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This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins by noting that historically, women have faced inequality and lacked economic freedom. However, awareness has now motivated more women to become entrepreneurs and contribute to family income. The document then examines indicators of gender equality and empowerment. It outlines challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, such as lack of education, family responsibilities, and societal attitudes. Finally, the document concludes that government efforts are helping to strengthen women's roles in India by promoting entrepreneurship and empowerment.
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International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832, (Print), E- ISSN- 2320-5474, Aug-Oct, 2013 ( Combind ) VOL –V * ISSUE – 55-57
thefemalehalfofthehumanity.Economically,although
women have been making progress, still men enjoy a
largershareofthecake.Themajorityofwomenearnon
an average about three-fourth of the pay of males for
the same work. In most countries, women work
approximately twice of the male labors' work. Women
make up 31 percent of the official labor force in devel-
opingcountriesand47 percentoftheworld-widelevel.
Ruralwomen producemore than55 percentofallfood
grown in developing countries.
Problems associated with women entrepreneurs
Problemscanbedesignatedasfollows:-
I. Problem of finances arrangement
II. Limited mobility factor in case of women
entrepreneurs
Suggestions
• Promoting more flexible and innovative financial
products by banks. • Holding regular consultations
with key factors like women entrepreneurs, women
entrepreneurs'asso ciations,financial institutions,etc,
to review progress and identify new bottlenecks.
• Encouragingand rewardingdynamicrepresentative
associations of women entrepreneurs. • Promoting
and rewarding programmes that serve women
entrepreneurs. • Making full use of data gathered to
inform new policies, programmes and supportive
actions.
Objectives of TheStudy
i) To assess the preferences and aspirations for
entrepreneurship among women. ii) To understand
the awareness among women about various schemes
and agencies promoting entrepreneurship in India. iii)
To study the nature and type of initiatives under taken
by women to start their venture. iv) Toidentifymajor
factors promoting / hindering women entrepreneur-
ship v) To analyze the conversion of challenges into
opportunities.
Conclusion
ThemainconcernofthisPaperistocheckthe
efforts to strengthen the women in India by Govern-
ment. The specific areas investigated included son
preference, education, age at marriage, spousal age
differentials,employment,femalehouseholdheadship,
women's access to resources, gender relations in the
household, women's participation in decision making,
andspousalviolence.Inadditiontoexaminingprogress
toward achieving women's empowerment, the report
also examined gender differentials in selected health
and nutritional outcomes and evaluated differences by
sex in the relationship of women's empowerment and
experienceofspousalviolencewithindicatorsofthese
selected health and nutrition outcomes.
Personality traits of women entrepreneurs includes
Risk taker Proactive
Opportunist Visionary
Inventor Tolerance of ambiguity
Commercializer Desire for independence
Trader High energy
Innovator Ability to bounce back
Flexible Results oriented
Need for achievement All rounder
III. Familyresponsibilities,tiesaswellascommitments
IV. Lackofeducationandprevalentlevelsofilliteracy
amongst women
V. Scarcity of raw materials required for productive
capacities
VI. Lack of self-confidence and optimistic attitude
amongst women
VII. Absenceofpropersupportandback-upforwomen
bytheirownfamilymembersandtheoutsideworld
people
VIII. Old and outdated social outlook to stop women
from entering in the field of entrepreneurship
IX. Cut-throat competition with other group of men
and established self-sufficient entrepreneurs
X. Domination by male and ideology of male domi
nated society
[1] Pathak, H.N (2001), "Financial management issues in small scale enterprises", Management and Small Enterprises, Vol 12, No. 3, pp 45-65.
[2] Mohiuddin, Asghari (1983), 'Entrepreneurship Development Among Women Retrospect and Prospects', Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
[3] D.W. Bowe and R D Hisrich (1999) "The Female Entrepreneur, A Career Development Perspective", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No.
4, pp 109-118.
[4] D. Decenzo, R; Cuba, and A. Anish (1983), "Management Practices of successful", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 43, No. 2, pp. 30- 37.
[5] G. Nelson (1987), "Information Needs of Female Entrepreneurs", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp 167-188.
[6] Stoner, C.R. (1983), "Planning in small Manufacturing Firms, A Survey" Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp 34-41.
[7] ET Pelegrino, and B.I. Reece (1999), "Perceived Formative and Operational Problems Encountered by Female Entrepreneurs in Retail and Service
Firms", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 46, No. 3, pp. 15-25.
[8] Hindin, M.J., S. Kishor, and D.L. Ansara. 2008. Intimate Partner Violence among Couples in 10 DHS Countries: Predictors and Health Outcomes.
