1_LTE and LTE Advanced.pptx

2015 © Samsung Electronics 1
LTE & LTE Advanced
8 th May 2016

Table of contents
 LTE and LTE Advanced

 These were the words that accompanied the presentation of the Nobel Prize for
Physics to Guglielmo Marconi in 1909
Nobel Prize in 1909

Mobile Communications Standards Landscape

Evolution of Cellular Networks
1980s 1990s 2000 2010 onwards
Late 90s 2003 2008
1G
Packet switched
data
Circuit switched v
oice support
Packet core
Peak data r
ates

Working Group Structure of 3GPP
The successful creation of such a large and complex system specification as that for UMTS or LTE requires a
well-structured organization with pragmatic working procedures. 3GPP is divided into four Technical
Specification Groups (TSGs), each of which is comprised of a number of Working Groups (WGs) with
responsibility for a specific aspect of the specifications as shown

System Performance Requirements LTE Rel 8
Table summarizes the main performance requirements to which the first release of LTE was designed. Many of the
figures are given relative to the performance of the most advanced available version of UMTS, which at the time of the
definition of the LTE requirements was HSDPA/HSUPA Release 6 – referred to here as the reference baseline

System Performance Requirements LTE Rel 8

 Table 1 compares some of the key requirements for L TE-Advanced with those for L TE
LTE Advanced
Table 1 - Comparison of requirements for L TE and L TE-Advanced

Summary Down Link Throughput FDD
Spectrum
FDD - Down Link Throughput in Mbps
Theoritical
Maximum
With PBCH,
PBCH, Sync, 1
PDCCH, CSR
With 5%
overheads, 10 %
retransmisions.
Code rate 0.95
20 MHz 64 QAM 100.8 89.7 72.9
20 MHz (2x2) 64 QAM 201.6 172.2 139.9
20 MHz (4x4) 64 QAM 403.2 325 264
5 MHz 64 QAM 25.2 22.2 18
5 MHz (2x2) 64 QAM 50.4 42.5 34.5
5 MHz (4x4) 64 QAM 100.8 80.3 65.2
LTE Advanced 20 MHz (4x4) 64 QAM 403.2 300.4 244
LTE Advanced 20 MHz (8x8) 64 QAM 806.4 598.9 486.5
LTE Advanced 20 MHz (8x8) 2CC 64 QAM 1612.8 1197.9 973
LTE Advanced 20 MHz (8x8) 5CC 64 QAM 4032 2994.7 2432.5

Spectrum
Special
Subfra
me
TDD - Down Link Config 0 Thput in Mbps TDD - Down Link Config 5 Thput in Mbps
Theoritical
Maximum
With PBCH,
PBCH, Sync,
1 PDCCH,
CSR
With 5%
overheads,
10 %
retransmisio
ns. Code rate
0.95
Theoritical
Maximum
With PBCH,
PBCH, Sync, 1
PDCCH, CSR
With 5%
overheads, 10
%
retransmision
s. Code rate
0.95
20 MHz 64 QAM 0 24.5 23.2 10.9 82.8 73.1
4 37.4 32.8 21.04 89.3 79.2 64.35
20 MHz (2x2) 64 QAM 0 49 44.9 165.6 140.5
4 74.9 62.7 178.6 152 123.45
20 MHz (4x4) 64 QAM 0 97.9 84.2 331.2 264.7
4 149.8 117.8 357.1 286.7 232.9
5 MHz 64 QAM 0 6.1 5.5 20.7 18
4 9.4 7.9 22.3 19.6 15.88
5 MHz (2x2) 64 QAM 0 12.2 10.7 41.4 34.6
4 18.7 15.2 44.6 37.5 30.46
5 MHz (4x4) 64 QAM 0 24.5 20.1 82.8 65.2
4 37.4 28.5 89.3 70.7 57.45
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 64 QAM
0 97.9 69.9 331.2 245.5
4 149.8 107.5 357.1 264.3 214.7
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(8x8) 64 QAM
0 195.8 137.8 662.4 489.2
4 299.5 213 714.2 526.8 427.9
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(8x8) 2CC 64 QAM
0 391.7 275.6 1324.8 978.3
4 599 426 1428.5 1053.5 855.7
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(8x8) 5CC 64 QAM
0 979.2 689 3312 2445.8
4 1497.6 1055 3571.2 2633.9 2139.3
Summary Down Link Throughput TDD

