![Programming Levels of
Representation
High Level
Language
Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language
Program (e.g.
ARM)
Machine Language
Program (ARM)
Control Signal
Specification
Compiler
Assembler
Machine
Interpretation
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
ldr r0 , [r2, #0]
ldr r1 , [r2, #4]
str r1 , [r2, #0]
str r0 , [r2, #4]
1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000
1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100
1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000
1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0100
°
°
ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/39245147-intro-es-i-130624110449-phpapp02/85/39245147-intro-es-i-8-320.jpg)
39245147 intro-es-i
- 1. Microprocessor Systems: – A Brief Run Down
- 2. At the high end of the scale Processor: Intel Pentium 4 Frequency: 3.2GHz Power consumption: 103 W max.* Process: 90nm *Intel document no. 300561-002
- 3. At the low end of the scale Processor can consume no more than 250-300mW Embedded Devices
- 4. Where are the embedded devices?
- 5. Computer Technology Dramatic Change° Processor • 2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade ° Memory • DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last decade • Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year ° Disk • capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years • Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year • 250X size in last decade
- 6. Computer Technology Dramatic Change! ° State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…) • Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz) • Memory capacity: 4000 MegaBytes (4.0 GigaBytes) • Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes (2.0 TeraBytes) • New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera lo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 10 Kilo, Mega, etc. are incorrect Terminologies!
- 7. Challenges ° Post PC Era will be driven by 2 technologies: 1) Mobile Consumer Devices • e.g., successor to cell phone, PDA, wearable computers 2) Massive I/O interfacing v/s RAW computational power
- 8. Programming Levels of Representation High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Assembly Language Program (e.g. ARM) Machine Language Program (ARM) Control Signal Specification Compiler Assembler Machine Interpretation temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; ldr r0 , [r2, #0] ldr r1 , [r2, #4] str r1 , [r2, #0] str r0 , [r2, #4] 1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0100 ° ° ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK
- 9. SOC (System on a Chip) Example ° Hand Held PC
- 10. 5 Classic Components of a Computer Control Datapath Memory Processor Input Output Control Datapath Memory Processor Input Output Network/Bus
- 11. An Expanded View of the Memory Systems Control Datapath Hard disk (Virtual Memory) Processor Register Main Memory2nd Cache Cache Fastest Slowest Smallest Biggest Highest Lowest Speed: Size: Cost: •Cache is handled by hardware •Virtual memory is handled by and Operating System •Programmer sees only one memory and the registers
- 12. Fetch Decode Execute Cycle Instruction Fetch Instruction Decode Operand Fetch Execute Result Store Next Instruction Obtain instruction from program storage Determine required actions Locate and obtain operand data Compute result value or status Deposit results in storage for later use Determine successor instruction Control Datapath Memory Processor Input Output ALU Register s
- 13. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.13 Saeid Nooshabadi A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
- 14. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.14 Saeid Nooshabadi TOPICS TO COVER ° DEFINITION ° KEY FEATURES ° DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES ° TOOLS OF THE TRADE ° FUTURE DIRECTION
- 15. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.15 Saeid Nooshabadi WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM ° An embedded system is an applied computer system, as distinguished from other types of computer systems ° Embedded systems are embedded within another sophisticated (electronic) system, which could be any system for any kind of application. The ES do not directly interact with the environment/users. ° An embedded system is a very special computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. ° An embedded system is a computer system with higher quality and reliability requirements than general- purpose computer systems.
- 16. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.16 Saeid Nooshabadi DEFINITION (Continued) ° A very special (often tailor made) computer system put inside any Engineering product to make the final product more: • Reliable • Accurate/Precise • Feature reach
- 17. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.17 Saeid Nooshabadi KEY FEATURES OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM ° Real Time in nature (RTOS) ° Employs very specific types of components. Specific in terms of • Quantity (Memory) • Available Feature (DVS, Watch Dog Timer) • Operating System (Application commands the OS) ° Developed in an environment which is totally different from the actual. ° Power Requirement, Size & Cost are considered with great detail along with the application. ° Highly focused on Application, Business Plan and Cost. Selects Hardware, Software components and Design Process based on A,B & C.
