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INTRODUCTION
There are few basics of dynamic programming
problems which must be discussed before the
details. Those basics are discussed below. A route
is defined as a course of travel, especially between
two distant points/locations while shortest is sound
to be a relatively smallest length, range, scope,
etc., than others of its kind, type,etc. Therefore, we
say that the shortest route is the relatively smallest
of its kind, especially between two distant points/
locations. The route must be accessible/useable by
a motor vehicle, the route may be single or double
lane. The routes may possess bus stops, junctions,
interconnected streets, or venues for join. The
routes may be traced or not but should be wide
enough to be used by a motor vehicle. The routes
may short or interconnect with another route that
RESEARCH ARTICLE
On Application of Dynamic Program Fixed Point Iterative Method of Optimization
in the Determination of the Shortest Route (Path) Between Government House and
Amuzukwu Primary School, All in Umuahia, Abia State
Eziokwu C. Emmanuel
Department of Mathematics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Received: 28-06-2018; Revised: 28-07-2018; Accepted: 10-10-2018
ABSTRACT
In this research, dynamic programming seeks to address the problem of determining the shortest path
between a source and a sink by the method of a fixed point iteration well defined in the metric space
(X,d),d the distance on X = U the connected series of edges that suitably work with the formula
x f x x F X
S S U i
u i
n n
k j
i j
n
j
      
   



 



1
0
*
,
, min ,
min ,
dist

  




  

min
i j
n
i ij
ij k
u d i
U S S
,
, ,
, ,
0 0 source sink
Such that
d d d i k j k i j
ij kj ik
    
, , ,
with the pivot row and pivot column being row k.
Then, evaluation of the shortest route between Government House and Amuzukwu Primary School all in
Umuahia and Abuja by the above method revealed it to be 720 m by taking the route SACDFG.
It was remarked that the longest route which is the route form government House to Ibiam road, to
Aba road, to Warri road, to Club road, to Uwalaka road, and finally to Amuzukwu Road which now
terminates at our Destination, Amuzukwu Primary School with Road distance of 2590 m does not posses
other advantages while it should be made use of. The shortest routes were necessarily recommended to
road users as the best route to use because its route SACDJFGT is the shortest route with the distance
of 1790 m.
Key words: Complete metric space, dynamic programming, Dijstra’s algorithm, Greedy and Prim’s
algorithm, pseudo contractive fixed point method, source and node
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 46B25, 65K10
Address for correspondence:
Eziokwu C. Emmanuel,
E-mail: okereemm@yahoo.com

Emmanuel: On Application of Dynamic Program
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 6
started from Umuahia to end at Abuja that is the
route should have a source and a sink.[1-3]
Therefore, “the application of shortest route/
path in Dynamic programming” can be seen as
the practical use of the shortest course of travel
by road users among other routes of its kind,
especially between two points/locations.
It is, however, disturbing to note that much of the
available routes from Umuahia to Abuja have one
traveling challenge or the other such as long distance,
police menace, traffic jams, and bad road networks.[4]
Perhaps, it is necessary to answer some questions
to really appreciate the issue on ground. These
questionnaires are how do road users view the
various existing routes from Umuahia to Abuja?
Which of the routes are preserved by road users?
and What route should one undertake to minimize
time and distance of travel/from the researcher’s
observation, it was clear that the route quality such
as shortest distance freedom from police menace
and traffic jam as well as good road networks, all
contributed to affect road users decision of route to
make use of when traveling from Umuahia toAbuja
in Nigeria. Definitely, it is important to note that:
a. This work is limited to time and distance of
travel by motor vehicle on road excluding
the effects of traffic jams, police menace, bad
road network, etc., and number of routes from
Umuahia to Abuja.
b. This study will be of major significance to
travelers and transporters (who are major
beneficiaries).
c. Thestudywillhelpusappreciatetheimportance
and practical use of dynamic programming in
determining the shortest route of travel when
traveling from one location to the other.
d. To carry out the study, the following hypothesis
was formulated for investigation.
i. Any part of the shortest route from
Umuahia to Abuja is itself a shortest path
[Table 1].
ii. Any part of an optimal path is itself
optimal. The above two hypotheses are
also known as “the principle of optimality
[Table 2].”
iii. Walk:A walk is simply a route, in the graph
along a connected series of edges. BCAD is
a walk from B to D through C and ABDE
is a walk from A to E in a walk edges and
vertices may be repeated [Table 3].
iv. Trail: When all the edges of a walk are
different, the walk is called a trail. BCD is
a trail from B to D. A closed trail is one in
which the start and finish vertices are the
same. ADECDBA is a closed trail [Table 4].
v. Path: This is a special kind of trail if all
the vertices of a trail are distinct then the
trail is a path ABCE is a path, all edges and
all vertices are distinct in a path [Tbale 5].
vi. Cycle: A cycle ends where it starts and
all the edges and vertices in between
are distinct ABDA and ABCEDA are as
vertices have been repeated [Table 6].
vii. Tree: This is a connected graph which
contains no cycles.
Note that, a tree with n vertices has n – 1
edges.
viii.Vertex Degree: The degree of a vertex is
the number of edges touching the vertex
ix. Directed Graph or Diagraph: It is a graph
in which each of a diagraph is called an arc
x. Weight: The edges of a graph are often
given a number which can represent some
physical property, for example, length,
cost time, and profit. The general term for
this number is weight.
xi. Network: A graph whose edges have all
been weighted is called a network.
xii. Stage and State: The stage tells us how
“Far” the vertex in question is from the
destination vertex while the states refer
directly to the vertices.
xiii.Action: This refers to possible choices at
each vertex.
xiv.Value: The numbers calculated for each
state at each stage are referred to as values.
xv. The Optimal Value: The optimal value is
the label which is assigned to the vertex. The
value is also known as the Bellman function.
Major introduction [methods of determining
the shortest route/path]
There abound several methods of determining the
shortest route/path from one location/point to the
other in this section we shall do well to review
some of the existing methods of finding the
shortest route.
The dynamic programming technique
The network below [Robert and Lynda (1999)]
can help us explain the dynamic programming
technique.

