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324203150-Environmental impact A-ALL (1).ppt
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT A study to identify, predict, evaluate, and communicate information about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval and implementation. An aid to the environmental planning A preventive process in environmental management. To avoid costly mistakes in project planning and development. Required under the Env’al Quality Order (Prescribed Premise) (Environmental Impact Assessment) 1987 (Refer to p.189 – Text EQA 1974).
- 2. EIA EIA E (Environmental) –begin at an EARLY stage of a development (able to identify opportunities and constraints (gives guidance in the final design of the project). I (Impact): – INTEGRATED manner ( emphasized engineering and economic aspects + env’al components). A (Assessment): – ALWAYS continue to accumulate data throughout the project cycle, monitoring the implementation of environmental protection measures and suggestion mid- course correction to the management.
- 3. OBJECTIVES OF EIA OBJECTIVESOF EIA 1. To examine and select the best from project options. 2. To identify and incorporate into project plan, appropriate abatement and mitigating measures. 3. To predict and determine significant residual environmental impact. 4. To identify the environmental costs and benefits of the project to the community.
- 4. CONCEPTS OF EIA CONCEPTSOF EIA 1. 1. Need for a project (social, economic, cultural). Need for a project (social, economic, cultural). 2. 2. Project Options (sites, design, etc.) Project Options (sites, design, etc.) 3. 3. Mitigating and abatement measures. Mitigating and abatement measures. 4. 4. Environmental data collection (e.g., geology, soil, Environmental data collection (e.g., geology, soil, land-use, water, special features, climate, etc.). land-use, water, special features, climate, etc.). 5. 5. Public participation (e.g., community needs, social Public participation (e.g., community needs, social acceptability). acceptability). 6. 6. Costs and benefits of EIA (e.g., implied values, Costs and benefits of EIA (e.g., implied values, monetary values). monetary values). 7. 7. Monitoring environmental impacts (check to improve Monitoring environmental impacts (check to improve future planning). future planning).
- 5. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS PROJECTDEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Social needs. 2. Social objectives. 3. Engineering objectives. 4. Base-line data and analysis. 5. Preparation of alternative plans – projections and formulation. 6. Selection of plans. 7. Technical, social, economic, and environmental reviews. 8. Final design. 9. Construction. 10. Operation and management. NOTE: 1-7 – Planning Phase 3-10 – Engineering involvement.(refer to Figure (Hand-out)).
- 6. PROCESS IN PREPARINGEIA PROCESS IN PREPARING EIA 1. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Dev. Objectives. Project components 2. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS – – affected by development affected by development Physical characteristics Physical characteristics Hydraulic regime Hydraulic regime Water quality Water quality Socio-economy Socio-economy ecology ecology
- 7. Process (Cont.) Process (Cont.) 3.IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS: Qualitative and quantitative Significant impact – to what extent (e.g., rainfall) – Type of rain – Type of soil – Amount of soil eroded – Effects – siltation, DO, BOD. 4. MITIGATING MEASURES Engineering measures – erosion of soil (silt trap); oil (oil trap). Environmental mngt. Plan. Project options – alternatives.
- 8. 5. MONITORING ANDAUDITING (Always). Env’al monitoring and auditing programme. Env’al management system. Continuous – periodic/ intervals. Enforcement.
- 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT System approach System approach Preliminary site and project evaluation Preliminary site and project evaluation Scoping Scoping Baseline studies Baseline studies Formatting Formatting Prediction methods Prediction methods
- 10. 1. System approach 1.System approach • Study of nature Study of nature • A major task is to sort /differentiate the changes A major task is to sort /differentiate the changes caused by a project from those changes as part of caused by a project from those changes as part of natural cycles natural cycles 2. Preliminary Site and Project Evaluation • Review report • Ask question: Why (need)?; What (area)?; • Where (location)?; When (start/end)?; How (methods); • Who and Whom? • Go to site (take a good look for yourself) • Meet local people, ketua kampung, etc.
