![Predictive factors for chemotherapy-associated liver injuries (cytotoxics) Brouquet, Nordlinger et al, SSO 2008 Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis BMI > 27 0,0001 0,004 4,6 [1,6-12,9] Glycemia > 7mmol/l 0,015 0,006 6,15 [1,66 – 22,74] Interval < 4 weeks 0,04 0,01 1,16 [1,03-1,29] Aspirin intake 0,002 0,002 0,07 [0,01 - 0,37]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1602111500poston-110224155741-phpapp02/75/MCC-2011-Slide-27-44-2048.jpg)
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MCC 2011 - Slide 27
This document discusses liver surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer metastases. It notes that survival rates have improved significantly with chemotherapy advances over the past decades. Several studies evaluating perioperative chemotherapy found improved progression-free survival compared to surgery alone. However, prolonged preoperative chemotherapy can cause liver injuries like steatosis and sinusoidal obstruction, increasing postoperative complications. The optimal timing between chemotherapy and surgery appears to be 4-6 weeks to balance tumor response and liver recovery. Strategies for extensive liver metastases include downsizing with chemotherapy followed by aggressive resection or ablation if the future liver remnant is insufficient.
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MCC 2011 - Slide 27
- 1. Liver surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy Graeme Poston Consultant Hepatobiliary Surgeon Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool UK ESO-ESSO masterclass in Colorectal Cancer Surgery, Cascais 2011
- 2. Overall survival inadvanced colorectal cancer in 2001 0 1 2 3 4 5 100 50 0 Surviving ( %) Time (years since diagnosis of colorectal metastases) 3% Rougier P, et al. Brit J Surg 1995;82:1397-400 5FU-FA only available chemotherapy: no 5-yr survivors Only 10% offered surgery with 33% 5-yr survival
- 3. Overall survival forpatients with mCRC treated at MD Anderson and Mayo clinics, by year of diagnosis Over the past decade, OS has improved substantially in patients with mCRC 2470 patients from two highly specialized centers Kopetz S, et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3677–83 0 60 48 36 24 12 0 20 40 60 80 100 Time (months) Overall survival (%) 1990–1991 1992–1994 1995–1997 1998–2000 2001–2003 2004–2006
- 4. Five-year survival ofEnglish colorectal cancer patients first diagnosed 1998–2004 (n=114,155) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Survival probability Years All Stage 4 All patients All stage 3 All stage 4 resected n=3116 Patients with resected liver metastases All patients without resected metastases Dukes C Dukes D Morris EJA, Forman D, Thomas JD, Quirke P, Taylor EF, Fairley L, Cottier B, Poston G. Brit J Surg 2010; 97: 1110-8
- 5. Survival of CRCpatients after liver resection in England 1997-2005 Morris EJA et al. Brit J Surg 2010; 97: 1110-8 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Survival Time days Cumulative Survival Survival stratified by year of surgery (1997–2005) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1997-censored 1998-censored 2000-censored 2001-censored 2002-censored 2003-censored 2004-censored 2005-censored N = 5870
- 6. Criteria for resectabilityin colorectal liver metastases in 2010 Disease confined to liver Resectable with adequate margins Adequate future remnant liver (25-30%) Preservation of functional liver anatomy 20% resectable at presentation
- 7. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy andliver resection In resectable disease In borderline resectable/unresectable disease Chemotherapy related problems with surgery Oncosurgical integration of chemotherapy in surgical strategy
- 8. 13,325 liver resectionsfor CRC metastases 45 countries - 130 institutions (1974 – 2011) Villejuif Liverpool Torino Barcelona Geneva Zurich
- 9. Survival after liverresection: Response to pre-operative chemotherapy in resectable disease
- 10. Correlation of outcomeafter hepatectomy to histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy 2008; 26: 5344-51 Blazer et al. Complete response Major response Minor response
