Uploaded byAnneRostom
16,816 views

4 bi0 2b_que_20150108

The document is a biology exam paper containing multiple choice and short answer questions about various biology topics. It includes 6 questions testing knowledge of: 1) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its causes, symptoms and treatments. 2) How energy requirements change with age and activity level in females. 3) Nitrogen cycling in plants and soil, including nitrogen fixation by bacteria. 4) A salmon fish farm diagram and related concepts like biological control of parasites. 5) An experiment on seed germination conditions like temperature, light and moisture. 6) Water pollution and the biological oxygen demand of different pollutants. The paper tests a range of biology understanding, from

Embed presentation

Downloaded 340 times
Centre Number Candidate Number Write your name here Surname Other names Total Marks Paper Reference Turn over P44249A ©2015 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/ *P44249A0116* Biology Unit: KBI0/4BI0 Paper: 2B Thursday 8 January 2015 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour KBI0/2B 4BI0/2B You must have: Calculator, Ruler Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Information The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Write your answers neatly and in good English. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Pearson Edexcel Certificate Pearson Edexcel International GCSE
2 *P44249A0216* Answer ALL questions. 1 Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that follow. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is the term used to describe several lung diseases including bronchitis and emphysema. People with COPD have trouble breathing because they have damaged their lungs, usually because of smoking. Eighty per cent of people who develop COPD are, or have been, smokers. However, breathing in dust or fumes may also cause COPD. There is also a small genetic risk linked to COPD called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a molecule that protects your lungs from being digested by a protease enzyme released by white blood cells in the lungs. People who have an alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency usually develop COPD at a younger age. There are about 65 million people in the UK and 835000 are known to have COPD. There are thought to be another 2 million who have COPD but have not been diagnosed because they have not asked for medical help. They seem content to put up with what they call smoker’s cough. Sadly, there are about 25000 deaths a year in the UK because of COPD. The symptoms of COPD do not usually show until after the age of 35. They include breathlessness when exercising, persistent coughing of mucus and frequent chest infections, particularly in winter. The walls of the airways get thicker in response to inflammation, more mucus is made and the air sacs are damaged. Although any damage that has already happened to the lungs cannot be reversed, it is possible to prevent COPD from getting worse by making lifestyle changes. Chest infections are common and can be caused by bacteria or viruses. People with COPD are advised to have two vaccinations. A yearly‘flu jab’each autumn protects against possible influenza and any chest infection that may develop due to this. Vaccination against Pneumococcus, a bacterium that can cause serious chest infections, involves a one-off injection. Treatment for COPD usually involves relieving the symptoms, such as using an inhaler to make breathing easier. Other treatments such as steroids, antibiotics, breathing oxygen from a cylinder, and inhaling mucolytic (mucus-thinning) medicines are sometimes prescribed in more severe cases, or during a worsening of symptoms. 5 10 15 20 25 30
3 *P44249A0316* Turn over (a) COPD includes diseases such as emphysema (line 2). Give two causes of emphysema. (2) 1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (b) The white blood cells in the lungs release protease (a protein digesting enzyme) (line 9). Suggest the function of this enzyme in the white blood cells in the lungs. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Calculate the number of people who may have COPD that are smokers (lines 4 and 5 and lines 11 and 12). Show your working. (2) Answer ........................................................ (d) (i) Name the air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange (line 19). (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Suggest how damage to the air sacs can cause the symptom of breathlessness when exercising (line 17). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 *P44249A0416* (e) Explain how the vaccination against Pneumococcus provides protection from further infection (lines 24 to 27). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (f) (i) Suggest how mucolytic medicines help to treat the symptoms of COPD (lines 30 and 31). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Breathing in oxygen from a cylinder changes the concentration of oxygen in the air sacs. How does the change in oxygen concentration help to reduce the symptoms of COPD? (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 1 = 15 marks)
5 *P44249A0516* Turn over BLANK PAGE
6 *P44249A0616* 2 The table shows the energy requirements (in kilojoules) for females at different ages and different levels of activity. Age in years Energy requirement in kilojoules Level of activity Sitting Active 3 4 200 5 600 6 5 000 7 600 11 6 700 8 400 16 7 600 10 100 25 8 400 10 100 41 7 600 9 200 55 6 700 9 200 (a) Plot a line graph on the grid below to show how age affects the energy requirements at each level of activity. Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines. (5)
7 *P44249A0716* Turn over (b) Describe how increasing age changes the energy requirements of females. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirements of females. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)
8 *P44249A0816* 3 Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth. Most plants can only use nitrogen in the form of nitrate ions. Only legumes that have bacteria living in their root nodules can use nitrogen from the air. (a) (i) Explain how nitrate ions help plants to grow. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Name the type of bacteria that live in the root nodules of legumes. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Many animals excrete urine that contains urea. Some soil microorganisms use the enzyme urease to change urea to ammonium ions and carbon dioxide. Describe how ammonium ions can be converted to nitrate ions in the soil. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
9 *P44249A0916* Turn over (c) The graph shows the effect of different temperatures on the rate of urease activity. (i) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 10°C to 36°C. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 36°C to 50°C. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 3 = 9 marks) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 temperature in °C rateofureaseactivityinarbitraryunits
10 *P44249A01016* 4 The diagram shows a salmon fish farm in the sea. (a) Suggest three ways in which the net protects the salmon. (3) 1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ seal waste food and faeces float predatory birds wild salmon sea lice (parasite of salmon) sludge worms wrasse, a fish which feeds upon sea lice dead salmon with fungus growing on it fence salmon net
11 *P44249A01116* Turn over (b) Waste food and faeces can collect in the mud beneath the fish farm. Suggest how this could affect the growth of the salmon. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Suggest what should be done with the dead salmon with fungus growing on it. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Give the example of biological control shown in the diagram of the fish farm. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)
12 *P44249A01216* 5 A student wanted to investigate the conditions required for the germination of seeds. He set up 5 boiling tubes each containing 10 cress seeds on cotton wool sealed with rubber bungs. Tube A contained dry cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light. Tube B contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light. Tube C contained moist cotton wool and was placed in a fridge in the dark. Tube D contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the dark. Tube E contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light and contained alkaline pyrogallol to absorb oxygen. The student left the tubes for 3 days and then returned to observe the results. He measured the height of the seedlings and recorded how many had germinated. Some of his results are shown below. Tube A no seeds germinated. Tube B 9 seeds germinated with the following heights: 2.0 cm, 2.1 cm, 3.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.1 cm, 1.8 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.7 cm and 2.5 cm. Tube C one seed germinated with a height of 0.3 cm. (a) Complete the summary table to show the conditions and the results for tubes A, B and C only. (4) Tube Location Water Light % seeds germinated Average height in cm A room yes B yes C 0.3
13 *P44249A01316* Turn over (b) Explain how the student could tell whether the seeds had germinated. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The student’s teacher commented that there were too many different independent variables in his experiment. Identify the independent variables in the experiment. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Explain what the results would be for tube D. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Explain why the seeds in tube E failed to germinate. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)
14 *P44249A01416* 6 When organic material in sewage, manure, silage effluents and waste milk enters a lake or river it causes pollution. The organic material is broken down by microorganisms. This process removes oxygen from the water. The amount of oxygen removed from the water is called the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The table shows data for different pollutants. Pollutant BOD in mg of O2 per litre of pollutant treated domestic sewage 20 – 60 raw domestic sewage 300 – 400 cattle manure 10000 – 20000 pig manure 20000 – 30000 silage effluent 30000 – 80000 waste milk 140000 (a) Explain which pollutant is likely to have the most severe effect on the organisms in a river. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) A quantity of pollutant is released into a river. The effect on the organisms will depend on the BOD value and other factors. Suggest one of these other factors. (1) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
15 *P44249A01516* (c) Waste milk is one of the pollutants. Name one of the biological molecules found in milk that the microorganisms could feed on. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Suggest a reason for the difference between the BOD of raw domestic sewage and the BOD of treated domestic sewage. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 6 = 6 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS
16 *P44249A01616* BLANK PAGE