DHS Analytical Studies No. 18.Calverton, Maryland, USA: Macro International Inc.
[9] International Center for Research on Women 2007 New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs. ICRW:
Washington D.C.
[10] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India:
Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.--. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume II. Mumbai: IIPS.
[11] Kishor, S. 1993. May God Give Sons to All: Gender and child mortality in India American Sociological Review 58(2): 247-265. --- 2006
Population and gender. Entry in G. Ritzer (ed) Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Sociology Blackwell Publishing.
[12] G. Nelson (1995), "Information Needs of Female Entrepreneurs", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 38-44.
[13] Lakshman Rao V - Industrial Entrepreneurship in India, Chugh Publication, Allahabad, India, p. 212
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- 1. 39SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832, (Print), E- ISSN- 2320-5474, Aug-Oct, 2013 ( Combind ) VOL –V * ISSUE – 55-57 Introduction In the changed scenario, awareness has mo- tivated women to start their own enterprises and con- tribute to the family income. Now there is growing awareness among women that entrepreneurship opens up newfields for themand they can achieve their cher- ished profession which has independence and self support.Duetotheawakeninganddesireforeconomic independenceamongwomenallovertheworld,alarge number ofwomen entrepreneurs have appeared on the map of entrepreneurship. Sincegenderinequalityandwomen'sdisempowerment occur in all the different domains in which women and men interact and function, both concepts are multi- dimensional; consequently, they give rise to a large number of potential indicators. Indicators of gender equality/inequality are typically designed to compare the status of women and men on particular character- istics of interest; whereas, by definition, indicators of empowerment/disempowerment tend not to be rela- tive. Instead, indicatorsofempowerment are designed to measure roles, attitudes, and rights of women and sometimes men.Inurbanareastheyhave betterarea of work in capital intensive industries like paper and its products, leather products, rubber products, chemical products machinery and transport equipments. Entre- preneurship is a kind of profession which gives lots of space to women for developing self-respect and dig- nity of their own and family as well. This is the profes- sion of high elasticity which can never ever be over- crowded in large country like ours. In this profession a women can prove that she is capable in managing financeswhichisvitalforthesuccessofanentrepreneur. DefiningEntrepreneurs Anentrepreneurisapersonwhoisresponsible Research Paper Aug- Oct , 2013 Strengthening the Role of Women in Indian society by WomenEmpowerment * Mrs. Priyanka Sharma * Dr. Niharika *-** Co-Author(Guide)-,University-JaipurNationalUniversity,SchoolOfBusiness&Management Women constitute around half of the total world population so as in India also. They are therefore regarded as the better half of the society. In the past, there was a great distinction between men and women. Women were overburdened with the household responsibilities; their capabilities were under estimated and were not given any chance to walk out for performing any kind of task. Women are generally presumed to be weak, passive, dependent and people oriented whereas, men are considered strong, aggressive, independent and things oriented. Assumptions became reality when society prepares males and females for performance in presumed roles. In several developing countries, marriage is the only career for most women. Women have combined their activities to selected professions like education, nursing, medicine and office work. Very few women enter professions like industry, engineering, trade etc. A B S T R A C T Keywords: Women empowerment, Entrepreneurs for setting up a business In fact, he is one who has the initiative, skill for innovation and who looks for high achievements. Women as Entrepreneurs and Status of women 'Free- dom depends on economic conditions even more than political. If a woman is not economically free and self-earning, she will have to depend on her husband or someone else, and dependents are never free'. These were the ideas of Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, which vividly highlight the importance of eco- nomic independence of women. These views are an- tagonistic to the laws of Manu written much early either before or during the Christian era which stress the need to control women because of the 'evils' of femalecharacter. Women were the first human beings to taste bondage. She was treated as a slave before the slavery system existed. Her inferiority can largely be attributed to her genderpeculiarities.Plato,theGreekPhilosopher,went to the extent of saying that he was fortunate for not having been born as a woman. On the other hand history also records that women in Vedic age have played an important part in religious and social functions. The position of a wife was an honored one as no religiousceremony could he performed by the husband alone. "When women move forward, the family moves, the villagemoves".ThesewordsofPunditJawaharlalNehru are often repeated because it is an accepted fact, that only when women are in the main stream of progress, onlythenanyeconomicandsocialdevelopmentcanbe meaningful.Althoughalothasbeendonetoameliorate the condition of woman kind International Women's Day which falls on March 8 reminds us every year that much more needs to be done to ensure a better deal for