- 11. 3. Scoping • Consultother agencies, JPS, Forestry, Fisheries, marine, etc. • For confirmation • Phone calls, fax, etc. • Consult other experts, bodies, individuals. • Geographic scope; boundary not too rigid; 3 km radius – JAS • Time horizon • Project schedule • Project phasing • long-term or short term • Scoping meeting: call for presentation; refer to past / previous EIA reports
- 12. • Ranking prioritiesand alternatives • How significant • Relevancy • Quantitative (not only qualitative). • Compare with standards. 4. 4. Baseline Studies (Refer to Handouts). Baseline Studies (Refer to Handouts). • In-situ In-situ • Desk study Desk study • Analyses Analyses • Surveys Surveys • Refer to other studies. Refer to other studies. Notes: (Systematic surveys, monitoring, existing Notes: (Systematic surveys, monitoring, existing environment, Contents of EIA (Project Devmt., environment, Contents of EIA (Project Devmt., Description of Existing Env. (physical, chemical, Description of Existing Env. (physical, chemical, biological, & human); Identification & Assessment of biological, & human); Identification & Assessment of Impacts); Mitigation Measures; EMP (Monitoring Impacts); Mitigation Measures; EMP (Monitoring Program). Program).
- 13. BASELINE STUDIES BASELINE STUDIES States existing (and past) state of the States existing (and past) state of the environment. environment. Continuously through systematic surveys and Continuously through systematic surveys and monitoring. monitoring. Data from a well-studied site – better Data from a well-studied site – better understdng. understdng.
- 14. Descriptions ofenvironment: Descriptions of environment: 1. 1. Topography and physical charact. Topography and physical charact. 2. 2. Soils and geology. Soils and geology. 3. 3. Meteorology and climatologic. Meteorology and climatologic. 4. 4. Drainage system and hydrologic regime. Drainage system and hydrologic regime. 5. 5. Land use. Land use. 6. 6. Water quality. Water quality. 7. 7. Air quality. Air quality. 8. 8. Noise levels. Noise levels. 9. 9. Traffic and transportation. Traffic and transportation. 10. 10. Socio-economic. Socio-economic. 11. 11. Amenities and utilities. Amenities and utilities. 12. 12. Flora and fauna…etc. (other relevant issues). Flora and fauna…etc. (other relevant issues).
- 15. 5. 5. Formatting Formatting • Check-list Check-list •Matrix Matrix • Sequence Sequence • Surveys Surveys • Mapping Mapping
- 16. Check-list Check-list • A reminderof all possible relationships and A reminder of all possible relationships and impacts – out which the significant issues are impacts – out which the significant issues are assessed/ analyzed in detail. assessed/ analyzed in detail. • Stimulates investigation. Stimulates investigation. Project Activities Project Activities Environmental Impact Environmental Impact 1. 1.Construction Construction •Land clearing Land clearing •Etc….. Etc….. •soil erosion soil erosion •Dust Dust •Noise.. Noise.. 2. 2.Operation Operation •Wastewater Wastewater •Etc…. Etc…. • water quality water quality • odour odour
- 17. • Leopold matrixby Dr. Luna Leopold Leopold matrix by Dr. Luna Leopold • X – axis – all development activities X – axis – all development activities • Y – axis – all relevant environmental components Y – axis – all relevant environmental components • Each intersection can be used to indicate a possible impact or give Each intersection can be used to indicate a possible impact or give ratings of magnitude and importance. ratings of magnitude and importance. Ratings (1,2,3,or 4) Ratings (1,2,3,or 4) Environmental component Project Activities Project Activities Where: 1. Significant environmental enhancement 2. Potentially significant adverse impact for which a design solution has been identified 3. Potentially significant adverse impact – insufficient data/information to make any reliable prediction. 4. Significant adverse residual impact.
- 18. Example: Example: Land clearing Land clearingEarthwork Earthwork … ….. .. Water Water 2 2 2 2 Air Air 2 2 2 2 Noise Noise 2 2 2 2 … ….. .. .. .. .. .. …… …… .. .. .. .. Human employment Human employment 1 1 1 1
- 19. Project Activities Project Activities Sourceof Pollution Source of Pollution * * Significant Significant environmental environmental Impacts Impacts * * Proposed mitigating Proposed mitigating measures measures * * Residual Residual Impacts Impacts * * DOE’s DOE’s Comment Comment * * 2. Impacts during 2. Impacts during the operation the operation phase phase a) Wastewater a) Wastewater discharge discharge • an estimated 2422 an estimated 2422 m3/d of wastewater m3/d of wastewater will be discharged will be discharged by development. by development. Sequence: *Notes: Filling out a matrix is not equivalent to performing an EIA - A matrix can systematically identify potential important impacts warranting more careful attention.