To find the shortest (or longest path from S to T
in the above network), we begin at the destination
vertex T. The vertices next to T best route from
these are examined. These are Stage 1 vertex the
best route from these to T is noted. We now move
to the next set of vertices, moving away from T
toward S, i.e., the Stage 2 vertices. The optimal
route from these vertices to T is found using the
already calculated optimal route from the Stage 1
vertices. Then, this process is repeated until the
start vertex, S, is reached. The optimal route
from S to T can then be found that the principle
of optimality is used at each stage, the current
optimal path is developed from the previously
found optimal path.
Since the method involves starting with the
destination vertex and working back to start vertex,
it is often called backward dynamic programming.
Dijkstra’s algorithm
Dijkstra’s algorithm is a method of determining the
shortest path between two vertices. The shortest
path is found stage by stage. In finding the shortest
route to a vertex, we assign to the vertex various
numbers. These numbers are simply the length of
various paths to that vertex. As there may be many
possible paths to a vertex then several different
numbers may be assigned to it. Of all possible
numbers assigned to a vertex, the smallest one is
important. We call this smallest number a label.[5]
The label gives the length of the shortest path to
the vertex, suppose we wish to find the shortest
path from S to T in a network, the algorithm can be
presented in three steps. Since the algorithm can
be applied to both graphs and diagraphs, the word
“arc” can be replaced “edge” in the following
steps [Taha (2002)) min [Uj
, i] = min [Uj
, + dij
, i];
dij ≥ 0,
outlined in the following details below.
Step 1:Assign a label O to S
Step 2:
This is the general step. Look at a vertex
which has just been assigned to Label, say
the vertex is A via a single are, say that this
vertex is B to B assign the number given
by (label of A + weightAB). If a vertex is
reachable by more than one route assign
to it the minimum possible such number.
Repeat this process with all vertices that
have just been assigned a label and all
vertices that are reachable from them.
When all reachable vertices have been
assigned a number the minimum number
is converted into a label. Repeat step 2
until the final vertex T is assigned a label.
Step 3:
Steps 1 and 2 have simply found the length
oftheshortestroutethisstepfindstheactual
shortest route, we begin at the destination
vertex T an arc AB is included whenever
the condition label B of A = weight of AB
holds true. This route may not be unique.
Greedy and Prim’s algorithm
These algorithms are used mainly by television
and telephone companies in competing the cities
by a cable so that their Carle television and
telephone facilities are made available to them,[6]
that is, these algorithms help to solve problems
known as minimum connector problem, which
means connecting cities with minimum amount of
cable [Oyeka (1996)]
dij
+ djk
dik
In graph theory terms, the cities are vertices and
the cable is edge. If the vertices are connected in
such a way that a cycle exists, then at least one
edge could be removed leaving the vertices still
connected. Recalling that a connected graph which
contains no cycles called a tree, it is clear that the
best way of connecting all the vertices would be to
find a tree which passes through very vertex. The
networks below illustrate this.
A tree which passes through all the vertices of a
network is called a spanning tree. Spanning tree
which has the shortest total length is a minimum
spanning tree. There may be more than one
minimum spanning tree. The problem faced by
the television or telephone companies is to find a
minimum spanning tree of the network.
There are two [Oputa (2005)] algorithms which
may be used to find a minimum spanning tree
(i) The Greedy algorithm
(ii) Prim’s algorithm
They are essentially the same algorithm and really
only differ in the way they are set on.
The Greedy algorithm builds up the tree adding
one vertex and one edge with each application.
Any vertex can be used as a starting the vertex
added at each stage unused vertex nearest to any
vertex which is already a part of the tree and that
the edge added is the shortest available edge. The
Greedy algorithm may be summarizing as follows:
Step 1: Choose any vertex as a starting vertex.
Step 2:
Connect the starting vertex to the nearest
vertex.