Summary Up Link Throughput FDD
Spectrum
FDD - Up Link Throughput in Mbps
Theoretical
Maximum
With 2
PUCCH RBs
With RACH
2ms per rf
With 5%
overheads,
10 %
retransmision
s. Code rate
0.95
20 MHz 100.8 84.7 83.6 67.9
5 MHz 25.2 19.9 18.8 15.3
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(2x2) 64 QAM
201.6
135.9
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 64 QAM
403.2
271.7
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 2CC 64 QAM
806.4
543.5
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 5CC 64 QAM
2016
1358.7

Summary Uplink Throughput TDD
Spectrum
Uplink Down
Link
Configuration
TDD - Up Link Throughput in Mbps
Theoretical
Maximum
With 2 PUCCH
RBs
With 5%
overheads,
10 %
retransmision
s. Code rate
0.95
20 MHz
0 60.5 50.8 41.3
5 10.1 8.5 6.9
5 MHz
0 15.1 11.9 9.7
5 2.5 2 1.6
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(2x2) 64 QAM
0 82.5
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 64 QAM
0 165.1
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 2CC 64 QAM
0 330.1
LTE Advanced 20 MHz
(4x4) 5CC 64 QAM
0 825.3

 These can be summarized as follows:
 reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and transmission
latency;
 increased user data rates;
 increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision;
 reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency;
 greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing bands;
 simplified network architecture;
 seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies;
 reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal.
Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution

 LTE is required to allow a cost-effective deployment by an improved radio access
network architecture design including:
 Flat architecture consisting of just one type of node, the base station, known in LTE as
the eNodeB ;
 Effective protocols for the support of packet-switched services ;
 Open interfaces and support of multivendor equipment interoperability;
 efficient mechanisms for operation and maintenance, including self-optimization
functionalities ;
 Support of easy deployment and configuration, for example for so-called home base
stations (otherwise known as femto-cells)
Network Architecture Requirements

Evolution of 3GPP Specifications
Figure 1- Main capabilities of LTE associated with 3GPP releases 8, 9 and 10

 The following capabilities were introduced within the release 8 version of the 3GPP
specifications:
 LTE itself was introduced, including the specification of its physical layer, layers 2 and 3 and
its various interfaces. Both RF and conformance testing requirements were specified. L TE
was specified with a maximum downlink capability based upon a 20 MHz channel bandwidth
with 4x4 MIMO and 64QAM. The uplink did not support multi antenna transmission but
supported 64QAM
 LTE Repeaters were introduced for FDD using the same set of operating bands and channel
bandwidths as an eNode B. Repeaters were specified within 3GPP TS 36.106 while their
conformance testing was specified within TS 36.143
 Home eNode B (also known as Femto cells) were first introduced. Home eNode Bare small
cells typically used in domestic or small office environments. They connect to the Evolved
Packet Core (EPC) via a Home eNode B gateway. The connection between the Home eNode
B and gateway is typically a fixed broadband connection, e.g. DSL or cable. Closed Subscriber
Groups (CSG) were specified to control access to Home eNode B
 support for Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was introduced. ICIC allows
neighboring eNode B to exchange load information to help co-ordinate the use of both
uplink and downlink resources, e.g. one eNode Buses resources at the top of the channel
bandwidth while a second eNode Buses resources at the bottom of the channel bandwidth.
This creates a trade-off between improving the signal to noise ratio and reducing the
quantity of resources available to each eNode B
3GPP Release 8

 the Self-Establishment of eNode B component of Self Organizing Networks (SON) was
introduced. This capability allows the eNode B to have plug-and-play functionality.
After physically connecting the eNode Band switching on, it is able to automatically
connect to the element manager and download software, as well as radio and
transport configuration data. It may also be capable of establishing X2 and S 1
interfaces
 the Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR) component of SON was introduced. This
capability allows the eNode B to automatically update its neighbor database based
upon the mobility of UE within its cells, i.e. neighbor relations are added as they are
used for the first time. Support is included for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and
inter-system neighbor relations
3GPP Release 8

