11.repositioning the nigerian insurance industry for sustainable development

European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.5, 2012

Repositioning the Nigerian Insurance Industry for Sustainable
Development: Risk Management Perspective
Joshua S. Adeyele1* Muhammad N. Maiturare2
1. Actuarial Science and Insurance Department, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria
2. Department of Business Administration, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: crownsolomon@yahoo.com

Abstract

For decades, risk management in emerging economics like Nigeria has relied on a reactive approach to risk
financing which has become increasingly unsustainable due to a number of factors. The recent
developments in global financial markets have raised serious questions about the management and
oversight of the financial services industries, at both the micro level for individual entities and at the
macro level for the system as a whole. This study emphasizes the need for involvement of insurance
professionals in risk models that needs to be developed into a practice area where risk managers within the
industry could be able to learn from established methods of risks modelling. It also revealed that
repositioning insurance industry involves products innovation and creating awareness programmes about
those products among the prospective customers. When these policies are sought for by individuals and
businesses, economic waste resulting from random event will be minimized. This paper also revealed that
insurance industry can be strengthened to reduce or manage individual and business for sustainable
development. Various measures that insurance industry can use to promote financial stability, mobilize
savings, facilitate trade and commerce, and complement government security programs are also covered in
the study.

Keywords: Modernising Insurance Sector, Sustainable Development, Product Innovation, Individual risks,
Business risks

1. Background of the Study

For decades, risk management in emerging economies like Nigeria has relied on a reactive approach to
risk financing which has become increasingly unsustainable due to a number of factors. Arnold (2008)
revealed that vulnerability is increasing as emerging economies grow and accumulate more assets as well
as the increase in hazard exposure which point to a continuing trend of increasing losses due to natural
disasters. Government in Nigeria has not truly lend its effort towards the development of proactive
approach to coverage of these natural disasters. Where hazard coverage exists, it is usually limited to major
industrial and commercial properties, and some wealthier households. The demand for risk transfer
instruments in emerging markets is often constrained (Arnold, 2008) by market gaps, weak regulatory
frameworks, lacking data on disaster risk, a lack of a culture of risk financing, and the reluctance of large
reinsurance market players to invest in the development of small risk markets. The recent developments in
global financial markets have raised serious questions about the management and oversight of the financial
services industries, at both the “micro” level for individual entities and at the “macro” level for the system
as a whole (International Actuarial Association, 2009).

This incident has necessitated many big organizations to put in place sound risk management as a means of
protecting business investments. Sound risk management includes both physical and financial risk control.
This study focuses on insurable business risk exposures and individual risk exposures that threaten the

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economy as a system, and discusses various insurance products available to manage them. Insurance
institutions as medium for managing risk have numbers of policies that can be used to protect against
serious financial reversals that result from random events intruding on the plans of individuals or business
plans. It should be noted that insurance industry which helps us prevent disaster do not just does so, it
also helps us to put into practice what is known as sustainable development. Development is sustainable
when people can make a good living and be healthy and happy without damaging the environment or
other people in long run. The sustainable development can only be realised if the condition for buying
insurance products give the insured persons the incentives to reduce or eliminate the possible loss
exposures through physical risk control. This of course will reduce the moral hazard on the part of insured.

In this regard, actuarial models can be developed for insurance companies as a guide to make an informed
decision about the risk exposures. Ingram (2009) reveals that financial firms are usually faced with capital
as a major limiting factor and retained risk as a major driver of capital needs. So financial firms must have
risk and risk management at the heart of many management decisions. For non-financial firms, risk will
influence need for cash or access to cash and availability of cash and capital, but there may be other much
more important limiting factors. In the recent times, more and more firms have leveraged themselves
thereby creating a situation where risk and the resulting volatility in cash flow needs are now of very high
importance. But there are other firms, such as the large well established technology firms that are awash in
cash and have plenty of capital but have very different key limiting factors that push risk management to a
lower level on the priority list which means that risk controlling is the only type of risk management that
will be undertaken.

It has been observed that many big businesses in Nigeria that would have contributed positively to the
economy well being of Nigeria are struggling to survive or no longer in operation due to lack of sound
risk management in place. The effect of this is abandonment of capital projects such as building, bridges
and road constructions at cooperate and various level of government in the country. The simple reason is
that most contractors or the decision making body of the organisations involved do not embark on
appropriate risk management techniques or models. There are insurance policies to handle these
challenges but it is rather unfortunate, they are not been patronised. One of the reason for these is due to
low awareness programmes on availability of insurance products to hedge against these fortuitous
circumstances.