- 20. 6. Prediction Methodsand Models. 6. Prediction Methods and Models. • Extrapolation, interpolation, and analogy. Extrapolation, interpolation, and analogy. • Model. Model. • Standards. Standards. • Capacity and threshold concept. Capacity and threshold concept.
- 21. TYPICAL CONTENT OFEIA TYPICAL CONTENT OF EIA 1. 1. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. 2. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT. 3. 3. IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS. OF IMPACTS. 4. 4. MITIGATION MEASURES. MITIGATION MEASURES. 5. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (EMP) PROGRAM (EMP)
- 22. TYPICAL CONTENT OFEIA TYPICAL CONTENT OF EIA 1. 1. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DEVELOPMENT • What? Dev. Concepts, utilities, services. What? Dev. Concepts, utilities, services. • Where? Location. Where? Location. • Who? Initiator, proponents, consultants. Who? Initiator, proponents, consultants. • Why? Statement of needs. Why? Statement of needs. • Whom? Public communities who will benefit. Whom? Public communities who will benefit. • How? Project activities – esp. construction phase: How? Project activities – esp. construction phase: land clearing, earthworks, infrastr., bldgs, constr. land clearing, earthworks, infrastr., bldgs, constr. methods, wastes disposal, dredging/excavation, methods, wastes disposal, dredging/excavation, reclamation. reclamation. • When? Project schedule (duration, phasing, work When? Project schedule (duration, phasing, work schedule). schedule).
- 23. 2. 2. DESCRIPTION OFTHE EXISTING DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENT. i. i. Physical: Physical: Topography/physical charact., geology Topography/physical charact., geology & soil, drainage system & hydrologic regime; & soil, drainage system & hydrologic regime; land use; traffic & transportation; noise levels; land use; traffic & transportation; noise levels; meteorology; river morphology; etc. meteorology; river morphology; etc. ii. ii. Chemical: Chemical: Air quality; water quality. Air quality; water quality. iii. iii. Biological: Biological: Ecology; Flora & fauna; Habitat. Ecology; Flora & fauna; Habitat. iv. iv. Human: Human: Socio-economic (Social Impact Socio-economic (Social Impact Assessment – SIA); aesthetics & culture; health, Assessment – SIA); aesthetics & culture; health, safety, well-being, etc. safety, well-being, etc.
- 24. 3. 3. IDENTIFICATION &ASSESSMENT IDENTIFICATION & ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF IMPACTS Only the relevant, critical, significant Only the relevant, critical, significant impacts. impacts. Qualitative and quantitative assessment. Qualitative and quantitative assessment. Duration, frequency & intensity. Duration, frequency & intensity. Loss – tangible & intangible. Loss – tangible & intangible. Adjustment and adaptability. Adjustment and adaptability. Cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis.
- 25. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT: METHODSOF ASSESSMENT: Models. Models. Standards, limits, regulations. Standards, limits, regulations. Equations. Equations. Theory. Theory. Extrapolation, interpolation, analogy. Extrapolation, interpolation, analogy. Prediction methods and models. Prediction methods and models.
- 26. 4. MITIGATION MEASURES 4.MITIGATION MEASURES Propose measures to reduce signif. adverse Propose measures to reduce signif. adverse impacts. impacts. – Abatement - to diminish or reduce; do away Abatement - to diminish or reduce; do away with nuisance. with nuisance. – Control - directing or restraining; subject to Control - directing or restraining; subject to guidance. guidance. – Prevention - hinder, stop. Prevention - hinder, stop. – Alleviate - lessen, less severe. Alleviate - lessen, less severe. – Mitigate - reduce severity, alleviate. Mitigate - reduce severity, alleviate.
- 27. Prediction methods andmodels: Prediction methods and models: Structural measures. Structural measures. Non-structural measures – management Non-structural measures – management plan; zoning; soft approach. plan; zoning; soft approach. Give options, alternatives: practical, cost- Give options, alternatives: practical, cost- effective; social acceptance. effective; social acceptance. Construction phase: Specify all measures Construction phase: Specify all measures into the overall design improvement. into the overall design improvement.