 The following capabilities were introduced within the release 9 version of the 3GPP
specifications:
 Local Area Base Stations (also known as pico cells) were introduced. These eNode B have
lower transmit power capabilities than the standard Wide Area Base Stations (also known as
macro cells). Local Area Base Stations provide coverage across relatively small areas but can
be used to increase network capacity at traffic hotspots
 Enhanced Dual Layer Transmission refers to user specific beamforming combined with 2x2
MIMO (allowing the transmission of 2 parallel streams of data). The release 8 version of the
specifications introduced user specific beamforming but it was limited to the transmission of
a single stream of data. The specification of Home eNode B continued within the release 9
version of the 3GPP specifications. The concept of a 'whitelist‘ was introduced to help
ensure that UE belonging to a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), i.e. registered to use a Home
eNode B, always camp on their Home eNode B rather than remaining camped on another RF
carrier. The release 9 version of the specifications also added enhanced connected mode
mobility for inbound handovers onto Home eNode B
 Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) were introduced to allow the UE to complete Observed
Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) measurements. These measurements are completed
from multiple eNode B to improve the accuracy of the location estimate. The release 9
version of the specifications also introduced Enhanced Cell Identity positioning. This
approach combines the location of the serving cell with measurements such as timing
advance and receive-transmit time differences at the UE and eNode B
3GPP Release 9

 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) were introduced. Some aspects of MBMS
were already defined within the release 8 version of the specifications, e.g. the PMCH
physical channel was defined. However, complete support for MBMS was provided by the
release 9 version of the specifications. MBMS can be used to transmit downlink video
services to groups of UE
 the Mobility Load Balancing component of SON was introduced. Mobility load balancing is
used to trigger hand overs from loaded cells towards less loaded cells with the objective of
maximizing the overall system capacity. It can also be used to optimize the hand over
parameter set.
 The Mobility Robustness Optimization component of SON was introduced. This allows the
UE to report information regarding radio link failures. This information can be sent to the cell
at which the radio link failure occurred and used to optimize the relevant parameter set
 the RACH Optimization component of SON was introduced. This provides support for tuning
the configuration and resources used by the random access procedure. The UE can be
requested to report the number of preambles used to gain access, and whether or not
contention was detected.
 The Energy Saving component of SON was introduced. This allows capacity layers to be
placed in a dormant state to conserve power consumption. Neighboring eNode B are
informed of any actions to allow handovers and neighbor list management to be handled
appropriately
3GPP Release 9

 The release 10 version of the specifications introduces components of LTE Advanced.
Overall, the following capabilities were introduced within the release 10 version of
the 3GPP specifications:
 Carrier Aggregation allows a single connection to use multiple RF carriers, known as
Component Carriers. Signaling is defined to support the aggregation of up to 5
Component Carriers. RF capabilities are initially defined to support the aggregation of
up to 2 Component Carriers providing an effective channel bandwidth of up to 40
MHz. This capability helps L TE Advanced to achieve both its peak and average
throughput requirements
 8x8 MIMO in the downlink allows the transmission of 8 parallel streams of data
towards a single UE. This capability helps LTE Advanced to achieve its downlink peak
spectral efficiency target, i.e. it increases the bits per second per Hz performance.
This complements the existing 4x4 MIMO, 2x2 MIMO, transmit diversity and single
antenna transmission schemes
 4x4 MIMO in the uplink allows the transmission of 4 parallel streams of data towards
an eNode B. This capability helps L TE Advanced to achieve its uplink peak spectral
efficiency target, i.e. it increases the bits per second per Hz performance. The release
10 version of the specifications also includes 2x2 MIMO in the uplink. Prior to the
release 10 version of the specifications, only single antenna transmission was possible
in the uplink
3GPP Release 10

 Relays are intended to provide extended L TE coverage and capacity with relatively low cost.
They differ from Repeaters because a Repeater simply re-transmits the uplink and downlink
RF signals to extend the coverage of a donor cell. A Relay has its own cells and is able to
decode messages before forwarding them, i.e. a relay has its own MAC, RLC, PDCP and RRC
layers. The cells provided by a Relay have their own Physical layer Cell Identities,
Synchronization Signals and Reference Signals
 Enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) builds upon the capabilities of ICIC
introduced within the release 8 version of the specifications. The concept of Almost Blank
Subframes (ABS) is introduced to allow eNode to reduce their transmissions during certain
time intervals. This helps to improve the signal to noise ratio conditions for neighbouring
eNode B, but reduces the total resources available for transmission
 Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) provides solutions for recording measurements from the
UE perspective without the requirement for relatively expensive and time consuming drive
testing. Measurements are collected from the population of subscribers which have
provided their consent. Measurements can target individual UE, or groups ofUE within a
specific area.
 Measurements can be requested in RRC Idle mode or RRC Connected mode
3GPP Release 10