Step 3:
Connect the nearest unused vertex to the
tree.
Step 4:
Repeat step 3 until all vertices have been
included.
Prim’s algorithms uses a tabular format making
it more suitable for computing purposes since as
mentioned earlier greed and Prim’s algorithms are
basically the same, it will be enough to illustrate
how the Greedy and Prim’s algorithms are used
by working through a specific example in chapter
three.
BASIC RESULTS
Preliminaries
Let X be a non-empty set and d or ρ a function
defined on X × X into the set of real numbers R
such that [Stafford (1969)]
d (...): X × X → R
satisfying the following conditions
(i) d(x,y) = 0 if and only if x = y
(ii) d(x,y) = d(y,x) for all x,y ∈ X
(iii)d(x,y) ≤ d(x,z) + d(z,y) for all x, y, z ∈ X
The number d(x,y) is called the distance between
x and y,d is called the metric and the pair (X,d) is
called the metric space.
Definition 2.1 [Danbury (1992)]: A subset A of
a metric space is said to be bounded if there is a
positive constant M such that d(x,y) ≤ M for all
x,y ∈ A.
Definition 2.2 [Danbury (1992)]: A subset A
of a metric space is called a closed set if every
convergent sequence in A is its limit in A.[7]
Definition 2.3 [Chika (2000)]: A subset of a
metric space is called compact if every bounded
sequence has a convergent subsequence.[8]
Definition 2.4 [Chika (2000)]: A mapping from
one metric space into another metric space is called
continuous if xn
→ x implies that T(xn
) → Tx that
is lim d(xn
,x) = 0 ⇒ lim d(T(xn
),Tx) = 0.
Theorem 2.1 [Robert and Lynda (1999)]: Every
bounded and closed subset of Rn
is compact.
Definition 2.5 [Stafford (1969)]: A sequence in a
metric space X = (X,d) is said to converge or to be
convergent if there is an x ∈ X such that
lim d(xn
,x) = 0
x is called the limit of {xn
} and we write
lim
n
n
x x
→∞
=
or simply xn
→ x.
If {xn
} is not convergent, it is said to be divergent.
Lemma 2.2 [Chika (2000)]: Let X = (X,d) be a
metric space, then
(a) A convergent sequence in X is bounded and its
limit is unique
(b) If xn→
x and yn →
y in X, then d (xn
,yn
) → d (x,y).
Definition 2.6 [Danbury (1992)]: A sequence{xn
}
in a metric space X = (X,d) is said to be Cauchy if
for every ɛ 0, there is an N = N(ɛ) such that
d x x m n N
m n
, ,
( )
ε for every
The space X is said to be complete if every Cauchy
sequence in X converges.
Theorem 2.2 [Chidume (1998)]: The Euclidean
space, Rn
is a complete metric space.
Definition 2.7 [Chidume (1998)]: A metric can
be induced by a norm if a norm on X defines the
metric d on X as d(x,y) = x – y and the normed
space so defined is denoted by (X, Y) or simply X.
Definition 2.8 [Chika (2000)]: Let (X, d) be a
continuous complete metric space with the metric
d(X1
,X2
) induced by the norm x1
– x2
. If T: X → X
is a map such that
Tx d x x x x x x x X
= ( )= − = ∈
1 2 1 2 1 2
, ,
∀
Then, x is a fixed point of the set X.
Definition 2.9 [Chika (2000)]: If x be a
norm induced by the metric d such that the
operatorT: X → X is such that Tx1
– Tx2
≤ Kx1
– x2
Ɐ x1
,x2
∈ X and K 1, then such a Lipschitzian
map is called a contractive map and non-expansive
or a pseudocontractive map if, on the other hand,
K = 1, but if K 1, the map becomes a strong
pseudocontraction.
Main Result
The above-mentioned definitions and results
served as a guide in developing the facts below
which form the basis of our main result used
in determining the shortest route problem
solutions.
Facts
i) The domain of existence of the shortest route
path dynamic programming problem is the
complete metric space with the set X = R, a
closed and bounded set.
ii) The fixed point iterative operator is continuous
in the domain of the closed set R and converges
at a unique sink (xn+1
) where the initial iterate
x0
is the source [Figures 1-5].

