1. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
NORFADZILAH AMIRAH BT MUHAMAD DIAH D20101037487
MARIAMAH BT ARON
D20101037477
NUR WAHIDAH BT SAMI’ON
D20101037525
2. Subtopics:
7.1 Raw material
7.2 Manufacturing process
7.3 Types of soap
7.4 Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
orientation
7.5 Detergent
7.6 Classification of surfactant
7.7 Functions of detergent
4. Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a
fatty acid with an alkali metal hydroxide.
Fat + 3 NaOH glycine + 3 Soap
It is a salt composed of an alkali metal, such as sodium or
potassium, and a mixture of "fatty" carboxylic acid.
Prepared by saponification process.
Raw material : Fat and alkali
5. History of soap
2800 BC A soap-like material found in clay cylinders during the excavation of
ancient Babylon.
1500 BC Egyption manuscripts describe a matter created by combining
animal fats and vegetable oils to create a soap-like substance.
200 AD The very first allusion to soap making in literature occurred by
famous Greek physician named Galen.
600 AD Soap making guilds were formed and the modern formula for soap
was created.
900 AD Soap started to be produced commercially.
1700-1800 AD During the industrial revolution, soap began its production in
factories and stopped being produced in home kitchen.
Currently Soap is being produced in the same way as it was centuries ago
after the industrial revolution.
7. The essence of soap production is the saponification
reaction:
It is exothermic reaction.
Progress quickly and efficiently around 125 C inside
autoclave type reactor.
8. SOAP MANUFACTURE
Soap is produced industrially in four basic steps:
1. Saponification
A mixture of tallow (animal fat) and coconut oil is
mixed with sodium hydroxide and heated. The soap
produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.
*Saponification - process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies
9. 2. Glycerine removal
Glycerine is more valuable than soap, so most of it is
removed. Some of it is left in the soap to help make it soft and
smooth. Soap is not very soluble in salt water, whereas
glycerine is, so salt is added to the wet soap causing it to
separate out into soap and glycerine in salt water.
3. Soap purification
Any remaining sodium hydroxide is neutralized with a weak
acid such as citric acid and two thirds of the remaining water
removed.
SOAP MANUFACTURE
10. 4. Finishing
Additives such as preservatives, colour and perfume
are added and mixed in with the soap and it is shaped
into bars for sale.
SOAP MANUFACTURE
11. Most fats and oil used are tallow, coconut oil and
palm kernel.
Different oil produce soaps of varying hardness,
odour and leathering.
Pure soap is hard and easily oxidized, so various
additives are added make more aesthetically pleasing
product.
First additive is glycerine produced in saponification
reaction.
Glycerine makes the soap smoother and softer than
pure soap.
12. • The glycerine is extracted from the soap with lye.
• Lye a brine solution added to the soap at the
saponification stage.
• Wet soap is soluble in weak brine, but separates out
as the electrolyte increase. Glycerine highly soluble
in brine.
• Wet soap thus has quite a low electrolyte
concentration and is about 30% water.
• Remove glycerine need more electrolyte added
causing the wet soap separate into layer: Crude soap
and glycerine mixture known as spent lye, neutral lye
or sweet water.
13. The soap still contains some salt, which itself
functions as an additive, altering the viscosity and
colour of the soap.
Once the spent lye has been removed the soap is
dried, chipped, mixed, with other additives such as
perfumes and preservatives and then plodded, formed
into tablets and packaged for sale.
14. 7.3 TYPES OF SOAPS
7.4 HYDROPHOBIC AND
HYDROPHILIC ORIENTATION
18. Soap ionises in water to produce free moving
soap anions and cations.
Soap anions reduces the surface tension of
water that increase wetting ability of water.
19. Hydrophilic part of soap anions remains the same
in water and hydrophobic part dissolves and
penetrates into the grease.
By the movement of water during the scrubbing
and rubbing, grease is loosened and lifted off the
surface.
20. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround
the grease, the grease is suspended in the water
micelles
21. The grease is dispersed into smaller droplet.
The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface
of cloth due to repulsion between negatives charges.
The droplet are suspended in water, forming an
emulsion.
Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease
droplets and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned.
24. 7.5 DETERGENTS
• Cleansing agents
• Detergents may be used in hard water
without the formation of scum.
• Mostly made up of petroleum
• Also known as surfactants ;
as they decrease the surface tension of water.
25. Detergents in our daily life
Dish
liquid
Soap Car washing
liquid
Toothpaste
Body lotion Facial
cleanser
Washing
powder
Shampoo
26. Common ingredients in detergents
• Surfactants
• Plasticizers & binders
• Lather enhancers
• Water
• Fragrance
• Dyes and pigment
• Other chemical substances
28. Structure of detergent
• Amphipatic molecules
Having both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrphobic (non polar) regions
• Soluble in water
polar group form H-bond with water
non-polar aggregate due to hydrophobic interaction
• In aqueous solution;
they form micelles
(organized spherical structures which contain several detergent
molecules)
33. Main features
Ionic detergents Non-ionic detergents Amphoteric
detergents
• Contain head group
with a net charge.
• Either anionic
(- charged) or cationic
(+ charged).
• Neutralizing the
charge on the head
group
• Useful for
dissociating
protein-protein
interactions.
• Eg: bile acid,
deoxycholic acid
• Uncharged
hydrophilic
head group.
• Better suited for
breaking lipid-lipid
and lipid-protein
interactions.
• Considered to be
non-denaturants.
• Eg: octyl
thioglucoside,
maltoside
• Offer combined
properties of ionic
and non-ionic
detergents.
• Lack conductivity
and electrophoretic
mobility.
• Do not bind to ion
exchange resins.
• Suited for breaking
protein-protein
interactions.
• Eg: CHAPS, CHAPSO
34. 7.7 FUNCTIONS OF DETERGENTS
• To disrupt the bipolar lipid membrane of cells
– In order to release and solubilize membrane-
bound proteins
• For the stabilization, crystallization, or
denaturation of proteins
• Reduce surface tension
• Increase miscibility,
• Stabilization of emulsions
36. SOAP vs DETERGENTS
Soap Detergent
•From natural material
•Will form scum in hard
water
•From fat & vegetable
oil
• Synthetic material
•No scum in hard
water
•From petroleum
product
38. • Soaps were originally made from:
A.proteins
B.animal fats and vegetable oils
C.chemicals extracted from the soil
39. • Today's soaps are synthesised from products
including:
A .plastics
B .sodium hydroxide and alcohol
C .proteins and hydrochloric acid
40. • In a school laboratory, soap is usually made
from:
A. vegetable oil, sodium hydroxide and some
alcohol
B .methylated spirits (also called denatured
alcohol) and any acid
C .acids and caustic soda
41. • Soaps work because the "water-loving" end of
the soap molecule attracts a water molecule
and the "water-hating" end attracts:
A .other soap molecules
B .water molecules also
C. grease or dirt
42. • The "water-loving" end of the soap molecule
has a charge that is:
A. positive
B .negative
C. either positive or negative
43. • Hard water contains a lot of calcium and:
A.magnesium salts
B.sodium salts
C.potassium salts
44. • The type of water that produces the greatest
lather of bubbles is:
A. any type of water
B. hard water
C. soft water