 Enhanced Home eNode B mobility within the release 10 version of the specifications
focuses upon mobility from one Home eNode B to another Home eNode B. This
scenario is viewed as being particularly important for office environments where
multiple Home eNode B may be used to provide coverage and capacity
 MBMS Enhancements provide additional capabilities such as UE counting to help
optimize the transmission of downlink services, e.g. services can be disabled if there
are no UE, sent using point-to-point transmissions if there is a small number of UE,
and sent as broadcast transmissions if there is an increased number of UE. Allocation
and Retention Priority (ARP) for MBMS was also introduced within the release 10
version of the specifications
 SON Enhancements define improvements for Mobility Robustness Optimization and
Mobility Load Balancing. Inter-system support was added for Mobility Robustness
Optimization, while inter-system support was enhanced for Mobility Load Balancing
3GPP Release 10

 L TE Advanced is an evolved version of L TE with increased capabilities and improved
performance. It is introduced within the release 10 version of the 3GPP specifications,
in contrast to L TE which was introduced within the release 8 version of the
specifications
 The requirements for LTE-Advanced are specified within 3GPP TR 36.913, whereas the
original requirements for LTE are specified within 3GPP TR 25.913. The requirements
for L TE-Advanced have been defined to satisfy the requirements of IMT –Advanced
specified by the Radio communications division of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU-R)
 Peak throughput requirements for LTE Advanced are 10 times greater than those for
LTE. These improvements are fundamentally achieved using a combination of increased
bandwidth and increased multiple antenna transmission capability
 the maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz in LTE, evolves to a maximum bandwidth of up
to 100 MHz in L TE Advanced
 in the downlink direction, 4x4 MIMO in LTE evolves to 8x8 MIMO in LTE Advanced
(although the 100 Mbps peak throughput requirement for L TE was based upon the
assumption of 2 rather than 4 receive antenna at the UE)
 in the uplink direction, single antenna transmission in LTE evolves to 4x4 MIMO in
LTE Advanced
LTE Advanced

 Table 1 compares some of the key requirements for L TE-Advanced with those for L TE
LTE Advanced
Table 1 - Comparison of requirements for L TE and L TE-Advanced

 Peak spectrum efficiency requirements for LTE Advanced are 6 times greater than those for L
TE. Spectrum efficiency is a measure of throughput per unit of bandwidth (measured in
terms of bps/Hz). Increasing throughput by simply increasing the quantity of spectrum does
not improve the spectrum efficiency. The spectrum efficiency requirements for L TE
Advanced are primarily achieved using the increased multiple antenna transmission
capability
 Average spectrum efficiency represents the total throughput of all users, divided by the total
bandwidth, divided by the number of cells. It is then expressed in units of bps/Hz/cell. 3GPP
TR 36.913 specifies a range of average spectrum efficiency requirements for a range of
antenna configurations. The figures in Table 1 are applicable to 2x4 transmission in the
uplink (2 transmit antenna at the UE and 4 receive antenna at the eNode B), and to 4x4
transmission in the downlink. These figures are also specified to be applicable when using a
10 MHz channel bandwidth and a 500 m inter-site distance
LTE Advanced

 In the case of LTE, the average spectrum efficiency requirements were not specified using
absolute values, but were specified in terms of a relative improvement when compared to
the release 6 version of UMTS
 in the uplink direction, it was assumed that both UMTS and L TE used a single transmit
antenna at the UE and 2 receive antenna at the BTS. The uplink LTE average spectrum
efficiency was then specified to be 2 to 3 times greater than the UMTS average
spectrum efficiency
 in the downlink direction, it was assumed that UMTS used a single transmit antenna at
the Node B with 2 receive antenna at the UE, while L TE used 2 transmit antenna at the
eNode B with 2 receive antenna at the UE. The downlink LTE average spectrum
efficiency was then specified to be 3 to 4 times greater than the UMTS average
spectrum efficiency The LTE average spectrum efficiency figures presented in Table 1
represent typical results which fit the requirements defined by 3GPP TR 25.913
LTE Advanced