iii) The distance function sometimes is linear
and sometimes nonlinear, hence, the reason
for the use of the metric induced by the norm
d(x1
,x2
) = x1
– x2
[Figure 6].
iv) That the shortest route problem of the dynamic
programming problem satisfies the strong
pseudocontractive condition of the fixed point
iterative method [Figure 7].
v) That the shortest route method of the dynamic
programming problem is a reformulation
of the modified Krasnoselskii’s method of
the fixed point iterative method for strongly
pseudocontractive maps.
Theorem 2.3
Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and T a
strongly pseudo contractive iterative map of the
shortest route problem in (X,d) induced by the
norm x1
– x2
well posed in the Banach space such
that the solution method
Tx U i U i
U d i d
j
ij
n
j
ij
n
i ij ij
= 
 
 = 
 

= +

 
 ≥
∑
∑
min , min ,
, , 0
has the unique fixed point
d d d
ij kj ik
 
With i → k becoming i → j → k and i ≠ k, j ≠ k,
i = j; the pivot row with pivot column being row k
and the triple operation, i → j → k holding in each
element dij
in Dk–1
Ɐ i,j such that when djk
+ dkj
≤ dij
(i ≠ k, j ≠ k, i ≠ j) is satisfied, then we
I. Create Dk
by replacing dij
in Dk–1
with dik
+ dkj
II. Create Sk
by replacing Sij
in Sk–1
with k and
setting k in k + 1 and repeating step k.
Proof
Let (X,d) be a complete metric space, the closed
and bounded distance function space of the
dynamic programming containing all the various
paths linking the various nodes beginning from
the source to the sink [Figure 8-15]. We aim to
establish that the dynamic programming method of
the shortest route is a strongly pseudocontractive
iterative method of the modified Mann. That is, if
x x r x x rt T x T x
r I rtT x x x x
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1
1
− ≤ −
( ) −
( )− ( )− ( )
( )
= +
( ) − − ≥ −
so that
1
  
r I rtT
and then
Tx U i U i
U d i d Kd
j
ij
n
j
ij
n
i ij ij ij
= 
 
 = 
 

= +

 
 ≥ ⇒ ∑ ≥
∑
∑
min , ,
, ; 0 0
Provided K ≥ 0 where K is the contraction factor.
If K ≥ 0, then the iterative method is strongly
pseudocontractive and so the modified Mann’s
iterative method in this case the Dijkstra or the
Greedy and the Prim’s method becomes the
suitable iterative method.
x Tx d d d
ij kj ik
*
   
whichconvergestotheuniquefixedpointwhenever
i ⇒ k is i ⇒ j ⇒ k and i ≠ k, j ≠ k, i = j; the pivot
column becomes row k provided the operation
i ⇒ j ⇒ k holds in each element dy
in Dk–1
for each
i,j such that , ,
,
jk kj ij
d d d i k j k i j
+ ≤ ≠ ≠ =
when
is satisfied and
i. Dk
is created by replacing dy
in Dk–1
with
dik
+ dkj
ii. Sk
is created by replacing sy
in Sk–1
with k and
setting k in k + 1 and repeating step k.
Applications
In this section, we should only apply this work
to three out of the six reviewed algorithm or
methods, i.e.,
(i) Dynamic programming technique
(ii) Dijktra’s algorithm
(iii) Greedy and Prim’s algorithm
Figure 3 gives the route of study. However, I is
important to note that the Government House to
Amuzukwu road is a closed and bounded distance
network which is continuous in the metric d(s0
, sk
)
induced by the norm || x – y || such that x,y ∈ d (s0
, sk
)
wheres0
isthesource.Governmenthouseandsk
isthe
sink, Amuzukwu Primary School, Amuzukwu all in
Umuahia.The computation is done using the iterative
method of theorem (2.1) above and the sequence of
results is displayed in Table 1 and consequently other
associated tables that follow [Figure 16-19].