- 28. Example of achecklist (Handout) Example of a checklist (Handout) (For rural and urban water supply and sanitation projects) Aspects of EIA – Checklist questions – Comments Aspects of EIA – Checklist questions – Comments Column. Column. Sources of Impacts (eroded materials, effluents, Sources of Impacts (eroded materials, effluents, solid wastes, etc.) solid wastes, etc.) Receptors of Impacts (aquatic ecosystems, flora Receptors of Impacts (aquatic ecosystems, flora & fauna, historical sites, etc.). & fauna, historical sites, etc.). Environmental Impacts (reduction in volume of Environmental Impacts (reduction in volume of water supply, liquid/solid wastes, fish stock, water supply, liquid/solid wastes, fish stock, diseases, etc.). diseases, etc.). Mitigating measures (will it require measures). Mitigating measures (will it require measures). Comments. Comments.
- 29. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 5.ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (EMP) PROGRAM (EMP) Final stage of EIA. Final stage of EIA. Continuous improvement – refer to EMS. Continuous improvement – refer to EMS. Post-audit. Post-audit. Compliance plan Compliance plan – commitment to comply – commitment to comply with regulations, etc. with regulations, etc.
- 30. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMS) (EMS) • Kenapa Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekeliling? Kenapa Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekeliling? • Pencemaran alam sekitar (air, udara, tanah, sungai, airbumi). Pencemaran alam sekitar (air, udara, tanah, sungai, airbumi). • Punca (industri, pembangunan). Punca (industri, pembangunan). • Kesedaran - pembangunan/ pengeluaran tidak mampan. Kesedaran - pembangunan/ pengeluaran tidak mampan. • Kesedaran pihak industri/perniagaan - mengambilkira komponen Kesedaran pihak industri/perniagaan - mengambilkira komponen alam sekitar (industri/pembangunan). alam sekitar (industri/pembangunan). • Dahulu (ia hanya seperti bercanggah dan risiko). Dahulu (ia hanya seperti bercanggah dan risiko). • Sekarang (peluang, keperluan; menjadi persaingan di dalam Sekarang (peluang, keperluan; menjadi persaingan di dalam industri). industri). • Integrasi aspek alam sekitar di dalam pembangunan, eperasi Integrasi aspek alam sekitar di dalam pembangunan, eperasi industri (ada strategi dan polisi alam sekitar; hala-tuju (objektif) industri (ada strategi dan polisi alam sekitar; hala-tuju (objektif) alam sekitar dalam pembangunan dan operasi industri). alam sekitar dalam pembangunan dan operasi industri). • Alat (kaedah) - sistematik untuk mencapai polisi dan objektif (e.g., Alat (kaedah) - sistematik untuk mencapai polisi dan objektif (e.g., Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekitar dan Audit Alam Sekitar). Sistem Pengurusan Alam Sekitar dan Audit Alam Sekitar).
- 31. • Kaedah – seragamkansecara menyeluruh, merangkumi Kaedah – seragamkan secara menyeluruh, merangkumi ‘global’ ‘global’ agar ia digunapakai oleh semua mengikut agar ia digunapakai oleh semua mengikut suatu piawaian. suatu piawaian. • Penghasilan EMS ISO 14000 (voluntary): SIRIM and ISO/TC 207. Penghasilan EMS ISO 14000 (voluntary): SIRIM and ISO/TC 207. • Generic Standards: Framework for managing env’al impacts of Generic Standards: Framework for managing env’al impacts of corporations (Refer to Table 1 (Handout). corporations (Refer to Table 1 (Handout). Why Environmental management? 1. Legislation and enforcement 2. Stakeholders’ pressure • financial institution • shareholders, employees • environmental interest group, consumers, general public. 3. Awareness, image, and reputation: responsible, care; corporate image; impact on business: liability, cost, business; interruption, negative publicity, damage to image.
- 32. 4. 4. Competitiveness: Competitiveness: • awarenessfor impacts on competitiveness of awareness for impacts on competitiveness of environmental aspects of products and environmental aspects of products and processes; processes; • Trade barriers caused by different standards Trade barriers caused by different standards for environmental performance. for environmental performance. 5. 5. Finance: Finance: • Economic instruments (taxes, levies, to Economic instruments (taxes, levies, to stimulate decreases in pollution stimulate decreases in pollution • Incentives from government, banking and Incentives from government, banking and insurance companies. insurance companies.