 LTE Advanced is specified to have reduced control plane latencies relative to L TE.
Control plane latencies represent the delay in moving the UE into a state where it is
ready to transfer data with a user plane connection. Control plane latencies are
defined for initial conditions of RRC Idle mode, and the Discontinuous Reception
(DRX) sub state of RRC Connected mode
 The user plane latency represents the one-way delay between the IP layer in the UE
and the IP layer in the eNode B. The latency requirement is applicable to both the
uplink and downlink directions so the effective round trip time requirement is < 10
ms. The user plane latency for LTE Advanced was specified to be better than LTE but
without defining a specific value
LTE Advanced

 The main solutions for LTE-Advanced are:
 Carrier Aggregation
 8x8 MIMO in the downlink
 4x4 MIMO in the uplink
 Enhanced uplink transmission
 Relays
 Heterogeneous networks
 Co-ordinated Multi-Point transmission (CoMP)
LTE Advanced

 Carrier Aggregation increases the channel bandwidth by combining multiple RF
carriers. Each individual RF carrier is known as a Component Carrier. The release 10
version of the 3GPP specifications defines signalling to support up to 5 Component
Carriers, i.e. a maximum combined channel bandwidth of 100 MHz. From the RF
perspective, a maximum of 2 Component Carriers have been defined initially.
Component Carriers do not need to be adjacent and can be located in different
operating bands. The release 10 version of the 3GPP specifications defines individual
Component Carriers to be backwards compatible so they can be used by release 8
and release 9 devices.
 8x8 MIMO in the downlink requires 8 transmit antenna at the eNode B and 8 receive
antenna at the UE. It provides support for the simultaneous transmission of 8 parallel
streams of data. These streams of data are generated from 2 transport blocks which
are processed by the physical layer before a serial to parallel conversion generates 4
streams from each block. 2 rather than 8 transport blocks are used to help keep the
signaling overhead to a minimum.
 4x4 MIMO in the uplink requires 4 transmit antenna at the UE and 4 receive antenna
at the eNode B. It provides support for the simultaneous transmission of 4 parallel
streams of data. These streams of data are generated from 2 transport blocks which
are processed by the physical layer before a serial to parallel conversion generates 2
streams from each block.
LTE Advanced

 Enhanced uplink transmission refers to the support for non-contiguous Resource
Block allocations. The release 8 and 9 versions of the 3GPP specifications only
support contiguous Resource Block allocations to help minimize the requirement for
power amplifier back off. Minimizing the requirement for back-off improves amplifier
efficiency and allows the UE to transmit with greater power
 L TE Advanced provides the option to allocate non-contiguous Resource Blocks.
Allocating non-contiguous Resource Blocks provides the eNode B scheduler with
greater flexibility and increases the potential for a frequency selective scheduling
gain. These benefits provide potential for improved throughputs and spectrum
efficiency
 in addition, the release 8 and 9 versions of the 3GPP specifications do not support
simultaneous transmission of the PUCCH and PUSCH physical channel because it
would result in the transmission of non-contiguous Resource Blocks. LTE Advanced
provides the option for simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH transmission
LTE Advanced

 Relays use a donor cell belonging to an eNode B to provide connectivity towards the
core network. They provide coverage and capacity at locations which do not have
transport connections. A Relay has its own cells, Physical layer Cell Identities,
Synchronization Signals and Reference Signals. From the UE perspective, a relay
appears to be the same as an eNode B.
 A network composed of multiple site types (macro, micro, pico, femto, relays and
repeaters) is known as a heterogeneous network. Heterogeneous networks provide
increased deployment flexibility. Microcells and pico cells can be used when site
acquisition for macro cells is difficult. The capacity gain from increasing the density of
macro cells tends to saturate as levels of inter cell interference increase. Microcells
and pico cells can be deployed with greater densities to further increase network
capacity. Repeaters and relays can provide coverage and capacity at locations without
a transport network connection. Femto can provide coverage at locations outside the
reach of the main network.
 Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) transmission in the downlink and reception in the
uplink are LTE-Advanced solutions to help improve the cell edge throughput and
spectrum efficiency performance. 3GPP progressed CoMP as a study item during the
timescales of release 10 development but the resultant work item aims to include
CoMP within the release 11 version of the specifications.
LTE Advanced