More Related Content

PPTX
Respiratory complications
byHeena Soni
 
PDF
4 bi0 2b_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 bi0 1br_que_20140519
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 bi0 1b_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 bi0 1br_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 bi0 1b_que_20150107
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 01_msc_20150305
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 01_que_20150114
byAnneRostom
 
Respiratory complications
byHeena Soni
 
4 bi0 2b_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 bi0 1br_que_20140519
byAnneRostom
 
4 bi0 1b_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 bi0 1br_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 bi0 1b_que_20150107
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 01_msc_20150305
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 01_que_20150114
byAnneRostom
 

Similar to 4 bi0 2b_que_20150108

RTF
Copd
byTaylor Hirsch
 
PDF
ctyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuoipppopd-2201011...
bybalajinandhan9447242
 
PPTX
Copd
bymarriamjaved4
 
PPT
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.ppt
bykirtonrico
 
PPTX
COPD.pptx
bySUKANYAJANGADE1
 
PPTX
COPD535.pptx
bySani191640
 
PPTX
Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.pptx
byalok choudhary
 
PPTX
Management of acute Exacerbation of COPD.pptx
byvivianOkoli1
 
PPT
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
byHoneymoonSwami.com
 
PPTX
Module 4 COPD Sujoy Tontubay healthcare respiratory.pptx
bySujoy Tontubay
 
PDF
Obstructive pulmonary disease. (pdf.io).pdf
byManoj Kumar
 
PPTX
Copd
bySandra McClain
 
PPTX
COPD Teaching Slides for UGs
bySaswat Subhankar
 
PPTX
COPD treatment and nursing manageement .pptx
bykhushnasib1
 
PPTX
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.pptx
byChandhiniLakshmanraj
 