2. Conceptual Framework

The reactive approach to risk management as used in this study suggests that many decision makers do not
realize the need to prevent disaster striking until it happened. For instance, until disasters such as fire
outbreak destroy properties worth of billions naira, most people (even the risk managers, decision makers)
in Nigeria do not take positive steps to control or prevent such disaster. On the other hand, proactive risk
has to do with people taking precautions against likely future peril or risk.

The word “risk” used as a noun in this study expresses the possibility of loss or injury. As a verb, the same
word denotes the exposing of one’s person or property to loss or injury. Within the common meaning of
“risk”, there are thus two distinct elements, the idea of loss or injury and that of uncertainty (Towbrigde,
1989). Knight (1921) in Davis (2002) defines uncertainty as pertaining to future developments that cannot
be reduced to objective probabilities. We should not only prepare ourselves to face this uncertainty but
should also try to avoid those changes it might bring. Thus risk can be defined as the possibility of an
unfortunate occurrence or as the chance of loss, or as the uncertainty as to the occurrence of an economic
loss (Isimoya, 2003).

In the economic setting within which actuaries work, loss is usually expressed in monetary terms
(Towbridge, 1989). Theft, embezzlement, and adverse court judgements cause loss of wealth, and are

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direct forms of economic loss. Death, disability, retirement, and unemployment are various forms of
income loss. Damage to property impairs the value of that property where value is a measure of the ability
of a property to produce a flow of desired goods and services. For short, risk is the probability that hazards
are not dangerous, taken separately. But if they come together, they become a risk. Roff (2004) notes that
insurance industry commonly uses the words ‘hazard’ and peril in particular ways, with specific meanings
and the easiest way to define them is to view hazard in relation to peril: a peril is defined as that which
gives rise to a loss while hazard is that which influences the operation of the peril.

3. Business Risk Exposures

Business owners as well as individuals make plans and have expectations about how business goals should
be realized. However, experience has shown that plans will not unfold with certainty and sometimes
expectations will not be realized (Bowers et al, 1997). Sometimes, plans are frustrated because they are
built on unrealistic assumptions. In other situations, fortuitous circumstances interfere. Problems like
these must be tackled if business is to perform competitively, and yet respect the interest of its customers
and the economy in which it operates. Insurance system (otherwise called risk financing) is one of the ways
of tackling these operational issues which financial business is exposed, particularly where there are
significant uncertainty in running the business. Risk management is a fundamental activity that seeks to
restrict exposure to potential losses or risks (Ingram, 2009). Insurance is a form of risk management that
parties use to protect themselves against a loss. Ideally, it involves the equitable transfer of the risk of loss
from one entity to another, over a set period of time, in exchange for a reasonable fee. In insurance
companies, the major risk management activities included underwriting of credit risk, authority limits and
exposure limits for each of those areas. Below are some of the business risk exposures that risk manager
in any organisation should take into cognizant when making risk management decision.

3.1 Property loss exposures: It is important for decision maker to be able to identify what property is
exposed to loss and potential causes of loss. This involves identification of what property is exposed to loss
and potential causes of loss. The firm must, also, consider how property should be valued for the purpose of
making risk management decision. Indirect losses also can arise from damage to property that will be
repaired or replaced. For example, if a fire shutdown a plant for eight months, the firm will not only incur
the cost of replacing the damaged property, it will also the profit from not being able to produce. In addition,
some operating expenses might continue despite the shutdown (e.g. salaries for certain managers and
employees and advertising expenses). These exposures are sometime called business interruption exposures.
Firms also may suffer losses after they resume operations if previous customers that have switched to other
suppliers do not return. In the event that long-term loss of customers would occurs and/or shutdown
temporarily would impose large costs on customers or suppliers, it might be optimal for the firm to keep
operating following a loss by arrangement for the immediate use of alternative facilities at high operating
costs. The resulting exposure to higher cost is known as the extra expense exposure.

3.2 Liability losses: firms face potential legal liability losses as a result of relationship with many parties,
including suppliers, customers, employees, shareholders, and member of the public. The settlements,
judgements, and legal costs associated with liability suits can impose substantial losses on firms. Lawsuits
also may harm firms by damaging their reputation, and they may require expenditure to minimize the costs
of this damage.

