
Money>>!= aMoney
^ (self = aMoney) not](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-38-320.jpg)
![© Oscar Nierstrasz
ST — Smalltalk Basics
2.43
Change Sets
'From Pharo1.0beta of 16 May 2008 [Latest update: #10418] on 8 September 2009
at 1:58:51 pm'!
Object subclass: #Money
instanceVariableNames: 'currency amount'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Money'!
TestCase subclass: #TestMoney
instanceVariableNames: 'chf2 chf8 chf10'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Money'!
!Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:21'!
!!= aMoney
^ (self = aMoney) not! !
!Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:26'!
+ aMoney
self assert: [ self currency = aMoney currency ].
^ Money currency: self currency amount: self amount + aMoney amount! !
!Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:20'!
= aMoney
^ self amount = aMoney amount and: [ self currency = aMoney currency ]! !
...](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/02basics-101029135617-phpapp02/85/02-basics-43-320.jpg)
02 basics
- 2. Birds-eye view © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Introduction 1.2 Less is More — simple syntax and semantics uniformly applied can lead to an expressive and flexible system, not an impoverished one. Less is More — simple syntax and semantics uniformly applied can lead to an expressive and flexible system, not an impoverished one.
- 3. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.3 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects Selected material courtesy Stéphane Ducasse
- 4. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.4 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 5. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.5 Objects in Smalltalk > Everything is an object — Things only happen by message passing — Variables are dynamically bound > State is private to objects — “protected” for subclasses > Methods are public — “private” methods by convention only > (Nearly) every object is a reference — Unused objects are garbage-collected > Single inheritance
- 6. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.6 Accept, DoIt, PrintIt and InspectIt > Accept — Compile a method or a class definition > DoIt — Evaluate an expression > PrintIt — Evaluate an expression and print the result (#printOn:) > InspectIt — Evaluate an expression and inspect the result (#inspect)
- 7. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.7 Hello World > At anytime, in any tool, we can dynamically ask the system to evaluate an expression. — To evaluate an expression, select it and with the middle mouse button apply doIt. Transcript show: 'hello world'
- 8. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.8 “Hello World” > Transcript is a kind of “standard output” — a TextCollector instance associated with the launcher.
- 9. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.9 Everything is an Object > Smalltalk is a consistent, uniform world, written in itself — You can learn how it is implemented, you can extend it or even modify it. — All the code is available and readable. – The workspace is an object. – The window is an instance of SystemWindow. – The text editor is an instance of ParagraphEditor. – The scrollbars are objects too. – 'hello word' is an instance of String. – #show: is a Symbol – The mouse is an object. – The parser is an instance of Parser. – The compiler is an instance of Compiler. – The process scheduler is also an object.
- 10. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.10 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 11. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.11 Smalltalk Syntax on a Postcard exampleWithNumber: x "A method that illustrates every part of Smalltalk method syntax except primitives. It has unary, binary, and key word messages, declares arguments and temporaries (but not block temporaries), accesses a global variable (but not and instance variable), uses literals (array, character, symbol, string, integer, float), uses the pseudo variable true false, nil, self, and super, and has sequence, assignment, return and cascade. It has both zero argument and one argument blocks. It doesn’t do anything useful, though" |y| true & false not & (nil isNil) ifFalse: [self halt]. y := self size + super size. #($a #a 'a' 1 1.0) do: [:each | Transcript show: (each class name); show: (each printString); show: ' ']. ^ x < y
- 12. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.12 Language Constructs ^ return "…" comment # symbol or array '…' string [ ] block or byte array (VisualWorks) . statement separator ; message cascade |…| local or block variable := assignment (also _ or ←) $_ character : end of selector name _e_ _r_ number exponent or radix ! file element separator (used in change sets) <primitive: ...> for VM primitive calls
- 13. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.13 Examples comment: "a comment" character: $c $h $a $r $a $c $t $e $r $s $# $@ string: 'a nice string' symbol: #mac #+ array: #(1 2 3 (1 3) $a 4) dynamic array (Pharo): { 1 + 2 . 3 / 4 } Integer: 1, 2r101 real: 1.5, 6.03e-34,4, 2.4e7 fraction: 1/33 boolean: true, false pseudo variables self, super point: 10@120 Note that @ is not an element of the syntax, but just a message sent to a number. This is the same for /, bitShift, ifTrue:, do: ...
