Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to 3 Respiratory System.ppt
3 Respiratory System.ppt
- 1. Respiratory System Mr. RamarG Professor Hind College of Nursing Lucknow.
- 2. Organization and Functionsof the Respiratory System Structural classifications: – upper respiratory tract – lower respiratory tract. • Functional classifications: – Conducting portion: transports air. • Nose • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the bronchioles
- 3. Organization and Functionsof the Respiratory System • Functional classifications: continued – Conducting portion: transports air. – Respiratory portion: carries out gas exchange. • respiratory bronchioles • alveolar ducts • air sacs called alveoli • Upper respiratory tract is all conducting • Lower respiratory tract has both conducting and respiratory portions
- 4.
- 5. Organs of theRespiratory System
- 6. Respiratory System Functions •Breathing (pulmonary ventilation): – consists of two cyclic phases: • inhalation, also called inspiration • exhalation, also called expiration – Inhalation draws gases into the lungs. – Exhalation forces gases out of the lungs. • Gas exchange: O2 and CO2 – External respiration • External environment and blood – Internal respiration • Blood and cells
- 7. Respiratory System Functions •Gas conditioning: – Warmed – Humidified – Cleaned of particulates • Sound production: – Movement of air over true vocal cords – Also involves nose, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips and tongue • Olfaction: – Olfactory epithelium over superior nasal conchae • Defense: – Course hairs, mucus, lymphoid tissue
- 8. Upper Respiratory Tract •Composed of – the nose – the nasal cavity – the paranasal sinuses – the pharynx (throat) – and associated structures. • All part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system.
- 9. Nose & NasalCavity It is the first organ of respiratory tract. It is a large irregular cavity which is divided into two equal parts by a median structure called septum. The nasal septum consists of hyaline cartilage anteriorly , ethmoid & vomer bones posteriorly.
- 10. The Nose • Thenose is divided into two regions –The external nose, including the root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex –The internal nasal cavity • Philtrum – a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex • The external nares (nostrils) are bounded laterally by the alae
- 11. Structure of theNose
- 13. Structures Forming NasalCavity • Roof – is formed by nasal bone, frontal bone, ethmoid bone & Sphenoid bone. • Floor- is formed by roof of the mouth, which consists of hard palate anteriorly & soft palate posteriorly. Hard palate consists of maxilla, two palatine bones, soft palate consists of involuntary muscle
- 14. • Median wall-consists of nasal septum, which is formed by hyaline cartilage anteriorly, ethmoid & vomer bones posteriorly. • Lateral walls- they are formed by inferior nasal conchae, maxilla & ethmoid bones. • Posterior wall- it is continues with anterior wall of nasopharynx.
- 15.
- 16. • Lining OfThe Nose – The nose is lined with highly vascular ciliated columnar epithelium, containing mucus secreting goblet cells which is continues with lining of nasopharynx. • Openings Into The Nasal Cavity – The two anterior openings are called anterior nares or nostrils, which opens from the exterior to the nasal cavity. These are surrounded by fine hairs which trap larger particles present in inspired air. – The two posterior openings are called posterior nares or nostrils which opens from nasal cavity into nasopharynx. – Paranasal Sinuses – The nasolacrimal ducts
- 17. Paranasal Sinuses • ParanasalSinuses – Small air filled cavities situated in four skull bones – paired air spaces – decrease skull bone weight • Named for the bones in which they are housed – frontal – ethmoidal – sphenoidal – maxillary • Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts hence they are called as paranasal sinuses.. • Covered with the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity.
- 19. Nasal Conchae • 3paired bony projections along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity • Superior and middle nasal conchae - part of the ethmoid bone • Inferior nasal conchae - separate bone • Function - Particulate matter deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
- 20. Respiratory Mucosa • Alayer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus • Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea • Mucus can trap contaminants –Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
- 22. Pharynx • Is atube 12-14 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the level of 6th cervical vertebrra. • Common to both the respiratory and digestive systems. • Commonly called the throat. • Funnel-shaped – slightly wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly. • Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities • Extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus. • Common pathway for both air and food.
- 23. Associated Structures • Superiorly-baseof the skull • Inferiorly-continous with esophagus • Anteriorly-nose, mouth & pharynx • Posteriorly- first 6 cervical vertebrae, areolar tissue & involuntary muscle
- 24.