- 2. 40 International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832, (Print), E- ISSN- 2320-5474, Aug-Oct, 2013 ( Combind ) VOL –V * ISSUE – 55-57 thefemalehalfofthehumanity.Economically,although women have been making progress, still men enjoy a largershareofthecake.Themajorityofwomenearnon an average about three-fourth of the pay of males for the same work. In most countries, women work approximately twice of the male labors' work. Women make up 31 percent of the official labor force in devel- opingcountriesand47 percentoftheworld-widelevel. Ruralwomen producemore than55 percentofallfood grown in developing countries. Problems associated with women entrepreneurs Problemscanbedesignatedasfollows:- I. Problem of finances arrangement II. Limited mobility factor in case of women entrepreneurs Suggestions • Promoting more flexible and innovative financial products by banks. • Holding regular consultations with key factors like women entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs'asso ciations,financial institutions,etc, to review progress and identify new bottlenecks. • Encouragingand rewardingdynamicrepresentative associations of women entrepreneurs. • Promoting and rewarding programmes that serve women entrepreneurs. • Making full use of data gathered to inform new policies, programmes and supportive actions. Objectives of TheStudy i) To assess the preferences and aspirations for entrepreneurship among women. ii) To understand the awareness among women about various schemes and agencies promoting entrepreneurship in India. iii) To study the nature and type of initiatives under taken by women to start their venture. iv) Toidentifymajor factors promoting / hindering women entrepreneur- ship v) To analyze the conversion of challenges into opportunities. Conclusion ThemainconcernofthisPaperistocheckthe efforts to strengthen the women in India by Govern- ment. The specific areas investigated included son preference, education, age at marriage, spousal age differentials,employment,femalehouseholdheadship, women's access to resources, gender relations in the household, women's participation in decision making, andspousalviolence.Inadditiontoexaminingprogress toward achieving women's empowerment, the report also examined gender differentials in selected health and nutritional outcomes and evaluated differences by sex in the relationship of women's empowerment and experienceofspousalviolencewithindicatorsofthese selected health and nutrition outcomes. Personality traits of women entrepreneurs includes Risk taker Proactive Opportunist Visionary Inventor Tolerance of ambiguity Commercializer Desire for independence Trader High energy Innovator Ability to bounce back Flexible Results oriented Need for achievement All rounder III. Familyresponsibilities,tiesaswellascommitments IV. Lackofeducationandprevalentlevelsofilliteracy amongst women V. Scarcity of raw materials required for productive capacities VI. Lack of self-confidence and optimistic attitude amongst women VII. Absenceofpropersupportandback-upforwomen bytheirownfamilymembersandtheoutsideworld people VIII. Old and outdated social outlook to stop women from entering in the field of entrepreneurship IX. Cut-throat competition with other group of men and established self-sufficient entrepreneurs X. Domination by male and ideology of male domi nated society [1] Pathak, H.N (2001), "Financial management issues in small scale enterprises", Management and Small Enterprises, Vol 12, No. 3, pp 45-65. [2] Mohiuddin, Asghari (1983), 'Entrepreneurship Development Among Women Retrospect and Prospects', Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. [3] D.W. Bowe and R D Hisrich (1999) "The Female Entrepreneur, A Career Development Perspective", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp 109-118. [4] D. Decenzo, R; Cuba, and A. Anish (1983), "Management Practices of successful", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 43, No. 2, pp. 30- 37. [5] G. Nelson (1987), "Information Needs of Female Entrepreneurs", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp 167-188. [6] Stoner, C.R. (1983), "Planning in small Manufacturing Firms, A Survey" Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp 34-41. [7] ET Pelegrino, and B.I. Reece (1999), "Perceived Formative and Operational Problems Encountered by Female Entrepreneurs in Retail and Service Firms", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol 46, No. 3, pp. 15-25. [8] Hindin, M.J., S. Kishor, and D.L. Ansara. 2008. Intimate Partner Violence among Couples in 10 DHS Countries: Predictors and Health Outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies No. 18.Calverton, Maryland, USA: Macro International Inc. [9] International Center for Research on Women 2007 New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global Analysis of Factors and Programs. ICRW: Washington D.C. [10] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS.--. 2007. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India: Volume II. Mumbai: IIPS. [11] Kishor, S. 1993. May God Give Sons to All: Gender and child mortality in India American Sociological Review 58(2): 247-265. --- 2006 Population and gender. Entry in G. Ritzer (ed) Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Sociology Blackwell Publishing. [12] G. Nelson (1995), "Information Needs of Female Entrepreneurs", Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 38-44. [13] Lakshman Rao V - Industrial Entrepreneurship in India, Chugh Publication, Allahabad, India, p. 212 R E F E R E N C E