- 14. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.14 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 15. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.15 Messages instead of keywords > In most languages, basic operators and control constructs are defined as language constructs and keywords > In Smalltalk, there are only messages sent to objects — bitShift: (>>) is just a message sent to a number — ifTrue: (if-then-else) is just a message sent to a boolean — do:, to:do: (loops) are just messages to collections or numbers > Minimal parsing > Language is extensible 10 bitShift: 2 (x>1) ifTrue: [ Transcript show: 'bigger' ] #(a b c d) do: [:each | Transcript show: each ; cr] 1 to: 10 do: [:i | Transcript show: i printString; cr]
- 16. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.16 Smalltalk Syntax Every expression is a message send > Unary messages > Binary messages > Keyword messages Transcript cr 5 factorial 3 + 4 Transcript show: 'hello world' 2 raisedTo: 32 3 raisedTo: 10 modulo: 5
- 17. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.17 Precedence (…) > Unary > Binary > Keyword 1. Evaluate left-to-right 2. Unary messages have highest precedence 3. Next are binary messages 4. Keyword messages have lowest precedence 5. Use parentheses to change precedence 2 raisedTo: 1 + 3 factorial 1 + 2 * 3 1 + (2 * 3) 128 9 (!) 7
- 18. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.18 Binary Messages > Syntax: — aReceiver aSelector anArgument — Where aSelector is made up of 1 or 2 characters from: + - / * ~ < > = @ % | & ! ? , — Except: second character may not be $ > Examples: 2 * 3 - 5 5 >= 7 6 = 7 'hello', ' ', 'world' (3@4) + (1@2) 2<<5 64>>5
- 19. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.19 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 20. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.20 More syntax > Comments are enclosed in double quotes > Use periods to separate expressions > Use semi-colons to send a cascade of messages to the same object "This is a comment." Transcript cr; show: 'hello world'; cr Transcript cr. Transcript show: 'hello world’. Transcript cr "NB: don’t need one here"
- 21. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.21 Variables > Declare local variables with | … | > Use := to assign a value to a variable > Old fashioned assignment operator: ← (must type “_”) | x y | x := 1
- 22. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.22 Method Return > Use a caret to return a value from a method or a block > Methods always return a value — By default, methods return self max: aNumber ^ self < aNumber ifTrue: [aNumber] ifFalse: [self] 1 max: 2 2
- 23. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.23 Block closures > Use square brackets to delay evaluation of expressions ^ 1 < 2 ifTrue: ['smaller'] ifFalse: ['bigger'] 'smaller'
- 24. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.24 Variables > Local variables within methods (or blocks) are delimited by |var| > Block parameters are delimited by :var| OrderedCollection>>collect: aBlock "Evaluate aBlock with each of my elements as the argument." | newCollection | newCollection := self species new: self size. firstIndex to: lastIndex do: [ :index | newCollection addLast: (aBlock value: (array at: index))]. ^ newCollection [:n | |x y| x := n+1. y := n-1. x * y] value: 10 99
- 25. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.25 Control Structures > Every control structure is realized by message sends |n| n := 10. [n>0] whileTrue: [ Transcript show: n; cr. n := n-1 ] 1 to: 10 do: [:n| Transcript show: n; cr ] (1 to: 10) do: [:n| Transcript show: n; cr ]
- 26. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.26 Creating objects > Class methods > Factory methods OrderedCollection new Array with: 1 with: 2 1@2 "a Point" 1/2 "a Fraction"
- 27. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.27 Creating classes > Send a message to a class (!) Number subclass: #Complex instanceVariableNames: 'real imaginary' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'ComplexNumbers'
- 28. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.28 Some Conventions > Method selector is a symbol, e.g., #add: > Method scope conventions using >> — Instance Method defined in the class Node — Class Method defined in the class Node class (i.e., in the class of the the class Node) > aSomething is an instance of the class Something Node>>accept: aPacket Node class>>withName: aSymbol
- 29. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.29 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 30. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.30 Change sets > Make sure your changes are logged to a new change set
- 31. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.31 SUnit
- 32. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.32 Money TestCase subclass: #MoneyTest instanceVariableNames: 'chf2 chf8 chf10' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Money' > We will implement the Money example in Smalltalk — First, we develop a test case for a single currency NB: This is just a message sent to the TestCase class object (!)
- 33. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.33 SetUp > We will need setters for the private Money state MoneyTest>>setUp chf2 := Money new currency: 'CHF'; amount: 2. chf8 := Money new currency: 'CHF'; amount: 8. chf10 := Money new currency: 'CHF'; amount: 10.