- 25. Nasopharynx • Superior mostregion of the pharynx. • Location: – posterior to the nasal cavity – superior to the soft palate,separates it from the posterior part of the oral cavity. • Normally, only air passes through. • Soft palate – Blocks material from the oral cavity and oropharynx – elevates when we swallow. • Auditory tubes – paired – In the lateral walls of the nasopharynx – connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear. • Pharyngeal tonsil – posterior nasopharynx wall – single – commonly called the adenoids.
- 26. Oropharynx • The middlepharyngeal region. • Location: – Immediately posterior to the oral cavity. – Bounded by the soft palate superiorly, – the hyoid bone inferiorly. • Common respiratory and digestive pathway – both air and swallowed food and drink pass through. • 2 pairs of muscular arches – anterior palatoglossal arches – posterior palatopharyngeal arches – form the entrance from the oral cavity. • Lymphatic organs – provide the “first line of defense” against – ingested or inhaled foreign materials. – Palatine tonsils • on the lateral wall between the arches – Lingual tonsils • At the base of the tongue.
- 27. Laryngopharynx • Inferior, narrowedregion of the pharynx. • Location: – Extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone – is continuous with the larynx and esophagus. – Terminates at the superior border of the esophagus • is equivalent to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage in the larynx. • The larynx (voice box) forms the anterior wall • Lined with a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (mucus membrane) • Permits passage of both food and air.
- 28. Structure • Pharynx consistsof three layers of the tissues. –Mucus membrane lining/Epithelium –Fibrous tissue –Muscle tissue
- 29. 1. Arterial bloodsupply- Facial Artery 2. Venous blood supply- Facial Veins 3. Nerve supply- Sympathetic, derived from superior cervical ganglia, and Parasympathetic from vagus(10th Cranial Nerve)
- 30.
- 31. Lower Respiratory Tract •Conducting portion – Larynx – Trachea – Bronchi – Bronchioles & Their Associated Structures • Respiratory portion – Respiratory Bronchioles – Alveolar Ducts – Alveoli
- 32. Larynx (Voice Box) •Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx superiorly • Continuous with the trachea posteriorly • The three functions of the larynx are: – To provide a patent airway – To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels – To function in voice production – It is about 33cm long in females and 44mm in males
- 33. Associated Structures • Superiorly– hyoid bone & root of the tongue • Inferiorly- continuous with trachea • Anteriorly- structures of anterior wall of the neck • Posteriorly- Laryngopharynx, 3rd -6th cervical vertebrae, involuntary muscles and loose connective tissue. • Laterally- Right and left lobes of thyroid gland
- 34. Framework of theLarynx • Cartilages (hyaline) of the larynx – Shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage with a midline laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) – Signet ring–shaped anteroinferior cricoid cartilage – Three pairs of small arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages • Epiglottis – elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
- 35. Framework of theLarynx
- 36. • Nine piecesof cartilage – three individual pieces • Thyroid cartilage • Cricoid cartilage • Epiglottis – three cartilage pairs • Arytenoids: on cricoid • Corniculates: attach to arytenoids • Cuniforms:in aryepiglottic fold – held in place by ligaments and muscles. • Intrinsic muscles: regulate tension on true vocal cords • Extrinsic muscles: stabilize the larynx
- 38. Sound Production • Twopairs of ligaments • Inferior ligaments, called vocal ligaments – covered by a mucous membrane – vocal folds: ligament and mucosa. – are “true vocal cords” • they produce sound when air passes between them • Superior ligaments, called vestibular ligaments – Covered by mucosa – vestibular folds: ligament and mucosa – Are “false vocal cords” • no function in sound production • protect the vocal folds. – The vestibular folds attach to the corniculate cartilages.
- 39. Sound Production • Thetension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the sound. – Longer vocal folds produce lower sounds – More taunt, higher pitch – Loudness based on force of air • Rima glottidis: opening between the vocal folds • Glottis: rima glottidis and the vocal folds
- 43. • Arterial BloodSupply: branches of external carotid artery • Venous drainage: drains into external jugular veins • Nerve supply: sympathetic, derived from superior cervical ganglia and parasympathetic from vagus nerve.
- 44. Trachea • A flexible,slightly rigid tubular organ of about 10-11cm long – often referred to as the “windpipe.” • Extends through the mediastinum – immediately anterior to the esophagus – inferior to the larynx – superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs. • Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea are supported by 15 to 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages. – cartilage rings reinforce and provide some rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open (patent) at all times – cartilage rings are connected by elastic sheets called anular ligaments
- 45. Trachea • Composed ofthree layers – Mucosa – made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium – Submucosa – connective tissue deep to the mucosa – Adventitia – outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- 47.