- 33. Other benefits (Handout): Otherbenefits (Handout): 1. 1. Reduce multiple assessments; Reduce multiple assessments; 2. 2. Continual improvement; Continual improvement; 3. 3. Self regulations; Self regulations; 4. 4. Minimize risks; Minimize risks; 5. 5. Increase profitability; Increase profitability; 6. 6. Complies to reg.’s; Complies to reg.’s; 7. 7. Improves trades. Improves trades.
- 34. ELEMENTS OF EMS(ISO 14001) ELEMENTS OF EMS (ISO 14001) 1. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY – Top mngt., – Top mngt., commitment to comply, objectives, targets, commitment to comply, objectives, targets, communication w/ employees, available to communication w/ employees, available to public. public. 2. 2. PLANNING PLANNING – Initial review - policy – – Initial review - policy – EMProgram. . EMProgram. . 3. 3. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION – – Responsibility, training, awareness, Responsibility, training, awareness, communication, EMS documentation, control, communication, EMS documentation, control, emergency response. emergency response.
- 35. 4. 4. CHECKING ANDCORRECTIVE CHECKING AND CORRECTIVE ACTION ACTION – Monitoring & measurement, – Monitoring & measurement, corrective action, records, EMS Audit corrective action, records, EMS Audit (internal & external). (internal & external). 5. 5. MANAGEMENT REVIEW MANAGEMENT REVIEW – Objective – Objective checking, findings, changes of policy, & checking, findings, changes of policy, & objectives. objectives. 6. 6. CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT – – Commitment – review- establish plan – Commitment – review- establish plan – final redefine purpose (Fig.2). final redefine purpose (Fig.2).
- 36. Isu berkaitan Alamsekitar dikendalikan dengan 3 cara: Isu berkaitan Alam sekitar dikendalikan dengan 3 cara: 1. 1. Tiada tindakan (‘NO ACTION’): • Tidak buat apa-apa – tiada tindakan terhadap apa yg berlaku ke atas alam sekitar. Sekiranya ambil tindakan - mungkin telah terlambat. • Pihak pemaju tidak nampak risiko yang akan berlaku dan atau peluang di sebalik mengambilkira isu alam sekitar. 2. Bertindak mengikut keperluan, arahan, undang-undang pematuhan (‘COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT’): • Bertindak apabila diarah/suruh terutamanya apabila berlakunya krisis. • Mengikut syarat kelulusan • Baik untuk jangka masa pendek • Suatu pendekatan yang ‘add-on’ (terasing) di dalam operasi pembangunan / industri.
- 37. 3. 3. Pro-aktif ( Pro-aktif(EMS – SISTEM PENGURUSAN ALAM EMS – SISTEM PENGURUSAN ALAM SEKITAR SEKITAR): ): • Integrasi pengurusan alam sekitar ke dalam pengurusan keseluruhan. Integrasi pengurusan alam sekitar ke dalam pengurusan keseluruhan. • Bersistematik – kualiti. Bersistematik – kualiti. • Pendekatan ‘built-in’ atau ‘day-to-dayprocess’ (i.e.,menghayatinya Pendekatan ‘built-in’ atau ‘day-to-dayprocess’ (i.e.,menghayatinya sebagai satu proses semulajadi yg tertanam di dlm. diri). sebagai satu proses semulajadi yg tertanam di dlm. diri). • Pengawasan berterusan dilakukan. Pengawasan berterusan dilakukan. • Penyediaan pelan tindakan alam sekitar ( Env. Response Plan) - di Penyediaan pelan tindakan alam sekitar ( Env. Response Plan) - di peringkat awal sebelum berlakunya apa-apa krisis lebih bersedia peringkat awal sebelum berlakunya apa-apa krisis lebih bersedia menempuh krisis. menempuh krisis. • (e.g. tumpahan minyak, pembangunan second link). (e.g. tumpahan minyak, pembangunan second link). • Kurang masalah Kurang masalah • Kurang perbelanjaan. Kurang perbelanjaan.