1.2 Notes
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This document provides information about cell ultrastructure from an IB Biology textbook. It defines key terms like prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that electron microscopes have much higher resolution than light microscopes, allowing visualization of cell organelles. Prokaryotic cells are described as having no nucleus or organelles, reproducing through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts. Specific cell types like pancreas and leaf cells are discussed in terms of their specialized functions and organelles. Electron micrographs of different cell types are presented to identify organelles.
1.2 Notes
- 1. IB Biology Chapter 1 Notes: The Ultrastructure of Cells (1.2) NAME: Word Definition Prokaryotic Simple smaller cells, commonly called bacteria Eukaryotic Larger, more complex cells Cell Wall The outer most layer of certain cells that helps them maintain their structure Cell membrane (plasma membrane) The barrier that separates the cell from the extracellular environment. It controls what enters and exits the cell Capsule The outer most layer of certain bacteria Nucleoid area The area of bacteria that has the DNA DNA Genetic material; has information to make proteins Ribosomes Part of the cell where proteins are made Flagella Part of the cell that is tail-like and helps to move it Cilia Short hairs off the side of a bacteria that help it to move Pili Short projections off the side of a bacteria that helps it to stick to surfaces and exchange DNA with other bacteria Plasmid Short circular pieces of DNA in bacteria Binary Fission The method of reproduction in bacteria Golgi apparatus An organelle that modified and packages proteins for secretion (release) from the cell Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) An organelles that is a series of tubes. Smooth ER makes lipids and rough ER is the location of protein production for proteins that are released out of the cell. Mitochondria An organelle that creates cellular energy (ATP) from nutrients (mainly sugar) Lysosome An organelle that breaks down toxins or old cell parts Chloroplast An organelle found only in plant cells that uses the energy in light to create chemical energy in organic compounds Centriole An organelle used in cell division in animal cells Vacuoles Larger sac like organelles that store materials. Large ones in plants store mainly water and control water pressure in the cell Vesicles Small sacs that store and transport materials around the cell Nucleus An organelle that stores and protects the DNA. Chitin The material in the cell wall of fungi Cellulose The material in the cell wall of plants
- 2. 1.2.4 Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. 1.2.1 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments 1.2.3 Prokaryotes divide by binary fission. 1.2.7 Draw the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. 1.2.2 Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Describe how an electron microscope works and how it differs from a light microscope: Resolution Millimeters (mm) Micrometers (μm) Nanometers (nm) Naked eye 0.1 Light microscope Electron microscope Describe the structure of prokaryotic cells: Draw and label a prokaryotic cell: Organelle name / sketch Description of function Nucleus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) Golgi Apparatus
- 3. 1.2.8 Draw the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Organelle name / sketch Description of function Lysosome Mitochondrion Ribosomes Chloroplast Vacuoles and vesicles Microtubules and centrioles Cilia and flagella Draw and label a eukaryotic cell:
- 4. 1.2.5 The structure and function of organelles within the exocrine gland cells of the pancreas. 1.2.6 The structure and function of organelles within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf. 1.2.9 Interpret electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells. What is the function of an exocrine gland cell in the pancreas? What organelles, in particular, aid in this function? What is the function of a palisade mesophyll cell in a plant leaf? What organelles, in particular, aid in this function? Label the organelles in the micrographs shown below: Animal cell (eukaryotic) Plant cell (eukaryotic) Bacterial cell (prokaryotic)