สัปดาห์ที่ 15 social exchange theory
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Social exchange theory views human relationships as a series of negotiated exchanges between parties who aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Key concepts include rewards, costs, comparison levels, dependence, and power. The theory was developed by theorists like Homans, Blau, and Thibaut and Kelley and has been applied to understand family relationships, though it assumes rational behavior and reduces human interaction to economic terms.
สัปดาห์ที่ 15 social exchange theory
- 1. สัปดาห์ที่ 15 เอกสารประกอบการสอนวิชา 427-303 Sociological Theories เทอม 1/2553 เรื่อง Social Exchange Theory
- 2. Outline Definition Theoretical Contributors Specific Contributors Founder-Premise Theory Strengths Theory Weaknesses and Criticisms Example of Social Exchange Theory
- 3. What is Social Exchange Theory? Social Psychological and Sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Views that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives.
- 4. Social Exchange Theory (cont’d) social interaction is likened to transactions in economic marketplace Exchange is a theory which attempts to explain interpersonal behaviors in terms of the exchange of rewards and costs roots in Rational Choice theory - but that doesn’t explain seeking benefit for others so added BEHAVIORISM (operant conditioning) people repeat behaviors which have been rewarded in the past
- 5. Theoretical Contributors Utilitarian Economists Humans are rational and will seek to maximize their gain Behavioral Psychology Humans will elicit behaviors that will produce greatest rewards Cultural Anthropology Exchange process derive from individuals trying to satisfy basic needs.
- 6. Specific Contributors Marcel Mauss De-emphasized psychological needs and concentrated on groups norms as regulating the exchange relations Claude Levi-Strauss Collectivist exchange viewpoint Underlying patterns of society, and that certain costs may be required of the individual
- 7. Originators George Homans Credited with the to consolidation of the foundations of social exchange theory. Applied reinforcement contingencies from operant learning theory to social behavior. Peter Blau recognized that social structures have emergent properties not found in individual elements identified the norm of reciprocity (not always eye for an eye) mutual reciprocation is the most basic form of human interaction
- 8. Originators (Cont’d) John Thibaut and Harold Kelley Role of perceived rewards and costs in encouraging and constraining behavior Start with psychological concepts build upward to the dyad and build upward from there to small groups
- 9. Homans Perspective people will do things that are rewarding the more similar a situation is to one from the past, the more likely actions that were rewarded will be performed now rewards gain value when deprived (and vice versa) failure to get rewards expected = anger getting rewards not expected = happiness the frequency of a person doing an action depends on the value of the outcome and probability of getting it
- 10. Key Concepts Rewards Pleasing a Social Interaction Resources Material or Symbolic Exchanged in a Social Interaction Costs Investment of Time and Energy Principle of Satiation Loosing value due to increased availability Principle of Deprivation Increasing value due to decreased availability Comparison Level (CL) Societal norms, past experiences, observations Comparison Level of Alternatives Evolving Subjective Individual Standard Dependence Cost as Participating in Relationship Interdependence Mutually dependent on the Relationship
- 11. Key Concepts (cont’d) Power Greatest Resources Least Interested Distributive Justice Reward and Cost being Proprotional Equity Both individuals derive similar levels of rewards Trust Satisfaction Satisfaction = (Rewards - Cost) - Comparison Level Commitment Social and Intimate Exchanges Normative Orientations Societal/ Cultural Views on appropriateness of behavior in relationships
- 12. Social Exchange Theory Today Richard Emerson focus on what people put into relationships and what they get out of it centers on dyads, but looks at some more complicated forms as well everything we do has costs (to be minimized) and rewards (to be maximized) associated they range from subtle to explicit
- 13. Social Exchange Theory Today (cont’d) REWARDS = anything that a person gains from a relation 6 main rewards: love, money, status, info, goods, services COSTS = negative consequences of a relation time, energy
- 14. Power POWER = control over rewards and punishments social power a person’s ability to influence the behavior, thoughts or thoughts of another exists when one member is dependent on the other for rewards called power-dependence relations
- 15. Strengths of Theory Most people understand general assumptions Very Parsimonious The ability of exchange theory to explain many family issues
- 16. Criticisms Assumes humans act rationally when deciding on an exchange Some issues are difficult to explain effectively utilizing exchange theory such as altruism Valuing self-interest Limited to dyadic relationships Difficult to have a personal approach to situations The theory assumes that the ultimate goal of a relationship is intimacy when this might not always be the case. Theory reduces human interaction to purely rational process that arise from economic theory
- 17. Social Exchange Theory in the Movies http://www.ifilm.com/video/2369479 - Jerry Mcguire The Wedding Singer