- 11. Peri-operative FOLFOX4 chemotherapyand surgery for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer The EPOC Intergroup Phase III Study (EORTC 40983) Bernard Nordlinger, Halfdan Sorbye, Bengt Glimelius, Graeme J. Poston, Peter M. Schlag, Philippe Rougier, Wolf O. Bechstein, John N. Primrose, Euan T. Walpole, Meg Finch-Jones, Daniel Jaeck, Darius Mirza, Rowan W. Parks, Laurence Collette, Michel Praet, Ullrich Bethe, Eric Van Cutsem, Wolfgang Scheithauer, Thomas Gruenberger . Lancet 2008; 371: 1007-16 ALM CAO AGITG g
- 12. Study design RandomizeSurgery FOLFOX4 FOLFOX4 Surgery 6 cycles (3 months) N=364 patients 6 cycles (3 months)
- 13. Progression-free survival in resected patients HR= 0.73 ; CI: 0.55-0.97, p=0.025 Surgery only Periop CT 33.2% 42.4% +9.2% At 3 years (years) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 O N Number of patients at risk : 104 152 85 59 39 24 10 93 151 118 76 45 23 6
- 14. Survival after liverresection: Response to pre-operative chemotherapy in resectable solitary metachronous metastases Adam R, Bhangui P, Poston G et al. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 774-87
- 15. New EPOC studydesign UK NCRI/CRUK Randomize Surgery FOLFOX6 FOLFOX6 Surgery 6 cycles (3 months) Kras WT liver limited resectable disease N=360 patients. Opened 2008, 140 pts randomised Primary end point: 3 year PFS 6 cycles (3 months) FOLFOX6 + cetuximab FOLFOX6+ cetuximab
- 16. BOS-1 study designEORTC Randomize Surgery FOLFOX6 + bevacizumab FOLFOX6 + bevacizumab Surgery 6 cycles (3 months) Liver limited resectable disease: 2 arm Phase II N=100 patients. 2007-2009, 100 pts randomised Primary end point: Feasibility 6 cycles (3 months) FOLFOX6 + cetuximab FOLFOX6+ cetuximab
- 17. BOS-2 study designEORTC Randomize Surgery FOLFOX6 + bevacizumab FOLFOX6 + bevacizumab Surgery 6 cycles (3 months) Kras WT liver limited resectable disease N=200 patients. Opened 2010, randomised Phase II Primary end point: PFS 6 cycles (3 months) FOLFOX6 + panitumumab FOLFOX6+ panitumumab
- 18. Bringing more patientsto resection: induction chemotherapy What is the difference between this patient and ... this patient? NOTHING! They are the same patient pre- and post-chemotherapy
- 19. Colon cancer: Resectability profile Liver metastases 80% non-resectable 20% resectable 10–30% initially non-resectable might become resectable 70–90% remain non-resectable Resection Chemotherapy Nordlinger B, et al. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:2037–2045 Potential for cure! 2 nd Line?
- 20. Survival after liverresection : Initially resectable vs. initially unresectable Update: Adam R et al. Ann Surg 2004; 240:644–658 Resectable : 505 Initially non resectable : 205 Years 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Survival (%) 92% 49% 31% 67% P< 0.0001 90% 30% 46% 18%
- 21. Secondary liver resectionrates of metastases and tumour response Studies including non-selected patients with mCRC (solid line) (r=0.74; p<0.001) Studies including selected liver metastases only patients (no extrahepatic disease) (r=0.96; p=0.002) Phase III studies including non-selected patients with mCRC (dashed line) (r=0.67; p=0.024) Folprecht G, et al. Ann Oncol 2005;16:1311–1319 If we can achieve response rates >70% in unresectable liver only patients then >40% might come to liver resection? Resection rate Response rate 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
- 22. CELIM: Study designRandomization Primary endpoint: Response Patients with technically unresectable / ≥ 5 liver metastases without extrahepatic metastases Biopsy EGFR screening FOLFOX6 + ERBITUX FOLFIRI + ERBITUX Therapy: 8 cycles (~4 months) Evaluation of resectability Technically resectable Technically unresectable 4 further treatment cycles Resection Therapy continuation for 6 cycles (~3 months) Folprecht G et al. Lancet Oncol 2010
- 23. CELIM: Response andresection rates in patients with KRAS wild-type tumors 79 43 Response rate ( n=67) Resections + R0 resections ERBITUX + FOLFOX/FOLFIRI Patients (%) Folprecht G et al. Lancet Oncol 2010 Resection rate = 43% R0 rate = 34% 34 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
- 24. POCHER Study GarufiC et al. Brit J Cancer 2010; 103: 1542-7 43 pts 26/43 R0 17/43
- 25. POCHER Study GarufiC et al. Brit J Cancer 2010; 103: 1542-7 PFS: overall OS: overall
- 26. Kras WT: Received6 cycles FOLFOX +Erbitux
- 27. After 6 cyclesFOLFOX + Erbitux
- 28.
