1 nouns -_lecture_notes

1 nouns -_lecture_notes

• 1.
  lds1_2010_neirma19
• 2.
  Word Classes Open Nouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Closed Pronouns Determiners Prepositions Conjunctions lds1_2010_neirma19
• 3.
  - “Naming words”. - They can be used to refer to:  a person (e.g. Hassan, boy, pen-friend, thief)  a job title (e.g. doctor, policeman)  a place (e.g. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, city, market, restaurant)  an object (e.g. letter, personal computer, food)  an activity/event (e.g. singing, dancing, competition)  a quality (e.g. wisdom, strength)  a group (e.g. crowd, team)  etc. lds1_2010_neirma19
• 4.
  - Noun groupscan be: - the subject, object or a complement of a verb.  Strawberries are very expensive now  Keith likes strawberries.  She became champion in 1964. - the object of the preposition  She was very ill for six months.  I saw him in town. - Noun groups can be nouns on their own, but often include other words such as determiners, numbers, and adjectives.  A boy was eating the apples.  Three tall man came out of the shed.  Karim is using blue ink. - Noun groups can also be pronouns.  I’ve got two boys, and they both enjoy playing football. - Singular noun groups take singular verbs, plural noun groups take plural verb. lds1_2010_neirma19
• 5.
  Nouns Proper Kuala Lumpur Sidney Sheldon Twilight Common city writer wolf Concrete heart brain body Abstract love ideas strength Collective audience public family Compound pen-friend policeman personal computer countable uncountable *people or things that can be counted *people or things that are not usually/cannot be counted lds1_2010_neirma19
• 6.
  Proper Nouns CommonNouns  Words which name specific people, organizations, places, titles, cities, countries, calendar times, etc.  They are always written with a capital letter.  Examples: ◦ People: Christiano Ronaldo, Hussein Ahmad ◦ Organizations: World Health Organization ◦ Places: Redang Island, Sunway Lagoon ◦ Titles: Chuck, Twilight ◦ Cities: Kuala Lumpur, Sydney ◦ Countries: Germany, Brazil ◦ Calendar times: Monday, April  Words that name general people, places, events or things.  They always begins with a lowercase letter unless it is at the beginning of a sentence.  Examples: ◦ People: man, woman, girl, baby, son, daughter, policeman ◦ Places: bank, school, city, building, shop ◦ Events: festival, competition, sports day ◦ Things: bear, book, boat, table, chair, phone lds1_2010_neirma19
• 7.
  Concrete Nouns AbstractNouns  Words that represent objects that can be perceived through our senses (i.e. they can be seen, heard, touched, smelt, and tasted)  Example: ◦ This is my house.  “house” = an individual object that can be seen and touched by everyone.  They can be: ◦ Countable  Singular : student, class, foot  Plural : students, classes, feet ◦ Uncountable : milk, rice  Words that refer to states, events, concepts, feelings, qualities, etc. that cannot be perceived through our senses (i.e. they have no physical existence)  Example: ◦ The freedom that they felt after leaving the prison was priceless.  “freedom” = a concept that cannot be perceived through our senses  They can be: ◦ Countable  Singular : idea, dream, skill  Plural : ideas, dreams, skills ◦ Uncountable : information, bravery, peace lds1_2010_neirma19
• 8.
  Collective Nouns CompoundNouns  Words that refer to groups of people, animals, or things.  They can be: ◦ Common N.: army, audience, committee, family ◦ Proper N.: the BBC, the Senate, the UN  They are single things. That things, however, is made up of more than one person/things.  Thus, they can either be used as singular or plural, depending on the context.  Examples: ◦ Every afternoon the baseball team follows its coach out to the hot field for practice. ◦ After the three-hour practice under the brutal sun, the team shower, change into their street clothes, and head to their air-conditioned homes.  Words that refer to two or more nouns that are combined to form a single noun.  They may be written as: ◦ 1 word : policeman, boyfriend ◦ 2 words joined with a hyphen : take-off, dry-cleaning, sister-in-law ◦ 2 separate words : swimming pool, public speaking, washing machine  Examples: noun+noun bedroom noun + verb rainfall verb + noun driving license adjective + noun greenhouse adjective + verb dry-cleaning adverb + noun bystander lds1_2010_neirma19
• 9.
   Have 2forms: Countable Nouns ◦ Singular : book, teacher ◦ Plural : books, teachers  Can be used with numbers. ◦ e.g.: one table… two cats… three hundred pounds…  Singular nouns always take a determiner. ◦ e.g.: a cat… another apple… every book… the car…  Plural nouns do not necessarily need a determiner. ◦ e.g.: children… rooms (general) our computers… these cakes (specific)  Singular C.nouns take a singular verb and plural C.nouns take a plural verb  Formation of plural nouns: No Rule Example 1 Add –s cow – cows rose – roses 2 Add –es to nouns ending in –s, –ss, -sh, - ch, -x, gas - gases class – classes brush – brushes match - matches box – boxes 3 Add –s or –es to nouns ending in -o photo - photos hero - heroes 4 Add –s to nouns ending in a vowel and -y boy - boys key - keys 5 Change –y to –ies to nouns ending in a consonant and –y lady - ladies party - party 6 Add –s / change –f or – fe into –ves to nouns ending in –f or -fe belief - beliefs thief - thieves leaf – leaves 7 Irregularities ox - oxen foot - feet mouse - mice formula – lds1_2010_neirma19 formulae/formulas
• 10.
  Uncountable Nouns They are not used with ‘a’, or with numbers. ◦ They resent having to pay money to people like me.  Used with ‘the’  specific / known. ◦ She buried the money that Hilary had given her.  Quantity of something is expressed by word / expressions such as:  Some nouns can be both UC and C nouns depending on what they are referring to. ◦ Victory was now assured  General  UC noun ◦ In 1960, the party won a convincing victory.  Specific  C noun  Often refers to: substances coal, food, ice, rice, water, steel qualities courage, honesty, patience feelings anger, happiness, joy, pride activities aid, help, sleep, travel, work abstract ideas beauty, death, freedom, fun  Have one 1 form; singular. *some nouns which are UC in English have plurals in other languages advice homework furniture baggage information money equipment knowledge news  Some UC.nouns end in ‘-s’ and therefore look like plural C.nouns. subjects mathematics, physics activities athletics, gymnastics games cards, darts illnesses measles, mumps a loaf of a piece of packets of some lds1_2010_neirma19