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2-Program Planning dental public health two(PP).pptx
- 1. Program Planning (Creating DentalHealth Program) Community Dentistry II
- 2.
- 3. ◆ Planning isdynamic process . It is an endless upward spiral of incremental efforts towards improvement ◆ Planning consists of strategies from among alternative courses of action for every program ◆ Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it. It is looking ahead.
- 4. Uses of Planning ◆to match limited resources with many problems ◆ Eliminate wasteful expenditures or duplication of expenditures ◆ Develop the best course of action and to accomplish a defined objective.
- 5. ◆ Differentiate planninga program for a private patient vs. planning a program for the community.
- 6. Planning for aprivate patient vs planning for a community ◆ Private patient: a. Dentist conducts medical/dental history b. Dentist diagnose a treatment plan based on diagnosis c. Dentist obtains patient consent for treatment d. Dentist selects appropriate labor to provide care e. Dentist selects appropriate dental service for the patient f. Dentist evaluates the treatment to the patient
- 7. ◆ For thecommunity a. Planner conducts a survey b. Planner analyze the survey data of the community c. Planner develops a program plan based on the analysis of the survey data d. Planner obtains community approval of the plan e. Planner obtains appropriate labor to implement the program f. Planner selects the appropriate activities for the community g. Planner evaluates the community program
- 8. ◆ Types ofPlanner
- 9. Types of Planner ◆A. A planner hired within the system: ◆ -has the understanding of the issues and operation of the system including the subleties. He works in a full time basis, but he might be bias about the system that could influence his objectivity
- 10. ◆ B. Plannerhired outside the system. ◆ - one who contracts to work for the company or on a consulting basis for a short period of time. He can make new proposals or recommendations for changing the existing plan. He can have aa fresher outlook. But he requires more time to reach the level of understanding of the system to plan an appropriate course of action
- 11. ◆ Types ofHealth Planning
- 12. Types of HealthPlanning ◆ A. Problem solving ◆ B. Program Planning ◆ C. Coordination of Efforts and Activities Planning ◆ D. Planning for the Allocation of Resources ◆ E. Creation of a Plan ◆ F. Design of standard operating procedure
- 13. ◆ 1. Problemsolving: involves identifying and resolution of the problem ◆ 2. Program planning: entails designing a course of action for a specified problem health ◆ 3. Coordination of efforts and activity planning: aims to increase the availability, efficiency, productivity, effectiveness and other aspects of activities and programs ◆
- 14. ◆ 4. Planningfor the allocation of resources: involves selecting the best alternative to achieve a desired goal when the amount of resources is limited ◆ 5. Creation of a plan involves development of a blueprint or proposal for action containing recommendations and supporting data. ◆ 6. Design of standard operating procedures: planners should have a criteria for operation and evaluation.
- 17. ◆ Identify theProblem
- 18. ◆ Conduct NeedsAssessment ◆ Needs defined as “ Deficiencies in health that call for preventive, curative and eradication measures” ◆ (WHO 1971)
- 19. ❖ Reasons forneeds assessment ◆ A. identify its extent and severity of the problem ◆ B. it is used to obtain a profile of the community to ascertain the causes of the problem. This will help in developing appropriate goals and objectives in the problem solution. ◆ C. to evaluate the effectiveness of the program.
- 20. Information Required ◆ Numberof Individuals in a population ◆ Geographic Distribution of the population ◆ Rate of growth ◆ Population density and degree of urbanization ◆ Ethnic backgrounds ◆ Diet and nutritional levels ◆ Standard of living ◆ Amount and type of public services and utilities
- 21. ◆ Public andPrivate school system ◆ General Health Profile ◆ Patterns and distribution of dental diseases
- 22.
- 23. ❖ Collect Data -Gathering facts relevant to goals and objectives you want to accomplish
- 24. ◆ Collecting facts: ◆demographic data( age, gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, length of residence and school enrollment ◆ knowledge, attitudes and practices, oral health status and impact of current oral health levels.
- 25. ◆ Collection ofcommunity knowledge, attitudes and self care practices leads to an understanding of the level and type of health promotion and interventions that already exist or are lacking.
- 26. ◆ Oral healthstatus indicators include the percentage of people with decay experience, percentage of untreated decay, percentage of children with sealants, percentage of adults who are edentulous and percentage of tobacco users. ◆ The impact of current oral health levels is needed to understand the costs of disease and the potential benefit of programs.
- 27. ◆ Analysis ofthe data
- 28. ❖ Analysis ofthe data understanding the situation and needs of your target community. it will help in the later steps to choose the most relevant and effective way to achieve your goals.
- 29. Why do weneed analysis ◆ The purpose of this step is to build a common understanding about: ◆ A. current situation and how it affects the target group ◆ B. deeper causes of the situation ◆ C. future situation you want to create for the success of the health program in the community.
- 30. ◆ Analysis willmake us aware of: ◆ A. needs, demands and opportunities ◆ B. what is the communities demand and desire ◆ C. strengths and weakness
- 31.