Backward dynamic programming
For ease of reference, we repeat the network
drawn in Figure 3 as in Figure 4 be
Where the Dijkstra’s algorithm began at S, the
dynamic programming technique work backward
from T to S. We begin by considering the vertex
joined directly to T, namely G, this is the Stage 1
vertex. The best route from this to T is noted. We
now move to the next set of vertices that are joined
directly to G, namely F and H – these are Stage 2
vertices.ThebestroutefromthesetoGisfoundusing
the optimal routes from the Stage 1 vertices. This
process is repeated once again, until S is reached.The
principle of optimality is used at each stage and the
current optimal path is obtained using the previously
obtained optimal paths [Figure 20-25].
Stage 1
From G, there is only one choice and the distance
GT is 720 m. We, therefore, label G with 720 m as
this is the length of the shortest route to T, also GT
is optimal, we indicate it with
From C to G, there are four possible routes
CDEFG, CDJFG, CDEFHG, and CDJHG
Length CDEFG length of CDEFHG+ label G
= CD+DE+EF+FG+FG+label G
=180+540+150+210+720=1800m
Length CDJFG = length of CDJFG+ label G
= CD+DE+EF+FG+FG+label G
=180+70+90+210+720=1270m
Length CDEFJHG = length CDEFJHG = length
CDEFJHG + label G
=CD+DE+EF+FJ+JH+FG+label G =
180+540+150+90++50+600+720 = 2330m
Length CDJHG = length CDJHG + label G
=CD+DJ+JH+FG+labelG=180+70+50+600+720
= 1620m
Furthermore, from I to G, we have one route IHG
Length IHG = length IHG+ label G = IH +HG
+label G = 300+190+1270 = 1760m
Length AC = length AC +label C = AC +label C =
350+1270 = 1620 m
Since we are looking the shortest route, A is
assigned the label = min (1760, 1620)
We then have
The stars indicate the optimal routes
Stage 3
From S, there are two choices. We may choose a
route through A or I
i) If we choose,A, the shortest route has length:=
length SA +label A = 170+1620 = 1790 m
ii) If we choose I, the shortest route through has
length = length SA +label A = 350+1820 =
2170
The shortest route then passes through A and is of
length 1790 = min (1790, 2170)
We then have.
The shortest route is obtained by starting at S and
using SA, AC, CD, DJ, JF, FG, GT,
S→A→C→D→J→F→G→T
Application using Dijktra’s algorithm
Furthermore, for reference, we repeat the network
drawn in Figure 3 and from their proceed as below.
Step 1
S assigned a label 0, i.e., the shortest distance of
S to S is 0 (label is denoted by a number in a box)
A: label S +weight of SA+ O+170 m
I: Label S + weight of SI + O + 350 m
The minimum connector is 170 m; (this is
connected into a label) (Numbers are given in
brackets).
Step 2
A has just been assigned a label. The vertices
reachable from A are B and C and their numbers
are calculated.
B: label A +weight of AB = 170+300 = 470 m
C: label A +weight AC = 170+350 = 520 m
We make a label for B
Step 3
B has just been assigned, a label C is reachable
from B.
C: label B +weight of BC = 470+ 190 = 660 m
We have also seen
Figure 1
Figure 2

C: label A+ weight of AC = 170+ 350 = 520 m
The minimum number is 520 m and C is assigned
a label of 520.
D label of C+ weight of CD = 520+ 180 = 700
m: So, D is assigned the label of 700 m.
Step 4
F: label of D+ weight of DE + weight of
EF = 700+540+ 150 = 1390 m
F: label of D+ weight of J+ weight of F = 700+70+
90 = 860 m
The minimum number is 860 m, so we can give F
label 860
Step 5
J: label of D+ weight of DJ = 700+70 = 770 m: J:
label of F+ weight of DJ = 860+90 = 950 m
The minimum number is 770 m: So, we have J
labeled 770 m
Step 6
I: label of S+ weight of SI = O+350 = 350 m: We
have I labeled 350
H label of I + weight of H = 770+50 = 820 m: We
label H 820 as the minimum number
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