- 18. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.18 Saeid Nooshabadi Embedded Systems and their Markets Market Embedded Device Automotive Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System Consumer Electronics Digital Televisions, Set-Top Boxes, Kitchen Appliances, Toys/Games, Telephones/Cell Phones/Pagers, Cameras Industrial Control Robotics, Process and Manufacturing Controls Medical Equipment ECG Machine, Dialysis Machines, Cardiac Monitors Office Automation Fax Machine, Photocopier, Printers, Scanners, UPS Networking ( Spl. Application) Routers, Hubs
- 19. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.19 Saeid Nooshabadi A Very Special Application A FOOTBALL
- 20. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.20 Saeid Nooshabadi DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES ° CRYSTAL CLEAR PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TO BE DECIDED/GIVEN AND BE ADHERED TO. THIS INCLUDES H/W AS WELL AS S/W COMPONENTS (PROCESS TIME). ° SELECTION OF THE PROCESSOR: • GENERAL PURPOSE ; MICRO PROCESSORS • APP. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET (ASIP); DSP,N/W PROCESSORS, MICRO CONTROLLER • APP. SPECIFIC INTERATED CIRCUIT (ASIC) ° CODE SIZE (COMPACT CODE) – IN RELATION WITH THE PROCESSOR USED. ° LANGUAGE USED: • ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ( USEFUL BUT TIME CONSUMING & ERROR PRONE) • HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (REQUIRES COMPLICATED AND COSTLY TOOLS AND COMPILER) • BALANCED DECISSION TO BE TAKEN LOOKING INTO DEVELOPMENT COST, AVAILABLE DEVELOPMENT TEAM AND TIME TO MARKET
- 21. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.21 Saeid Nooshabadi DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES (CONT..) ° POWER REQUIREMENT – ONE MAJOR ISSUE IN THIS WORLD OF MOBILE DEVICES. ° SIZE SPECIFICATION – THIS MAY BE VERY IMPORTANT IN SOME CRITICAL APPLICATION. ° RELIABILITY – AND COST TO BE INCURRED FOR THAT (REDUNDANT SYSTEM). VERY APPLICATION SPECIFIC ISSUE. ° BUSINESS PLAN ° DESIGN ENVIRONMENT • (HOST PROCESSOR / TARGET PROCESSOR)
- 22. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.22 Saeid Nooshabadi TOOLS OF THE TRADE Embedded System Life Cycle Requirement Analysis Specification Architectural Design Component Design Integration Testing S/W Architecture H/W Architecture Top Down Model
- 23. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.23 Saeid Nooshabadi TOOLS OF THE TRADE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL CHAIN FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPER EDITOR SOURCE PROG. PRE PROCESSOR OR MACRO PROCESSOR EXPANDED SOURCE CODE COMPILER OR ASSEMBLER OBJECT FILELOADER EXE FILE LINKER CODE FOR TARGET TARGET PROGRAMMER OUTPUT ALL THE COMPONENTS MENTIONED IN RECTANGULAR BOXES – ARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE
- 24. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.24 Saeid Nooshabadi TOOLS OF THE TRADE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT ; HOST & TARGET C /C++ ASSEMBLY LANG CROSS COMPILER CROSS ASSEMBLER OBJ 1 OBJ n LOCATOR CODE TARGET PROGRAMMER OUT PUT THE ENLARGED COMPONENTS ARE PARTS OF THE HOST SYSTEM
- 25. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.25 Saeid Nooshabadi FUTURE DIRECTIONS ° More and more embedded systems will be full systems on a single chip (SoC). This implies that the software and hardware designs will merge. ° As systems on chip become more complex, software distributed over multiple processors and running over different memory spaces will become common
- 26. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.26 Saeid Nooshabadi FUTURE DIRECTIONS…. ° Embedded systems will be developed in unusual applications. Products will be powered and accessed by RF beams. This will lead to convergence in our real life.. ° Existing applications will become far more sophisticated with standardized user interfaces – such as web interfaces with XML.
- 27. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.27 Saeid Nooshabadi FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DEVELOPERS ° More and more multi-disciplinary expertise will be required. For example – biology-chemistry-electronics and VLSI for bio-sensors. ° Fields of micro-processors, VLSI, communications etc. would merge for developing embedded systems.
- 28. EELC2041 lec01-Intro.28 Saeid Nooshabadi ° GOOD LUCK WITH THIS COURSE
Editor's Notes
- #3: The top of the line G5 PowerMac has 9 fans in it, in four separate cooling zones, with 21 temperature sensors. Biggest problem is actually getting heat OFF the die and into a sink to a fan. People use layers of goop or ‘grease’ in the interface. All kinds of exotic solutions are creeping up like MEMS, tiny pumps with fluid, evaporation, etc.
- #5: Mention the ubiquity of handheld devices and things that run on one battery
- #11: That is, any computer, no matter how primitive or advance, can be divided into five parts: 1. The input devices bring the data from the outside world into the computer. 2. These data are kept in the computer’s memory until ... 3. The datapath request and process them. 4. The operation of the datapath is controlled by the computer’s controller. All the work done by the computer will NOT do us any good unless we can get the data back to the outside world. 5. Getting the data back to the outside world is the job of the output devices. The most COMMON way to connect these 5 components together is to use a network of busses.