- 29. Problems with preoperativechemotherapy in liver surgery
- 30. Lancet 2008; 371:1007-1016
- 31. Complete response: 7 ( 3.8%) Partial response: 73 (40.1%) Stable disease: 64 (35.2%) Progressive disease: 12 ( 6.6%) 8 progressed after 3-4 cycles, 3 were resected 4 progressed after 6 cycles, 1 was resected None alive today Not evaluable 26 (14.3%) Ineligible 7 Benign lesion 3 <3 cycles 12 No follow-up measures 4 RECIST Response after pre-operative CT Total: 182 pts Nordlinger et al. Lancet 2008; 371: 1007-16
- 32. Complications of surgery*P=0.04 Nordlinger et al. Lancet 2008; 371: 1007-16 Peri-op CT Surgery Post-operative complications* 40 /159 (25.2%) 27 / 170 (15.9%) Cardio-pulmonary failure 3 2 Bleeding 3 3 Biliary Fistula 12 5 (Incl Output > 100ml/d, >10d) (9) (2) Hepatic Failure 11 8 (Incl. Bilirubin>10mg/dl, >3d) (10) (5) Wound infection 4 4 Intra-abdominal infection 8 2 Need for reoperation 5 3 Other 25 16 Incl. post-operative death 1 patient 2 patients
- 33. Complications of surgeryfollowing pre-operative chemotherapy Karoui M et al. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 1-7
- 34. Liver after prolongedchemotherapy (not observed after < 6 cycles) We used to call this ‘ chemotherapy associated steato-hepatosis’ (CASH) Bilchik, Poston, Curley et al. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 9073-8
- 35. Steatosis and steatohepatitis: seen with irinotecan Vauthey J-N , et al . J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 2065 –2072. Steatohepatitis causes increased post-operative liver failure and death within 90 days Yellow liver
- 36. Sinusoidal Obstruction SyndromeSeen with oxaliplatin but not irinotecan Rubbia-Brandt L et al. Histopathology 2010; 56: 430-9 Causes increased peri-operative bleeding but not post operative death Blue liver
- 37. "Complete response" : does it mean cure ? Before treatment After 6 cycles of chemotherapy ?
- 38. CT- based evaluationBenoist et al. JCO 2006;24:3939-45 66 metastases disappeared on imaging after CT Surgical exploration Macroscopic residual disease: 20 LM No macroscopic residual disease: 46 LM 30% 15 initial sites resected 31 initial sites left in liver 55/66 (83%) LM non-cured 80% 74% Viable tumor cells in 12 sites In situ recurrence: 23
- 39. Macroscopic CR afterchemotherapy: ~20% of cells in periphery are viable Courtesy of Professors G Mentha and L Rubbia Brandt, University of Geneva
- 40. Too much pre-surgerychemotherapy: The liver surgeons nightmare Excessive oxaliplatin causes sinusoidal congestion and thrombosis: - excessive bleeding at surgery Excessive irinotecan causes steatosis and steatohepatitis: - increased risk of post-operative liver failure and 90 day death Disappearing tumours!
- 41. Interval between chemotherapyand surgery
- 42. EORTC 40983: Peri-operativechemotherapy Randomi Ze d Surgery FOLFOX4 FOLFOX4 Surgery 6 cycles (3 months) 6 cycles (3 months) 4w (2-5) 2-5 w Although operative mortality was similar, operative morbidity was near-double in the chemotherapy arm
- 43. Interval Between Chemotherapyand Liver Surgery (cytotoxics) Welsh FKS et al. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1037-42 p=0.009
- 44. Predictive factors forchemotherapy-associated liver injuries (cytotoxics) Brouquet, Nordlinger et al, SSO 2008 Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis BMI > 27 0,0001 0,004 4,6 [1,6-12,9] Glycemia > 7mmol/l 0,015 0,006 6,15 [1,66 – 22,74] Interval < 4 weeks 0,04 0,01 1,16 [1,03-1,29] Aspirin intake 0,002 0,002 0,07 [0,01 - 0,37]
- 45. Rules for pre-operativechemotherapy Improves PFS after surgery for multiple metastases Selects ‘winners’ in operable multiple metastases Aim to give no more than 6 cycles Repeat CT after 3 cycles to exclude disease progression Do not treat to ‘complete’ response Wait at least 4-6 weeks after completion of chemotherapy before surgery
- 46. Strategies for themanagement of multiple metastases
- 47. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar disease: 2 contiguous segments disease free Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises If future remnant liver <30% consider portal vein embolisation Trisegmentectomy
- 48. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar disease: 2 contiguous segments disease free Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises If future remnant liver <30% consider portal vein embolisation Trisegmentectomy
- 49.