E and F have been given a label. We now find the
number of G: F label G weight G = 860+210 =
1070
G label I + weight IH + weight HG = 770+50+
600 = 1420: G label S + weight SI + weight IH =
D+350+500+600 = 1450.: The minimum number
is 1070, so, we label C.
Step 7
G has just given a label. T is only reachable from
G and the numbers for T found next. G label of F
+ weight GT: The minimum number is 1790 M;
so, G is given a label 1790 M
At this stage, we know that the shortest distance
from S to T is 1790 m. However, we do not yet
know the path which achieves his shortest length.
Step of algorithm finds that path.
Step 8
We start at the destination vertex, T. We include
an edge when the weight of the edge is given by
the difference of the label of the vertices t the end
of the edge.
Stage 9
Label of G − label of T = 1790 −1070 include GT
= 720M.
Stage 10
Label of G − Label of F = 1070 − 860 = 210 m:
Weight of FG = 210 include FG
Label of G − Label of I = 1070 − 35 = 72: Weight
Figure 6
Figure 7

Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

of IG = 1100) do not include IG
Label of G − Label H + weight of HG = 1070
−(820+600) = 1070 − 1420 = −350) do not
include JG
Stage 11
Label of D − Label of C = 860−770 = 90
(Weight of JF = 90) include JF
Label of G − Label of H = 860 − 124
Weight of HG = 150) do not include IJ
Stage 12
Label J − Label of D = 770 − 700 = 70
(Weight of DJ = 70) include DJ
Stage 13
Label D − Label of C = 700 − 520 = 180
WeightCD = 180) include CD
Stage 14
Label C − Label B + weight of BC 520 − (470 +
190) 529 − 660 = −140
Weight CA = 490) Do not include CA
Label C − label A 520 − 170 = 350: (Weight of CA
= 350) include CA.
Stage 15
Label A − labels = 170 − 0 = 170
(Weight of SA = 170) include SA (Label IS = 350)
Figure 11
Figure 12

do not include IS. Hence, the shortest route from
S to T is SACDJFGT.
Application using Greedy and Prim’s
algorithm
Application by Greedy’s algorithm
Applying Greedy’s algorithm in the figure,
i.e., Figure 3, we have being considering. We use
the following procedure.
Choosing any vertex as a starting vertex, say S
The nearest vertex to S is A
The nearest vertex toA is C
Also the nearest vertex to A is C
The nearest vertex to D is J
The nearest vertex to J is F
The nearest vertex to F is G
The nearest and only vertex to G is T
The total length of the figure is 4470 m, in this
example, the minimum spanning tree is not unique
Figure 13
Figure 14

Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17 Figure 18

since at each step, in algorithm, we have an
alternative in deciding the next vertex and edge.
The shortest route is the path SACDJFGT with
1790 metres distance.
Application using Prim’s algorithm
Prim’s Algorithm uses the table format below to
find the shortest route (Table 1).
Reorganize the table to take vertical shape and
herisenta. From a close study of the table above,
we come up with the following resolutions,
i. There is a zero distance from S to S; therefore,
we eliminate row and column S
ii. The nearest distance from A to A so we
eliminate row and column A
iii. We resolve to make use of points ACDEFGT,
ACDJEGT, and ACDJHGT, hereby over
looking point S inour further steps for ease of
possible manipulation of the data and table to
give accurate result.
iv. We represent the shortest route from one point
to another with the least number derivable in
that route.
We now illustrate, the shortest route chosen as
follows:
A critical look into the table above we’ll help us
resolve as follows:
i. That AC and CD remains constant with value
350 and 180, then we eliminate A and C
ii. The shortest route diagram includes SACD
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23