3.3 Human resources: losses in firm value due to worker injuries, disabilities, death, retirement, and
turnover can be grouped into two categories. First, as a result of contractual commitments and compulsory
benefits, firm often compensate employee (or their beneficiaries) for injuries, disabilities, etc. Second,
worker injuries, disabilities, death, retirement, and turnover can cause indirect losses when production
interrupted and employees cannot be replaced with zero cost with other employees of the same quality.

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3.4 Losses from external economic forces: the financial category of losses arise from factors that are outside
the firm. Losses can arise because of changes in the price of inputs and outputs. For example, an important
supplier or purchaser can go bankrupt, thus increasing costs or decreasing revenues.

4. Individual Risk Exposures

People are exposed to many types of risks that may result in a reduction in their income or wealth due
to death of breadwinner, unemployment, accidental injury, sickness or disability (Ransom, 2003). One
method of identifying individual/family exposures to risk is to analyze the sources and uses of funds in the
present and planned for the future. Potential events that cause decreases in the availability of funds or
increases in uses of funds represent risk exposures. Because both physical and financial assets represent
potential future sources of funds, potential losses in asset values also represent exposures. Just as business
risk management consultants can aid in the identification of business risk, individual/family financial
planners can help identify and then manage personal risks. The risk of a drop in earning prior to
retirement due to external economic factors is also an important risk facing households. Some public
support in the form of compulsory social insurance and unemployment insurance programme which is often
available in advanced countries is not available in Nigeria. Also, one of the most important sources of risk
for most individuals and families is from medical expenses. Another major sources of expense risk is
from personal liability exposures. Individuals can be sued and held liable for damages inflicted on others.
The main source of personal liability arise from driving an automobile and owning property with potential
hazards. These risks are typically managed by using loss control and purchasing liability insurance

Retirement often implies a large drop in earnings. To continue to pay living expenses during retirement, an
individual needs to have saved substantial funds prior to retirement and / or rely on public programmes,
such as social security. The risk associated with pre-retirement saving and thus the risk of not having
sufficient on how the assets are invested. The choice of assets, (e.g., between stocks, bonds, and real estate)
is an important risk management division for all individual and households. Even after someone has retired
with substantial assets, the person faces the risk of living so long all savings are depleted before death.
This longevity risk can be managed using annuities. However, annuity products can only function well if
insurance sector is modernized.

5. Modernizing the Insurance Sector

The insurance industry is expected to play an important role in annuity components of the new pension
systems and is in fact likely to be one of the main beneficiaries of pension reform. Adeyele (2011) argues
that insurance as a subsystem of economy is crucial to sustainable development of a nation. However, in
most developing countries the insurance sector has suffered from major structural problems. A generally
repressive regulatory framework which impedes competition, innovation and efficiency. Both premiums
and new products are subject to vetting and control by regulatory agencies that are staffed with bureaucrats
rather than experienced professionals (James and Vitta, 1999). Koroma (2009) reported in Adeyele (2011)
reveals that the statistics on developing countries’ economies and standards of living paint pictures of
poor domestic revenue effort, under-capitalization, and inappropriate policy design and implementation as
well as ineffective and inefficient utilization of off resources. This results to underperforming economies,
acute poverty, and perilous social and political systems (Adeyele, 2011).

Because of the imposition of tight controls and the absence of reliable data, insurance companies in most
developing countries have not developed the technical expertize for pricing risks and setting reserves, while
their financial management is inadequate (James and Vitta, 1999). Data on loss experience are not collected
in any systematic way and life tables are not properly constructed. Thus, to develop and modernize the
insurance sector in Nigeria, radical reforms still need be undertaken. These may include restructuring,
recapitalizing and consolidating a fragmented sector, opening the local market to foreign institutions or to

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joint ventures with multinational insurance groups, modernizing insurance regulation, enhancing the
transparency of insurance policies and annuity contracts, and creating an effective insurance regulatory
authority.

Although Nigeria has reformed its insurance sectors. There is still need for insurance regulation to abandon
its preoccupation with premium and product controls and prescribed investments and to rely on solvency
monitoring and prudent investment policies for ensuring the soundness of individual companies and the
protection of policyholders and annuitants.