- 34. © Oscar Nierstrasz LECTURE TITLE 34 Protocols Classify methods into protocols that reveal their intent
- 35. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.35 MoneyTest>>testEquals > Some obvious tests MoneyTest>>testEquals self assert: chf2 = chf2. self assert: chf2 = (Money new currency: 'CHF'; amount: 2). self assert: chf2 != chf8.
- 36. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.36 Money > We define Money as a subclass of Object, with getters and setters Object subclass: #Money instanceVariableNames: 'currency amount' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Money' Money>>currency: aString currency := aString. Money>>currency ^ currency Money>>amount: aNumber amount:= aNumber. Money>>amount ^ amount
- 37. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.37 Failing tests
- 38. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.38 Comparisons Money>>= aMoney ^ self currency = aMoney currency and: [ self amount = aMoney amount ] Money>>!= aMoney ^ (self = aMoney) not
- 39. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.39 Constructors MoneyTest>>testEquals self assert: chf2 = chf2. self assert: chf2 = (Money currency: 'CHF' amount: 2). self assert: chf2 != chf8. We need a constructor on the class side of Money
- 40. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.40 Class methods NB: Which “self” is referred to in the method body?
- 41. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.41 Addition Money>>+ aMoney ^ Money currency: self currency amount: self amount + aMoney amount MoneyTest>>testAdd self assert: chf2 + chf8 = chf10 And so on …
- 42. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.42 Filing out your changes > You can “file out” all your changes so they can be loaded into another image
- 43. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.43 Change Sets 'From Pharo1.0beta of 16 May 2008 [Latest update: #10418] on 8 September 2009 at 1:58:51 pm'! Object subclass: #Money instanceVariableNames: 'currency amount' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Money'! TestCase subclass: #TestMoney instanceVariableNames: 'chf2 chf8 chf10' classVariableNames: '' poolDictionaries: '' category: 'Money'! !Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:21'! !!= aMoney ^ (self = aMoney) not! ! !Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:26'! + aMoney self assert: [ self currency = aMoney currency ]. ^ Money currency: self currency amount: self amount + aMoney amount! ! !Money methodsFor: 'as yet unclassified' stamp: 'on 7/2/2007 13:20'! = aMoney ^ self amount = aMoney amount and: [ self currency = aMoney currency ]! ! ...
- 44. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.44 Extensions > Creating new instances of Money is still cumbersome — We would like to be able to write instead code like this: TestMoney>>setUp chf2 := 2 chf. chf8 := 8 chf. chf10 := 10 chf.
- 45. Extension protocols © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.45 To extend an existing class for a category MyProject, define the protocol *MyProject (or *myproject ) for that class.
- 46. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.46 Roadmap > Everything is an Object > Syntax on a Postcard > Three Kinds of Messages > Methods, variables and blocks > Test-Driven Development > Managing Projects
- 47. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.47 SqueakSource.com
- 48. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.48 Categories, Projects and Packages > A system category MyProject (and possibly MyProject-*) contains the classes of your application > A Monticello package MyProject contains the categories MyProject and MyProject-* — NB: If you have sub-categories, keep the top one empty! > A SqueakSource project MyProject stores everything in the Monticello package MyProject
- 49. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.49 Loading a project > To load a project from SqueakSource.com — Find the project in SqueakSource — Open the Monticello Browser — Add an HTTP Repository – Accept the code fragment from the SqueakSource page — Open the repository and load the latest version
- 50. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.50 Loading a project
- 51. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.51 Creating a project > To create a project on SqueakSource.com — Define your categories MyProject or MyProject-* — Create a SqueakSource project named MyProject — Define a Monticello package MyProject — Add an HTTP Repository for MyProject – Accept the code fragment from the SqueakSource page — Save the package
- 52. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.52 What you should know! How can you indicate that a method is “private”? What is the difference between a comment and a string? Why does 1+2*3 = 9? What is a cascade? How is a block like a lambda expression? How do you create a new class? How do you inspect an object?
- 53. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Smalltalk Basics 2.53 Can you answer these questions? Why does Smalltalk support single (and not multiple) inheritance? Is the cascade strictly necessary? Why do you need to declare local variables if there are no static types? How can you discover the class of a GUI object? How does SUnit differ from JUnit?
- 54. © Oscar Nierstrasz ST — Introduction 1.54 Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author's moral rights. License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Editor's Notes
- #52: NB: The name must match the package name; the title can be anything