 The next version of LTE, Release 10, develops LTE to LTE-Advanced.
 While LTE Releases 8 and 9 already satisfy to a large extent the requirements set by
ITU-R for the IMT-Advanced designation, Release 10 will fully satisfy them and even
exceed them in several aspects where 3GPP has set more demanding performance
targets than those of ITU-R.
 The main Release 10 features that are directly related to fulfilment of the IMT-
Advanced requirements are:
 Carrier aggregation, allowing the total transmission bandwidth to be increased up to
100 MHz ;
 Uplink MIMO transmission for peak spectral efficiencies greater than 7.5 bps/Hz and
targeting up to 15 bps/Hz ;
 Downlink MIMO enhancements, targeting peak spectral efficiencies up to 30 bps/Hz
LTE Advanced

Key radio access targets for LTE-Advanced as set by 3GPP

 The definition of Release 10 UE categories builds upon the principles used in Releases
8 and 9 , where the number of UE categories is limited to avoid fragmentation of UE
implementations and excessive variants in the market.
 Three new Release 10 UE categories (6, 7 and 8) as shown in Table, defined in terms
of their peak rates which reach about 3 Gbps in the downlink and 1.5 Gbps in the
uplink. The highest UE category combines the aggregation of five 20 MHz component
carriers with eight MIMO layers in the downlink and four in the uplink.
 The peak data rate of categories 6 and 7 can be achieved by different means – for
example, it is possible to achieve 300 Mbps either by supporting two MIMO layers
together with the aggregation of 40 MHz or by four MIMO layers with a single 20
MHz carrier
UE categories LTE Advanced

 The main components of LTE-Advanced that are added to LTE in Release 10 are:
 • Carrier aggregation;
 • Enhanced downlink multiple antenna transmission;
 • Uplink multiple antenna transmission;
 • Relaying;
 • Support for heterogeneous network deployments.
Over view LTE Advanced

 Data rates of the order of 1 Gbps might theoretically be achieved using contiguous
bandwidths of 40 MHz or more.
 LTE-Advanced makes use of carrier aggregation to support such large bandwidths.
This also has the advantages of limiting the cost of equipment and enabling much of
the technology developed for LTE Release 8 to be reused.
 Each ‘component carrier’ within an aggregation is designed to be fundamentally
similar to an LTE Release 8 carrier so that they can be configured in a backward-
compatible way and used by legacy UEs if desired.
 Up to five component carriers with a bandwidth of up to 20 MHz each can be
aggregated in LTE-Advanced to make efficient use of the available spectrum and
achieve the desired total bandwidth and peak data rate. LTE-Advanced enables a
variety of different arrangements of component carriers to be aggregated, including
component carriers of the same or different bandwidths, adjacent or non-adjacent
component carriers in the same frequency band, and component carriers in different
frequency bands. The physical layer mechanisms for carrier aggregation are largely
independent of the frequency location of the component carriers, but in order to
minimize the number of configurations that have to be supported and avoid
unnecessary terminal implementation complexity, the set of supported scenarios is
carefully prioritized in 3GPP.

 LTE-Advanced can also make use of carrier aggregation to support deployments of
heterogeneous networks consisting of a layer of macro cells and a layer of small cells
coexisting with at least one carrier being common between them.
 In such a deployment, transmissions from one cell can interfere strongly with the
control channels of another, thus impeding scheduling and signalling.
 LTE-Advanced supports cross-carrier scheduling to enable control signalling to be
transmitted on one component carrier corresponding to data transmissions on
another; in this way, control channel interference between macro cells and small cells
can be avoided.
 Although the use of larger bandwidths by means of carrier aggregation allows higher
peak data rates to be achieved, it does not increase the spectral efficiency as is
required by the peak spectral efficiency targets shown in Table .
 LTE-Advanced therefore supports enhanced downlink MIMO transmission, by
increasing the number of antennas at the eNodeB and UE, and hence the maximum
number of spatial transmission layers for Single-User MIMO (SUMIMO), from four in
LTE Release 8 to eight. This may increase the multiplexing gain by a factor of two
depending on the level of decorrelation between the antennas, and thus helps to
achieve the spectral efficiency target of 30 bps/Hz.