- 50. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar small metastases: No contiguous segments disease free Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises If future FRL <30% consider portal vein embolisation Hemihepatectomy + ablation if < 4 mets < 3 cm in size in FRL x x x
- 51. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar small metastases: No contiguous segments disease free Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises If future FRL <30% consider portal vein embolisation Hemihepatectomy + ablation if < 4 mets < 3 cm in size in FRL
- 52.
- 53. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar larger metastases: Nearly all segments involved Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises Two stage hemihepatectomy: local resection if mets > 3 cm in size in FRL Portal vein embolisation 4 weeks later: Right hepatectomy
- 54. ‘ Inoperable’ multiplebilobar larger metastases: Nearly all segments involved Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Only operate if disease responds or stabilises Two stage hemihepatectomy: local resection if > 3 mets > 3 cm in size in FRL Portal vein embolisation 4 weeks later: Right hepatectomy
- 55. Right hepatectomy withmultiple metastasectomies
- 56. The way forwardA paradigm shift in the management of these patients Managed in an advanced colorectal cancer MDT Management tailored to the individual patient Targeted chemotherapy (TACE) Radiotherapy Biologicals Systemic chemotherapy Liver surgery Primary surgery Lung surgery Ablation techniques
- 57. Expert review fromICACT 2009: Optimizing 1st-line treatment for mCRC Careful analysis of each patient and their tumor characteristics Is there the potential for cure? Aim: Maximum tumor shrinkage without delaying surgery Cetuximab + irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-based CT Choice of initial therapy is key due to the impact on subsequent options Is primary or secondary surgery possible? Cetuximab or bevacizumab + CT Bevacizumab + CT Bevacizumab + CT Consider: 5-FU vs oral fluoropyrimidine; continuous vs intermittent CT; neuroprotective measures when using oxaliplatin Adam R, Haller D, Poston G, Raoul JL, Spano JP, Tabernero J, Van Cutsem E. Ann Oncol 2010 (Epub ahead of print) YES KRAS testing KRAS wild-type KRAS mutant NO KRAS testing KRAS wild-type KRAS mutant
- 58. Liver only +/-resectable extrahepatic disease Fitness assessment as per local protocol Borderline resectable Primovist MRI, PET CT and K-ras status Kras test: chemotherapy +/- biologic Formal assessment at hepatobiliary SMDT Chemotherapy +/- biologic Post chemo re staging (CT / MRI) Liver surgery opinion Never likely to be resectable Resectable disease Primovist MRI and PET CT Formal assessment at hepatobiliary SMDT Formal assessment at hepatobiliary SMDT ‘ Accidental’ hepatectomy? Alberto Sobrero SURGERY
- 59. The impact ofmultidisciplinary management 0 1 2 3 4 5 100 50 0 % surviving Years after diagnosis of colorectal metastases 2011 chemotherapy Median survival >30 months 5 year survival 15 % 3% 2001 2011 overall (Surgery + Chemo) Median survival >40 months 5 year survival 30 % 30% Poston et al. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4828-33, Kopetz et al. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3677–83 15% 2021 1000% in 10 yrs >50%?
- 60. Conclusions: liver surgeryafter neoadjuvant chemotherapy Is feasible Will predict ‘winners’ when dealing with multiple resectable metastases Will improve PFS Will bring patients to resection But! - must not be used excessively! - do not give too much: < 6 cycles - do not operate too soon! > 4 weeks
Editor's Notes
- #40 She has responded so well why operate her at all? The answer is here
- #45 Concerning overall chemotherapy-associated liver injuries , Th e multivariate analysis showed that , BMI more than 27, preoperative glycemia level > 7mmol/l, Unresectable LM at diagnosis and an interval less than 4 weeks between the end chemothetrapy and surgery were independant predictive factors of. In contrast, Aspirin intake was an associated with reduced risk of overall chemotherapy-associated liver injuries