The smallest number in the F and G row is 210,
respectively. Hence, we include G in the shortest
route diagram as thus SACDJFG we eliminate F.
Then, table becomes or reduces to
the smallest and only number in the G row is 720,
representing T, so, we include T in the shortest
route diagram and elimination. The shortest route
diagram now becomes SACDJFG with shortest
route distanceof 1790 m. The shortest route
diagram is now represented by
Remark
With all what have done in the three algorithms
or methods of shortest route, we took time to
apply, we can see clearly that three methods got
a particularly shortest route proving the accuracy
of the work and showing the methods were
rightly applied [Figure 26-18]. Hence, we want
to say here that irrespectively of the algorithm
or method you may want to use, the shortest
should remain the same except for methods like
the Eulerian and non-Eulerian graph, min-max
and max-min route were some additions would
be made on the shortest route, but irrespective
of the additions, the fundamental shortest route
will remain the same [Figure 29-31].
Note: By inspection, the longest route is the route
from government house through Ibiam road to
Aba road then to Warri road also through Club
road to Uwalaka road and finally to Amuzukwu
road which terminate at destination, Amuzukwu
Primary School Umuahia. The longest route
covered a total distance of 2590 metres which
passed through the path SIHJDEFT, i.e., [Figure
32-35]
S→I→H→J→D→E→F→G→T
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND
SUGGESTIONS
The minimum length of travel on any route goes
a long way in determining the route of travel of
road user where the case of alternative routes of
travel exists. It is true that there exists other factors
competing with minimum length in winning the
choice of the route to use such as security, good
road network, absence of police menace, and traffic
jams, still in a city such as Umuahia where every
thing is done to save time and for the purpose of this
study where other factors were put on constraints,
we have no other alternative but to appreciate
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28
iii. Furthermore,fromthetable,ItoFhaveshortest
route to E and H; therefore, we eliminate E
and H.
The smallest number in the 1st
row is 70, so we
eliminate J and the shortest route diagram includes
SACDJF.
The smallest number in the J row is 90, so we
include in the shortest route diagram as thus
SACDJF.

the good gesture done to us by the application of
shortest path to dynamic programming.
The application of shortest route in dynamic
programming has been attributed to some factors
which we have listed in the course of this work.
This chapter, therefore, discussed and summaries
Figure 29
the findings of the study and makes conclusion
based on empirical findings of how shortest route
is applied in dynamicprogramming. Hypothesis
was put forward and analyzed using mathematical
tool of application which explained the data
collected in the course of the study.
Figure 30
Figure 31

Discussion of finding
Our finding on choice of routes, road user within
Umuahia metropolis makes use of showed that
most Umuahia road users have one problem or the
other traveling on road. The problems range from
potholes, traffic jams, and long distance route.
Existing route is even been covered by market and
traders, thereby increasing traffic jam.
Our finding also discovered that road users
and motor vehicles are increasing at geometric
progressionwhichtheroute/networksareincreasing
Table 1
S A B C D E J F H G I T
S - 170 470 520,
660
700,
840
1240
1380
770,
910
860
960
640
850
1190
960
640
850
200,
1600
2130,
1420,
1070,
1450
1740
2270
1560,
1230
350 2170,
920,
2460,
2320,
2990,
2850,
2280,
2140,
1790,
1950
A 170 - 300 490,
350
670,
530
1210,
1070
740,
610
1360
1240,
830,
700
790,
640
660,
690
1570,
1430,
1840,
600,
1250,
1390,
1280.
520 1240,
2870,
2250
2690,
3010,
1730,
B 470 300 - 190 370 910 440 1060,
530
1200,
490
740
1800,
1090,
1270,
820 1090,
740,
1800,
1270,
C 520,
840
490,
350
190 - 180 720 70 870,
340
300 1080,
900,
550
820 1270,
1800,
1620
D 1240,
1380
670,
540
370 180 - 540 70 160,
690
830,
120
370,
900,
1430,
720
1000 1090,
1620,
2150,
1440
E 770,
910
1210,
1080
910 720 540 - 610,
240
150,
700
290,
2040
360,
910,
1260
1440 1080
J 860,
080,
1390,
1530
740,
610
440 70 70 610,
240
- 90 50 650
300
550 1020,
1460
F 1190,
960
640
1360,
1240,
700,
830
1060,
530
870,
340
160,
690
150
700
90 - 140 740,
210
640 930,
1460
H 850 790,
660
1200, 300 830, 2040, 50 140 - 600 500 1320
G 1170,
1740,
1560
1420,
870,
1450,
1600
1570,
1430,
840,
600
1250,
1396,
1280
740,
1800,
1090,
1270
1080,
550,
900
370,
900,
1430,
720
360,
910,
1260
300,
650
740,
210
600 - 1100 720
I 350 520 820 870 1000 1440 550 500 1100 - 1820
T 2320,
1730,
1590,
2170,
2460,
2140,
2280
2140,
2280,
2870,
2690,
3010,
1730
1270,
1090,
740,
1800
1620,
1800,
1270
1090
1620,
2150,
1440
1080 1020,
1460
930,
460
1320 720 1820 -