 Similarly to the downlink, the number of spatial layers supported in the uplink for
SUMIMO is increased from one to four in Release 10 in order to meet the peak
spectral efficiency target of 15 bps/Hz. In addition, transmit diversity is introduced for
the uplink control signaling.
 In order to further improve the spectral efficiency, especially at the cell edge, a later
release of LTE-Advanced may incorporate enhanced support for Coordinated
MultiPoint (CoMP) schemes.
 CoMP transmission in the downlink entails the coordination of transmissions from
multiple cells. This may take the form of coordinated scheduling to one or more UEs
to reduce interference or to achieve spatial multiplexing gain by benefiting from the
macro diversity that results from the low correlation between geographically diverse
base station sites.
 With an even higher degree of coordination, multisite beamforming approaches may
be considered.
 Release 10 supports enhanced reference signals to facilitate multi cell measurements
by the UEs. In the uplink, CoMP reception at different cells is already possible as part
of the network implementation in LTE Release 8.

 In order to support deployments of LTE in parts of the network where a wired
backhaul is not available or is very expensive, Relay Nodes (RNs) are supported by
LTE-Advanced. An LTE-Advanced RN appears to the UEs as a Release 8 cell with its
own cell ID. A UE receives and transmits all its control and data signals from and to
the RN, while the RN separately uses LTE-Advanced technology to transfer control
and data to and from a donor cell.

Features UMTS LTE
Core Network
Domains
Circuit Switched and Packet
Switched
Packet Switched
Flat Architecture No (includes RNC) Yes
Channel Bandwidth 5MHz 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15,20 MHz
10 MHz with 2 carrier HSDPA
capability (3GPP release 8)
100 MHz with LTE Advances Carrier
Aggregation (5 component carriers)
10 MHZ with 2 carrier HSUPA
Initial Support for 40MHz (2 Component
carriers) with 3GPP release 10
Multiple Access WCDMA OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in the
uplink
Frequency Resuse Re-use of 1 Re-use of 1
Soft Handover
Support
Yes for DCH and HSUPA
No for HSDPA
HSDPA Multiflow is a 3GPP release
11 work item
No
Co-ordinated Multi-Point (CoMP)
transmisison is a 3GPP release 11 work item
Fast Power Control
Support
Yes for DCH and HSUPA
No for HSDPA
No- slower power control used for the
uplink
LTE and UMTS

Features UMTS LTE
Uplink Modulation QPSK
16QAM for HSUPA in 3GPP release 7
QPSK, 16 QAM , 64 QAM
Downlink
Modulation
QPSK
16 QAM for HSDPA in 3GPP release 5
64 QAM for HSDPA in 3GPP release 7
QPSK, 16 QAM , 64 QAM
Adative Modulation Yes for HSDPA and HSUPA Yes
Uplink MIMO No
HSUPA MIMO in 3GPP release 11
No
LTE Advanced introduces uplink 4x4
MIMO with 3GPP release 10
Downlink MIMO 2x2 for HSDPA in 3GPP release 7
4x4 for HSDPA in 3GPP release 11
2x2 and 4x4
LTE Advances introduces downlink
8x8 MIMO with 3GPP release 10
LTE and UMTS

Features UMTS LTE
Peak Uplink Throughput
(without LTE Advanced)
23 Mbps (10 MHz channel, 16
QAM, coding Rate 1)
85 Mbps (20 MHz channel, 64 QAM,
Coding Rate 1, normal cyclic prefix,
2PUCCH Resource Blocks per slot)
Peak Downlink
Throughput
(without LTE Advanced)
86 Mbps (10 MHz channel, 64
QAM, 2x2 MIMO, coding Rate
1, 15 HS-PDSCH codes per
carrier)
325 Mbps (20 MHz channel, 64 QAM,
4x4 MIMO, Coding Rate 1, normal cyclic
prefix, 1 PDCCH symbol per subframe)
Peak Uplink Throughput
in 10 MHz , 16QAM,
Coding Rate 1
23 Mbps 28 Mbps (normal cyclic prefix, 2 PUCCH
Resource Blocks per slot)
Peak Downlink
Throughput in 10 MHz
64 QAM, 2x2 MIMO,
coding rate 1
86 Mbps 86 Mbps (normal cyclic prefix, 1 PDCCH
symbol per subframe)
LTE and UMTS