PPT
COPD & asthma.ppt
bypradeepsingh855
 
PPTX
Copd seminar
byhemin sab
 
PPTX
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).pptx
bySerenaRambaran1
 
DOCX
Select one (1) peer-reviewed research article that you used in you.docx
byzenobiakeeney
 
PPTX
Copd
byninachrisanta
 
Copd
byTaylor Hirsch
 
ctyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuoipppopd-2201011...
bybalajinandhan9447242
 
Copd
bymarriamjaved4
 
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.ppt
bykirtonrico
 
COPD.pptx
bySUKANYAJANGADE1
 
COPD535.pptx
bySani191640
 
Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.pptx
byalok choudhary
 
Management of acute Exacerbation of COPD.pptx
byvivianOkoli1
 
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
byHoneymoonSwami.com
 
Module 4 COPD Sujoy Tontubay healthcare respiratory.pptx
bySujoy Tontubay
 
Obstructive pulmonary disease. (pdf.io).pdf
byManoj Kumar
 
Copd
bySandra McClain
 
COPD Teaching Slides for UGs
bySaswat Subhankar
 
COPD treatment and nursing manageement .pptx
bykhushnasib1
 
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.pptx
byChandhiniLakshmanraj
 
COPD & asthma.ppt
bypradeepsingh855
 
Copd seminar
byhemin sab
 
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).pptx
bySerenaRambaran1
 
Select one (1) peer-reviewed research article that you used in you.docx
byzenobiakeeney
 
Copd
byninachrisanta
 

More from AnneRostom

PDF
4 ar0 02_msc_20150305
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 02_que_20150120
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 02_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 01_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
Arabic02
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
Arabic01
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 02_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ar0 01_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 1p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_que_20150115
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 1p_que_20150114
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_que_20150115
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 1p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2pr_que_20140612
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_que_20140612
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2pr_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 1pr_que_20140515
byAnneRostom
 
PDF
4 ph0 2p_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 02_msc_20150305
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 02_que_20150120
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 02_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 01_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
Arabic02
byAnneRostom
 
Arabic01
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 02_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 ar0 01_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 1p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_que_20150115
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 1p_que_20150114
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_que_20150115
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 1p_msc_20151501
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2pr_que_20140612
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_que_20140612
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2pr_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 1pr_que_20140515
byAnneRostom
 
4 ph0 2p_msc_20140821
byAnneRostom
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Sample Research Instruments for Initial Survey.pdf
byThelma Villaflores
 
PDF
MEDINIPUR QUIZ PREMIER LEAGUE PRACTICE QUIZ SET
bySaheb Mallik
 
PPTX
DEVELOPMENTL BIOLOGY hormonal control of metamorphosis.
byKajal Kashyap
 
PPTX
Types_of_Volcanoes_Presentation.pptx Science 8 Matatag
byNekoChan623496
 
PPTX
SEMESTER- 6 UNIT-3 Child guidance clinic.pptx
bysachin7989
 
PDF
Plant propagation_Macro & Micro_Horticulture.pdf
bybisensharad
 
PDF
the famous sun temple at konark, balck pagoda, orissa
byPrachiSontakke5
 
PDF
Approaches and Methods in Political Science -EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL THOUGHT -...
byDr Raja Mohammed T
 
PPTX
COMPUTER SECURITY MODELS - Frameworks that help organizations design secure s...
byAbhishek Sonker
 
PPTX
Add stage button in kanban view in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
PPTX
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by ebadi.pptx
byEbadullah Khan
 
PDF
Palestinian, Israeli, Portuguese, Poetry
byDr. Ilyas Babar Awan
 
PPTX
An Detailed Overview of Menus in Odoo 18
byCeline George
 
PPTX
Overview of AI integration in Chatter in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
PDF
Chapter 1 ICAR Intro_Horticulturte_FoH_.pdf
bybisensharad
 
PDF
Education Research in Ireland: Listening to all voices_Selina McCoy.pdf
byEconomic and Social Research Institute
 