6. Insurance Products for Hedging Individual and Business Risk Exposures

From a societal perspective, the key question is how risky activities and risk management by individuals
and businesses can best be arranged to minimize the total cost of risk for society. Minimizing the total cost
of risk for society produces an efficient level of risk. By buying insurance products to protect against
uncertainty is part of risk management. Consequently, repositioning insurance industry involves
innovativeness in product designs, creating awareness programmes about the existing products among the
prospective customers. When these products are sought for by individuals and businesses, economic
waste resulting from random event will be minimized. There will be need for government to create more
incentives in form of tax reduction for those who patronize insurance business. Also, it has been noted that
a poverty stricken individuals in Nigeria will likely find it difficult to pay for damages inflicted on the third
party. In this respect, some of insurance policies such as public liability, professional liability, product
liability etc discussed below should be made to work in Nigeria as in developed countries. By so doing
development can be sustained through the operation of insurance system.

6.1 Fire and special peril insurance: The basic intention of this policy is to provide compensation to the
insured person or firm in the event of damage to the property insured (i.e. buildings, stock and other
content) (Ransom, 2003). It is not possible, in commercial world, to issue a policy that will provide
compensation regardless of how the damage occurs. The insurance company have to know which perils
they are insuring against, although it is more common to add specified perils to fire policy so that the cover
is built up to meet the insured’s requirements, rather than pre-packaged as with household types of policies.
These perils are: storm, tempest or flood; burst pipes; earthquake; aircraft; riot, civil commotion; malicious
damage; escape of water; explosion and impact.

6.2 Theft insurance: Theft policy have the same aim as the standard fire insurance policy, in that they
intend to provide compensation to the insured in the event of loss of the property insured. Damage to the
building, provided the insured is responsible for the cost of repair, occurring during theft or attempted theft
is covered; however, there is usually a limit applicable to this item (Ransom, 2003). While damage to
property caused by fire was one of the earlier obvious causes of loss, other people stealing it, or damaging
property while trying to steal it followed close behind, and so theft insurance developed in response to
this need (Roff, 2004). Whereas fire policies rarely distinguish between different types of stock depending
upon its attractiveness to thieves. Specific items and sums insured will apply to stock depending on its
attractiveness to the thieves.

6.3 All risks insurance: Uncertainty of loss is not restricted to events brought about by fire and special
perils, nor is it limited to events occurring on or about the insured’s premises (Ransom, 2003). This
realization led to the development of a wider form of cover known as all risks which includes personal
effects, business all risks, good in transit, contractors’ all risks, and money insurance. The term ‘all risks’
policy covers ‘accidental loss or destruction of or damage to the property insured. Therefore, all loss or
destruction of or damage to the property insured is recoverable provided that it has occurred accidentally so
far as the insured is concerned, and provided that the cause is not specifically excluded from the policy.

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6.4 Money insurance: Money insurance is an important class of insurance in view of the many street
robberies that take place nowadays (Ransom, 2003). The policy provides compensation to the insured in the
events of money being stolen either from their business premises, their own home, or while it is being
carried to or from the bank. This cover is extremely important for the person running a medium sized
business since large sums of money are drawn from banks to meet wages and these can often be the target
for hold-ups. One important addition to this cover is often the provision of some compensation to
employees who may be insured or have clothing damaged during robbery.

6.5 Business interruption insurance: This cover has two dimensions – the maximum amount that needs to
be insured and the maximum time period that the interruption will affect the business. Both of these are
specified in the policy. The indemnity period (time period) is chosen by the insured and is defined by
Ransom (2003) as:

The period beginning with the occurrence and ending not later than the maximum indemnity period thereafter, during which time the
business is affected by the interruption occasioned by the damage. The maximum indemnity period for which compensation is payable
is often twelve months, but may be much longer depending upon the type of business, specialist machinery, types of customer and so
on.

6.6 Employer liability insurance: When an employer is held legally liable to pay damages to an insured
employee or to the representatives of someone fatally injured, they can claim against their employers’
liability policy which will provide them with exactly the same amount that they themselves had to pay out.
The policy will also pay certain expenses such as lawyer’s fees or doctor’s charges where an injured person
has been medically examined. The intention is to ensure that the employer does not suffer financially, but
is compensated for any money they may have to pay in respect of a claim. The policy is restricted to
damages payable in respect of injury and does not apply where property of an employee is damaged.