Features UMTS LTE
Hybrid ARQ support No for DCH
Yes for HSDPA and HSUPA
Yes
BTS Scheduling No for DCH
Yes for HSDPA and HSUPA
Yes
Neighbour Planning Yes No - if Automatic Neighbor Relations
(ANR) capability is supported
Scrambling Code
Planning
Yes No
Physical Layer Cell
Identity Planning
No Yes
LTE and UMTS

 LTE Advanced has an objective to increase the peak downlink spectrum efficiency to
30 bps/Hz. Carrier Aggregation has limited impact upon spectrum efficiency because
increased throughputs are achieved by increasing the bandwidth. Multiple antenna
transmission technologies allow the throughput to increase without increasing the
bandwidth.
 The release 10 version of the 3GPP specifications introduces transmission mode 9 to
support the requirements of multiple antenna transmission for L TE Advanced.
Transmission mode 9 provides support for:
 spatial multiplexing with up to 8 layers of parallel data transfer which allows a
single UE to benefit from 8x8 MIMO. Antenna ports 7 to 14 are used to transfer
these 8 layers
 a total of 4layers of parallel data transfer for multi-user MIMO. These 4layers can
be shared between 2 UE so each UE receives 2 layers of data. Alternatively, they
can be shared between 4 UE so each UE receives a single layer of data. The 4
layers associated with multi-user MIMO are based upon antenna ports 7 and 8
used in combination with a pair of scrambling identities
 beamforming which can be applied to both the single user MIMO and multi-user
MIMO scenarios
LTE Advanced

 Transmission mode 9 also uses additional UE specific Reference Signals to support
demodulation at the UE
 the release 9 version of the 3GPP specifications defines UE specific Reference
Signals for antenna ports 7 and 8
 the release 10 version extends this to antenna ports 9 to 14, i.e. providing a total
of 8 antenna ports for the transmission of UE specific Reference Signals (in
addition to the original antenna port 5 specified within the release 8 version of
the specifications)
 The PDSCH is transferred using the same set of antenna ports as the UE specific
Reference Signals so both experience the same propagation channel. This allows the
PDSCH to be demodulated using measurements from the UE specific Reference
Signal. Both the PDSCH and UE specific Reference Signals can have beamforming
applied to direct them towards individual UE
LTE Advanced

 Channel State Information (CSI) Reference Signals have been defined to improve the
performance of link adaptation for UE using transmission mode 9
 Resource Elements allocated to the cell specific Reference Signal often experience
different levels of interference to those allocated to the PDSCH. This reduces the
benefit of CQI reports based upon the cell specific Reference Signal
 CSI Reference Signals occupy Resource Elements usually allocated to the PDSCH. This
allows a more meaningful measure of channel quality but results in the PDSCH
transmission being punctured CSI Reference Signals use antenna ports 15 to 22
 CSI Reference Signals are broadcast across the entire cell area and do not have
beamforming applied. This allows them to be used by all UE within the cell
 CSI Reference Signals puncture the PDSCH belonging to release 8 and release 9 UE as
well as the PDSCH belonging to release 10 UE. This has a negative impact upon the
release 8 and release 9 UE which are not aware of the CSI Reference Signal
LTE Advanced

 The release 10 version of the 3GPP specifications also defines 'LTE Advanced'
subframes during which UE specific and CSI Reference Signals are sent but cell
specific Reference Signals are not sent. Cell specific Reference Signals are usually sent
during all subframes supporting PDSCH transmission but this represents a special
case. Avoiding transmission of the cell specific Reference Signal helps to reduce the
signaling overhead
 'LTE Advanced' subframes are signaled as if they were MBSFN subframes. This
prevents release 8 and release 9 UE from attempting to receive the PDSCH, because
the PDSCH is not normally transmitted during MBSFN subframes. Release 10 UE using
transmission mode 9 check for PDSCH transmissions during MBSFN subframes by
scanning for their C-RNTI on the PDCCH
 3GPP References: TS 36.211, TS 36.213
LTE Advanced

Copyright and Confidentiality
Copyright © 2015, SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. SAMSUNG Electronics reserves the right to make changes to the specifications of
the products detailed in this document at any time without notice and obligation to notify any person of such changes. Information
in this document is proprietary to SAMSUNG Electronics Co., Ltd. No information contained here may be copied, translated,
transcribed or duplicated by any form without the prior written consent of SAMSUNG Electronics.

1_LTE and LTE Advanced.pptx

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