- 32. Priority determination ◆ Amethod of imposing peoples value and judgement of what is important onto the raw data ◆ It is used to rank the problems according to the severity and helps to utilize resources tactically. ◆ If priorities are not determined, then program may not serve the people in need
- 33. When setting apriority for a population, the planner may ask ◆ 1. How serious is the problem ◆ 2. What percent of the population is affected by it.
- 34. ❖ . DeterminingPriorities: ◆ Groups commonly associated with high risk dental need ◆ Preschool and school aged children ◆ Mentally/physically handicapped persons ◆ Chronically ill/medically compromised persons ◆ Elderly persons ◆ Expectant mothers ◆ Low income minority groups
- 35. ◆ Setting ofGoals and Objectives:
- 36. ◆ Setting ofObjectives and Goals: ◆ Program Goal is an end that we strive to attain. Broad statements on the overall purpose of the program to meet a defined problem. ◆ Objective is the object or aim of an action. It reflects the desired outcomes for decision making and a criterion which outcomes are measured. The objectives are the foundation of planning.
- 37. ◆ An objectiveshould be: SMART ◆ A. Specific: an objective must be specific with a single key result. ◆ B. Measurable: only an objective that affects behavior in a measurable way can be effective. ◆ C. Attainable: an objective must be attainable with the resources that are available.
- 38. ◆ REALISTIC: Manyobjectives are realistic, yet the time it takes to achieve them maybe unrealistic. ◆ Ex. It is realistic to lose 10lbs but it is unrealistic to lose 10lbs in one week.
- 39. ◆ E. Resultoriented : the objective should be central to the goal of the program. The successful completion of the objective make a difference. ◆ Time limited: The objective should be traceable. It should priorities objectives that really matter.
- 40. ◆ Types ofObjectives: ◆ 1. Developmental objectives: this indicate the change you wish to make or contribute in the lives of your target community. They describe result you want to create
- 41. ◆ 2. Organizationalobjectives: describes what you will need to do to develop your plan, so that it is capable of achieving your developmental objectives 3. Activity objectives: describe what you will do to achieve the developmental objectives
- 42. ◆ The objectivesshould specify the following: ◆ A. What: the nature of the situation or condition to be attained ◆ B. Extent: the scope and magnitude of the situation or condition to be attained ◆ C. Who: the particular group or portion of the environment in which attainment is desired ◆ D. Where: the geographic areas of the program ◆ E. When: the time ‘at’ or ‘by’ which the desired situation or condition is intended to exist.
- 43.
- 44. ◆ Implies manpower,money, material, skills, knowledge and technique needed or available for implementation of the program. ◆ Balance has to struck with what is required and what is available
- 45. ◆ Identify Constraints ◆Identify alternatives
- 46. Identifying Constraints ◆ roadblocksto achieving your goal. By identifying the constraints one can modify program objectives.
- 47. Constraints maybe asa result of ◆ Organizational policies ◆ Resource limitations ◆ Charactheristics of the community such as ◆ -Lack of funding ◆ - labor shortages ◆ -restrictive gov’t policies ◆ - inadequate transportation system ◆ - negative attitudes
- 48. ◆ One ofthe best way to identify constraints is to bring together a group of concerned citizens who might in some capacity be involved in or affected by the project. ◆ A group that is familiar with local politics and community structures can not only identify the constraints but also offer alternative strategies and solutions for meeting the goals.
- 49. Identify alternative strategies ◆discover the most fruitful opportunity. ◆ Sufficient number of alternative plans should be at hand ◆ Should help decide the most suitable plan either individually or in combination ◆ Which should match the limited resources and anticipated costs and effective in return to the main plan
- 50. Implementation Strategy ◆ Animplementation strategy for each activity is complete when the following questions are answered. ◆ 1. Why? The effect of the objective to be achieved ◆ 2. What? The activities required to achieved the objective ◆ 3. Who? Individuals responsible for each activity
- 51. ◆ 4.When? Chronologicalsequence of activities ◆ 5. How? Materials, methods, techniques to be used ◆ 6. How Much? A cost estimate of materials and time
- 52. ❖ To developthe implementation strategy, the planner must know what specific activity he/she wants to do. The most effective method is to work backwards to identify the events that must occur prior to initiating the activity
- 53. Implementation ◆ The processof putting the plan into operation. ◆ The process involves individuals, organizations and community. Only thru teamwork between the individual and the environment can implementation be successful. ◆ Most Health programs can be divided into 4 phases of Implementation
- 54. 4 Phases ofImplementation ◆ Pilot Phase: whose developmental proceeds on a trial and error basis ◆ Controlled Phase: where a model of a particular program strategy is run under regulated conditions to judge its effectiveness ◆ Actualization Phase: where a model of the program strategy is subjected to realistic operating conditions
- 55. ◆ Operational Phase:where the program is an ongoing part of the structure.
- 56. Monitoring ◆ Refers tothe maintenance of an ongoing watch over the activities of an health service. ◆ Using Observation as basis for continual modification of goals, plans or activities
- 57. Data collected formonitoring ◆ Input Data: financial/ budgetary reports, personnel available and vacancies existing, transportation records, equipment and supplies, purchased ◆ Process data: specific activities, carried out in completing the program, the sequence in which they are carried out and their timing.