at arithmetic progression or even estimated not
increasing. Flood, during rainy season, contributed
its quota to hinder minimum length and time travel.
Thus, putting other factors affecting movement
from one point to the other in constraint and
focusing on distance, we will certainly agree that
shortest route makes travel interesting. These
follow the hypothesis that any path of shortest route
is itself a shortest path and we say that any part of
an optimal route is itself optimal.
Suggestion
Based on our findings in the course of this study,
the researcher suggests as follows:
1. That route is created from one geographical
location to another by any responsible
authority, especially government.
2. Maintenance activity/works should be done
on a regular basis on the existing routes.
3. Road directions and warnings should be
positioned at strategic junctions to enable
travelers locate their destination from their
source and have enough information to prevent
accidents.
4. Branched network should be attached to
reduce the rate of traffic jams on our route.
5. Police menace on our road (routes) of travel
should be discouraged
Figure 32
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
Figure 37
Table 2
A C D E/J F/H G T
A - 350 530 1070/660 1120/690 1330/1290 2050/2010
C 350 - 180 720/180 870/300 550/180 1270,1800,1620
D 530 180 - 540/70 160/720 370/720 1090/1440
E/J 1070/600 720/180 540/70 - 150/90 360/300 1080/1020
F/H 1120/690 870/300 160/120 150, 90, - 210,600 930,1320
G 1330/1290 550, 370/720 360/300 210,600 - 720
T 2050/2010 1270,1800 1090/1440 1080,1020 930,1320 720 -

6. Road users should be cautions as they the road.
7. Safety providing agencies should make
themselves available in every route of travel
within Umuahia.
8. Road users should make the shortest path their
route of travel to minimize length and time of
travel.
CONCLUSION
In the transportation world today, the routes are
regarded as king in the sense that they provide
channels/links between two geographical
points/location. The routes do not just come into
existence. They are created or built by men to
facilitate movement from one point to the other.
Though these routes cannot catapult any one
geographical location to the other on their own
by when they exist, and good once, even without
locomotion machines like motor vehicles one can
still make a journey by foot
Government on their own should make building
and maintenance of roads and networks paramount
projects. It is expected that Wise Travelers having
known that there exists short and long route may
decide to choose traveling through the shortest
route.
Suggestions for further research
This work has examined the application of shortest
route in dynamic programming considering the
factors of minimum distance. Further studies
could still be carried out to understand more
factors which could likely determine the minimum
or maximum distance between two locations and
other applications excluding the one used in this
work to determine the shortest path/route between
one location/point to the other.
REFERENCES
1. Chidume CE. Applicable Functional Analysis. Africa:
ICTP Trieste Scientific Programme; 1998.
2. Chika SC. Postgraduate Functional Analysis. Awka,
Anambra State, Nigeria: Nnamdi Azikiwe University;
2000.
3. Danbury CT. The New Lexicon Webster’s Encyclopedia
Dictionary of the Language (Deluxe Edition). London:
Lexicon Publications Inc.; 1992.
4. Oputa CF. Research Methods and Project/Thesis/
Dissertation Writing Guide (Theory and Practice);
2005.
5. Oyeka CA. An Introduction to Applied Statistical
Methods. Nigeria, Enugu: NobernAvocation Publishing
Company, Fine Printing Press; 1996.
6. Taha HA. Operations Research an Introduction. New
Delhi, India: Pearson Education, Inc.; 2002.
7. Stafford LW. Business Mathematics. United Kingdom:
M and E Handbooks; 1969.
8. Roberts D, LyndaC. Decision Making a Modern
Introduction Cranfield; 1991.
Table 3
D J F G T
D - 70 370 370 1090
J 70 - 300 300 1020
F 160 90 - 210 930
G 370 300 210 - 720
T 1090 1020 930 720 -
Table 4
J F G T
J - 90 300 1020
F 90 - 210 930
G 300 210 - 720
T 120 930 720 -
Table 5
F G T
F - 210 930
G 210 - 720
T 930 720 -
Table 6
G T
G - 720
T 720 -

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