6.7 Public liability insurance: member of a public may suffer injury or damage to their property due to the
activities of someone else, and public liability insurance have been designed to provide compensation for
those who may have to pay damages and legal costs for such injuries, or for the damage to property.
Ransom (2003) notes that it is useful to think of a public liability policy as being an ‘open’ policy as
opposed to a ‘specific’ policy. An employers’ liability policy is a specific policy in that it relates to injury to
employee; likewise, products liability and professional indemnity policies are specific, the former relating
to defective product and the latter covering professional negligence. The public liability policy is an ‘open’
policy in that, instead of the scope of cover being specified by insured perils, it is defined by the exclusion
of specific perils. Public liability insurance is designed to compensate an insured in respect of claims for
legal liability from members of the public or companies who may suffer due to their negligence or that of
their employees. Cover is provided for damages as well as costs and expenses incurred in the event of a
claim for injury or for damage to property. Particular types of policy are available for each type of risk.

6.7.1 Business risk policy – every business organisation is exposed to the risk of incurring legal liability
due to its operations. The public may be in contact with the firm in its offices or the firm may be on the
premises of others, in the street or on various sites. The policy will indemnify the insured for liabilities
thus incurred.
6.7.2 Product liability – an exception on most business public liability policies is liability arising out of
goods sold. This is a very onerous liability and one that insurers prefer to deal with separately. If a person is
injured by any product that they purchase (foodstuffs for example) and they can show that the seller, or in
some cases the manufacturer, was to blame they could succeed in a claim for damages.
6.7.3 Professional liability – another exception on the basic public liability is liability arising out of
professional negligence. This covers professional people’s liability for injury, damage or financial loss to
clients or the public as a result of breach of professional duty, or negligent acts, errors or omissions in their
professional capacity. An example might be an insurance broker giving advice on insurance coverage to a

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client on fire insurance for their factory, getting the business from the client and then simply forgetting to
place that cover. If the factory burns down, the broker has cearly been negligent, the client has suffered loss
as a result of this and the broker would be liable to pay damages. Professional indemnity cover is intended
to provide insurance against the possibility of having to pay these damages (which in this case could be the
value of the fire loss costs).

7. Conclusion

This study examined a variety of possible policies for alleviating potential economic losses, including
hedging mechanisms against possible losses arising from business and individual risk exposures, and other
non-formal forms of insurance to hedge against risk. It also revealed that financial risk management offered
by insurance companies will enhance good physical risk control due to the conditions and terms of
contracts imposed on the insured by the insurer. It will also reduce moral hazard of the insured if well
designed.

Managing risk is almost never the responsibility of a lone individual within a business enterprise. The
varied nature of risk types and impacts typically demands that many people work collaboratively
(American Academy of Actuaries, 2009) to identify, understand, quantify, and manage risk. Similarly,
developing a framework for managing the numerous and diverse financial risks a business faces usually
requires the varied perspectives of all the professionals within or consulting with the business who play a
significant role in the risk management process. Risk is an intrinsic part of doing business in all areas of
businesses, as firms must be willing to take on a fair amount of risk in order to provide the most value to
shareholders. Management must decide whether to use insurance or captive insurance to deal with the
identified risks whichever is economical.

In order to make insurance industry viable to national development, government at the centre should
strengthen the industry to reduced or managed individual and business risks for sustainable development
in Nigeria. If we are careful about how we treat the environment and if we are aware of our weaknesses and
vulnerabilities to existing hazards, then we can take measures to make sure that hazards do not turn into
disasters. Risk modelling can also be used in areas regarding financial risk. This has worked successfully
for some big firms. However, the current financial crisis is a convincing evidence that, although risk models
are useful tools, risk management is much more than just models. Risk models must be embedded in
appropriate risk governance and entity-wide risk culture. This includes a clearly defined and communicated
risk appetite for the entity, clear roles and responsibilities for risk and corresponding limits on risk taking,
complemented with stress and scenario testing. The modelling assumptions and their results need to be
transparent, understood and regularly debated by management and regulators (International Actuarial
Association, 2009).

Conclusively, the governing body of a insurance industry has the ultimate responsibility and accountability
for performance of the industry and should function in an oversight capacity. The governing body should
approve overall business strategies and risk management and control policies of insurance companies, and
perform independent evaluations to ensure compliance and continuing suitability of established strategies
and policies. It can be seen that insurance not only facilitates economic transactions through risk transfer
and indemnification but is also promote financial intermediation. By this means, insurance industry can
be used to promote financial stability, mobilize savings, facilitate trade and commerce, and complement
government security programs.

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11.repositioning the nigerian insurance industry for sustainable development