- 48. Trachea • At thelevel of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right and left primary bronchi. • Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung. • The most inferior tracheal cartilage separates the primary bronchi at their origin and forms an internal ridge called the carina.
- 49. • Arterial bloodsupply: inferior thyroid and bronchial arteries. • Venous drainage: inferior thyroid and bronchial veins. • Nerve Supply: sympathetic derived from T3-T5 Segments of spinal cord & parasympathetic from vagus nerve.
- 50.
- 51. Bronchial Tree • Ahighly branched system – air-conducting passages – originate from the left and right primary bronchi. • Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles. • Primary bronchi – Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage ensure that they remain open. – Right primary bronchus • shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus. – Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.
- 52. Main Stem Bronchi •Right bronchus – Wider – More vertical – 2.5 cm ,shorter – Supported by C shaped cartilages – 20-30 degree angle – First generation • Left bronchus – Narrower – More angular – 5cm , Longer – Supported by C shaped cartilages – 40-60 degree angle – First generation
- 53.
- 55. Bronchial Tree • Primarybronchi – enter the hilum of each lung – Also entering hilum: • pulmonary vessels • lymphatic vessels • nerves. • Secondary bronchi (or lobar bronchi) – Branch of primary bronchus – left lung: • two lobes • two secondary bronchi – right lung • three lobes • three secondary bronchi. • Tertiary bronchi (or segmental bronchi) – Branch of secondary bronchi – left lung is supplied by 8 to 10 tertiary bronchi. – right lung is supplied by 10 tertiary bronchi – supply a part of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.
- 56. • Changes alongpathway • Supportive connective tissues change – C-shaped rings – trachea, primary bronchi – Replaced by cartilage plates, secondary & tertiary bronchi • Epithelium changes – First, pseudostratified ciliated columnar – trachea – Replaced by simple columnar - bronchi – Then simple cuboidal epithelium - bronchioles and terminal bronchioles • Smooth muscle becomes important at the bronchioles - controlled by the ANS (bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation).
- 57. Respiratory Bronchioles, AlveolarDucts, and Alveoli • Contain small saccular outpocketings called alveoli. • An alveolus is about 0.25 to 0.5 millimeter in diameter. • Its thin wall is specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. • Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as in the lungs, which contain approximately 300–400 million alveoli. • The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli together. 25-57
- 59. Structures of theRespiratory Zone
- 61. An Alveolus • Hasan extensive network of capillaries • Is surrounded by elastic fibers Alveolar Epithelium • Consists of simple squamous epithelium • Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells • Patrolled by alveolar macrophages, also called dust cells • Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce Surfactant- an oily secretion which • 1) Contains phospholipids and proteins • 2) Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension
- 62. Gross Anatomy ofthe Lungs • Each lung has a conical shape. • Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm. • Its relatively blunt superior region, called the apex or (cupola), projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. • Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage. • Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. • The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.
- 63. Gross Anatomy ofthe Lungs • Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum – Root – site of vascular and bronchial attachments – Costal surface – anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces in contact with the ribs – Apex – narrow superior tip – Base – inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm – Hilus – indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
- 64. Lungs • Cardiac notch– cavity that accommodates the heart • Left lung – separated into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure • Right lung – separated into three lobes by the oblique and horizontal fissures • There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
- 67. Pleura & PleuralCavities • A double-layered sac surrounding each lung • The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura, while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by the parietal pleura. • The potential space between these serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity. • The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing.
- 69. Blood Supply toLungs • Lungs are perfused by two circulations: pulmonary and bronchial • Pulmonary arteries – supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated – Branch profusely, along with bronchi – Ultimately feed into the pulmonary capillary network surrounding the alveoli • Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
- 70. Blood Supply toLungs • Bronchial arteries – provide systemic blood to the lung tissue – Arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilus – Supply all lung tissue except the alveoli • Bronchial veins anastomose with pulmonary veins • Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart
- 71. Figure 23–16a, b TheRespiratory Muscles
- 72. The Respiratory Muscles Figure23–16c, d
- 73. 3 Muscle Groupsof Inhalation 1. Diaphragm: – contraction draws air into lungs – 75% of normal air movement 2. External intercostal muscles: – assist inhalation – 25% of normal air movement 3. Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs: – sternocleidomastoid – serratus anterior – pectoralis minor – scalene muscles
- 74. Muscles of ActiveExhalation 1. Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles: – depress the ribs 2. Abdominal muscles: – compress the abdomen – force diaphragm upward
- 77.
- 79.