3-The-Charactersitics-Processes-and-Ethics-of-Research.pdf

CHAPTER 1
Nature of Inquiry
and Research

The Characteristics,
Processes, and Ethics of
Research

Basic Characteristics of Research
1. Research begins with a question
in the mind of the researcher
2. Research requires a plan
3. Research demands a clear
statement of the problem
4. Research deals with the main
problem through sub-problems
5. Research seeks direction through
appropriate hypotheses

Basic Characteristics of Research
6. Research deals with facts and
their meaning
7. Research is circular

Characteristics of Research
(Gary Anderson and Nancy Arsenault)
1. Research attempts to solve a
problem
2. Research involves gathering new
data from primary or first-hand
sources or using existing data for a
new purpose.
3. Research is based upon observable
experiences or empirical evidence

(Gary Anderson and Nancy
Arsenault)
4. Research demands accurate
observation and description
5. Research generally employs
carefully designed procedures
and rigorous analysis.

6. Research emphasizes the
development of generalizations,
principles or theories that will help in
understanding, prediction and/or
control
7. Research requires expertise –
familiarity with the field;
competence in methodology;
technical skill in collecting and
analyzing the data

8. Research attempts to find an
objective, unbiased solution to the
problem and takes great pains to
validate the procedures employed
9. Research is a deliberate and
unhurried activity which is
directional but often refines the
problem or question as the research
progresses

(Gary Anderson and Nancy
Arsenault)
10. Research is carefully recorded
and reported to other persons
interest in the problem.

STEP ONE: Identify the Question or
Problem
The first step in research is to
develop a research question.

STEP TWO: Review the Existing
Literature
The researchers must now learn
more about the topic they are
investigating. This does not only
provides important background
information about the issue they are
researching, but it also tells them what
other studies have already been
conducted, how they were designed,
and what those studies found.

STEP THREE: Clarify the Problem
Many times, the original
research question may be too
broad to examine. In this step, the
researcher can use the knowledge
they gained from their literature
review to narrow the focus of their
study to something more
manageable.

STEP FOUR: Clearly Define Terms
and Concepts
Terms and concepts are words
or phrases used in the statement of
the study or the description of the
study. This words often have
different definition depending on
who is reading the study.

STEP FIVE: Define the Population
In research terms, the group to
involve in the study is always called
the population.

Defining the population assists
the researcher in many ways.
1. It narrows the scope of the study
from a very large population to
one that is manageable

Defining the population assists the
researcher in many ways.
2. The population identifies the group
that the researcher’s efforts will be
focused on within the study. This
helps ensure that the researcher
stays on the right path during the
study.

Defining the population assists the
researcher in many ways.
3. By defining the population, the
researcher identifies the group that
the results will apply to at the
conclusion of the study.

STEP SIX: Select Methods of Data
Collection
This involves planning the specifics
of a study protocol, such as who will
participate; exactly what type of data
will be collected; and how, when, and
where the data will be gathered.

STEP SEVEN: Develop the
Instrumentation Plan
• The plan for the study is referred to
as the instrumentation.
• The instrumentation plan serves as
the road map for the entire study,
specifying who will participate in
the study; how, when, and where
the data will be collected; and
the content of the program.

STEP SEVEN: Develop the
Instrumentation Plan
• The plan is composed of
numerous decisions and
considerations.
• The instrumentation plan specifies
all the steps that must be
completed for the study.

STEP EIGHT: Collect Data
• Once the instrumentation plan is
completed, the actual study
begins with the collection of data.
• The collection of data is a critical
step in providing the information
needed to answer the research
question.

STEP EIGHT: Collect Data
• Depending on the plan of the
research, data can be collected
in the form of words on the survey,
with a questionnaire, through
observations, or from the
literature.

STEP NINE: Analyze Data
• Analysis of data plays an
important role in the achievement
of research aim and objective.
• Once the data has been
collected, it must be analyzed in
order to answer the original
research question.

STEP TEN: Write Your Paper
• Begin by organizing all information
that you have collected.
• The next step is the rough draft,
wherein you get your ideas on
paper in an unfinished fashion.
• This step will help you organize and
determine the form your final paper
will take.
• After this, you will revise the draft to
create a final product

STEP ELEVEN: Cite your Sources
Properly
• Give credit where credit is due;
cite your sources
• Failure to cite your sources
properly is plagiarism

Purpose of Citing Sources:
1. It gives proper credit to the
authors of the materials used;
2. It allows those who are reading
your work to duplicate your
research and locate the sources
that you have listed as
references

STEP TWELVE: Conclude your
Research
• Conclusions relate to the level of
achievement of research aims
and objectives.
• In this final part, you will have to
justify why you think the research
aims and objectives have been
achieved.

STEP THIRTEEN: Proofread
• Proofread the paper you have
created.
• Read through the text and check for
any error in the spelling, grammar,
and punctuation.
• Make sure the sources you used are
cited properly
• Make sure the message that you
want to get across to the reader has
been clearly and thoroughly stated.

STEP FOURTEEN: Share Results
There are different ways to share
the results of your research, such as:
• by publication either in print or in the
internet.
• by sending or submitting the research
report to those persons concerned or
stakeholders such as a policy makers,
government officials, company or
business executives, etc.
• Through colloquium.

Ethical Principles in Research
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Respect for Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible Publication

Ethical Principles in Research
9. Responsible Mentoring
10. Respect for Colleagues
11. Social Responsibility
12. Non-discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Animal Care
16. Human Subjects Protection

Honesty
• Strive for honesty in all scientific
communications. Honestly in
report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication
status.
• Do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
• Do not deceive colleagues,
research sponsors, or the public.

Objectivity
•Strive to avoid bias in
experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony

Integrity
•Keep your promises and
agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency
of thought and action.

Carefulness
•Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own
work.
•Keep good research activities,
such as data collection,
research design, and
correspondence with agencies
or journals.

Openness
•Share data, results. Ideas,
tools and resources.
•Be open to criticism and new
ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property
• Honor patents, copyrights, and
other forms of intellectual
property.
• Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without
permission.
• Give proper acknowledgement or
credit for all contributions to
research.
• Never Plagiarize

Confidentiality
•Protect confidential
communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel
records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication
•Publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not
to advance just for your own
career.
•Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring
•Help to educate, mentor, and
advise.
•Promote welfare and allow
them to make their own
decisions.

Respect Colleagues
•Respect your colleagues and
treat them fairly.

Social Responsibility
•Strive to promote social good
and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research,
public education, and
advocacy.

Non-Discrimination
•Avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the
basis of gender, race,
ethnicity, or other factors not
related to scientific
competence and integrity.

Competence
•Maintain and improve your
own professional
competence and expertise
through lifelong education
and learning; take steps to
promote competence in
science as a whole.

Legality
•Know and obey relevant laws
and institutional and
government policies.

Animal Care
•Show proper respect and
care for animals when using
them in research.
•Do not conduct unnecessary
or poorly designed animal
experiments.

Human Subjects Protection
•When conducting research
on human subjects, minimize
harms and risks and maximize
benefits.
•Respect human dignity,
privacy, and autonomy

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