- 58. ◆ Output data:services or goods provided ( such as the proportion of target population served)
- 59. Evaluation ◆ Measures thedegree to which objectives are fulfilled and the quality of results obtained. It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives. It measures how much output or cost effectiveness is achieved. It makes possible the reallocation or priorities and of resources on the basis of changing health needs.
- 60. Criteria used inEvaluation ◆ Effectiveness ◆ Efficiency ◆ Appropriateness ◆ Adequacy
- 61. Effectiveness ◆ The rationbetween the achievement of the program activity and the desired level which, during the planning process, the planners had proposed would result from the program ◆ 3 variables in evaluating effectiveness: ◆ Resources, activities, objectives
- 62. Efficiency ◆ The resultthat might be achieved through expenditure of a specific amount of resources and the result that might be achieved through a minimum expenditure (WHO1974) ◆ It is a measure of the resources spent(money, men, material and time) in the process of providing a health care program
- 63. Appropriateness ◆ It willbe judge by lay decision makers. They will weigh up whether the problem defined by the program personnel is a problem for the community.
- 64. ◆ Evaluation ofappropriateness is checked on 2 levels ◆ Whether the aims and objectives are appropriate ◆ Whether the strategy of the program is appropriate
- 65. Adequacy ◆ The extentto which the population in need was covered by the services or the extent to which the services covered the various aspects of the underlying problem
- 66.
- 67. Types of evaluation ◆Formative Evaluation ◆ Summative Evaluation
- 68. Formative Evaluation ◆ Itrefers to the internal evaluation of the program. It is an examination of the activities of the program, as they are taking place. It is carried out to aid in the development of a program in its early phase.It is used primarily by program developers to whether they are workable or whether changes should be made to improve program activities
- 69. Summative Evaluation ◆ Itjudges the merit or worth of the program after it has been in operation, whether the goals are achieved. ◆ Decision makers will decide as to program continuation or termination and also at decision makers from other programs who might be considering adoption of the program.
- 70. Conclusion ◆ A plancan play a vital role in avoiding mistakes and recognize hidden opportunities. Planning helps in forecasting the future visible to some extent. ◆ It bridges where we are and where we want to go
Editor's Notes
- #3 Planning is a fundamental function of management.
- #17 be aware of the situation in the community where the goals and objectives will be accomplish -know the problems of the local people .
- #18 4 factors: A. collections of facts B. identification of needs C. analysis of needs D. prioritisation of needs
- #21 Facts about dental resources and existing programs are also included in needs assessment. These may include number, type and distribution of dental providers; number and type of low cost clinics and percentage and type of providers who accept MEDICARE/MEDICAID patients . It is also helpful to collect data such as percentage of people without dental insurance. Finally, information about the environment, including schools, water systems transportation services, other health care facilities, and laws and regulations regarding oral health are also important. Working with other interested agencies and advisory group of key leaders and stakeholders is invaluable to effectively identifying needs and community assets.
- #25 Data may include the community’s knowledge and attitudes and practices concerning oral health, such as frequency and values regarding visits to oral health care provider; reasons and expectations for oral health services; knowledge about water fluoridation, plaque removal, use of fluoride regimens, frequency of consumption of sweets and other highly refined carbohydrates; tobacco and alcohol use; and use of orofacial protection.
- #30 Although analysis is important, it is useful to allow an open discussion of all the possible ways to achieve your objectives. Give everyone a chance to think about the best approach even if it seems they are not realistic and then discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the alternative
- #37 Specific: if more than one result is to be accomplished, more than one objective should be written. Just knowing what is to be accomplished is a big step toward achievement. What is important to you? Once you clarify what you want to achieve, your attention will be focused on the objective that you deliberately set. Measurable: some objectives are more difficult to measure than others are. However, difficulty does not mean that they cannot be measured. Dental caries can be measured by indices, by pt interviews or responses from questionnaires. Avoid statement in generalities _ infinitives, to know, to understand, to enjoy, to believe etc. Action verbs are observable and better communicate the intent of what is to be attempted. They include writing to apply, to receive, to revise, to contrast, to install, too select, to assemble, to compare, to investigate, to develop etc.
- #39 Result oriented: how will the objecttive help the community.
- #44 Resources: personnel, equipment, supplies, facilities, financial resources . Quantifying Plans by budget At the end when decisions are made and final plan are set, the final step is to give conclusion and to quantify by converting them in to budget. The budget must be develop Ex. Operating expenses necessary for plans
- #46 Identifying constraints early in the planning stage Can modify design of the program Create a more practical and realistic plan
- #49 . Selection of best alternative: make our decision. Strategy is the approach we take to achieving the agreed objectives. Effective strategies involve choosing the most effective and realistic way of getting the results we have agreed on. Assessment or compression of alternatives: Classify weak and strong point of the alternative and choose the best alternative