PDF
EVOLUTION - Theories, Pre-Darwinism, Darwinism
byANAKHA JACOB
 
PPTX
Structure and Functions of Cell (Unit I)
byPranaliChandurkar2
 
PPTX
Quotation description in Odoo 19 Website
byCeline George
 
PDF
the jain temples at mount abu Dilwara temples
byPrachiSontakke5
 
Sample Research Instruments for Initial Survey.pdf
byThelma Villaflores
 
MEDINIPUR QUIZ PREMIER LEAGUE PRACTICE QUIZ SET
bySaheb Mallik
 
DEVELOPMENTL BIOLOGY hormonal control of metamorphosis.
byKajal Kashyap
 
Types_of_Volcanoes_Presentation.pptx Science 8 Matatag
byNekoChan623496
 
SEMESTER- 6 UNIT-3 Child guidance clinic.pptx
bysachin7989
 
Plant propagation_Macro & Micro_Horticulture.pdf
bybisensharad
 
the famous sun temple at konark, balck pagoda, orissa
byPrachiSontakke5
 
Approaches and Methods in Political Science -EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL THOUGHT -...
byDr Raja Mohammed T
 
COMPUTER SECURITY MODELS - Frameworks that help organizations design secure s...
byAbhishek Sonker
 
Add stage button in kanban view in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) by ebadi.pptx
byEbadullah Khan
 
Palestinian, Israeli, Portuguese, Poetry
byDr. Ilyas Babar Awan
 
An Detailed Overview of Menus in Odoo 18
byCeline George
 
Overview of AI integration in Chatter in Odoo 19
byCeline George
 
Chapter 1 ICAR Intro_Horticulturte_FoH_.pdf
bybisensharad
 
Education Research in Ireland: Listening to all voices_Selina McCoy.pdf
byEconomic and Social Research Institute
 
EVOLUTION - Theories, Pre-Darwinism, Darwinism
byANAKHA JACOB
 
Structure and Functions of Cell (Unit I)
byPranaliChandurkar2
 
Quotation description in Odoo 19 Website
byCeline George
 
the jain temples at mount abu Dilwara temples
byPrachiSontakke5
 

4 bi0 2b_que_20150108

  • 1.
    Centre Number CandidateNumber Write your name here Surname Other names Total Marks Paper Reference Turn over P44249A ©2015 Pearson Education Ltd. 1/1/1/1/1/1/1/ *P44249A0116* Biology Unit: KBI0/4BI0 Paper: 2B Thursday 8 January 2015 – Afternoon Time: 1 hour KBI0/2B 4BI0/2B You must have: Calculator, Ruler Instructions Use black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name, centre number and candidate number. Answer all questions. Answer the questions in the spaces provided – there may be more space than you need. Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Information The total mark for this paper is 60. The marks for each question are shown in brackets – use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question. Advice Read each question carefully before you start to answer it. Keep an eye on the time. Write your answers neatly and in good English. Try to answer every question. Check your answers if you have time at the end. Pearson Edexcel Certificate Pearson Edexcel International GCSE
  • 2.
    2 *P44249A0216* Answer ALL questions. 1Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that follow. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is the term used to describe several lung diseases including bronchitis and emphysema. People with COPD have trouble breathing because they have damaged their lungs, usually because of smoking. Eighty per cent of people who develop COPD are, or have been, smokers. However, breathing in dust or fumes may also cause COPD. There is also a small genetic risk linked to COPD called alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a molecule that protects your lungs from being digested by a protease enzyme released by white blood cells in the lungs. People who have an alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency usually develop COPD at a younger age. There are about 65 million people in the UK and 835000 are known to have COPD. There are thought to be another 2 million who have COPD but have not been diagnosed because they have not asked for medical help. They seem content to put up with what they call smoker’s cough. Sadly, there are about 25000 deaths a year in the UK because of COPD. The symptoms of COPD do not usually show until after the age of 35. They include breathlessness when exercising, persistent coughing of mucus and frequent chest infections, particularly in winter. The walls of the airways get thicker in response to inflammation, more mucus is made and the air sacs are damaged. Although any damage that has already happened to the lungs cannot be reversed, it is possible to prevent COPD from getting worse by making lifestyle changes. Chest infections are common and can be caused by bacteria or viruses. People with COPD are advised to have two vaccinations. A yearly‘flu jab’each autumn protects against possible influenza and any chest infection that may develop due to this. Vaccination against Pneumococcus, a bacterium that can cause serious chest infections, involves a one-off injection. Treatment for COPD usually involves relieving the symptoms, such as using an inhaler to make breathing easier. Other treatments such as steroids, antibiotics, breathing oxygen from a cylinder, and inhaling mucolytic (mucus-thinning) medicines are sometimes prescribed in more severe cases, or during a worsening of symptoms. 5 10 15 20 25 30
  • 3.
    3 *P44249A0316* Turn over (a)COPD includes diseases such as emphysema (line 2). Give two causes of emphysema. (2) 1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ (b) The white blood cells in the lungs release protease (a protein digesting enzyme) (line 9). Suggest the function of this enzyme in the white blood cells in the lungs. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Calculate the number of people who may have COPD that are smokers (lines 4 and 5 and lines 11 and 12). Show your working. (2) Answer ........................................................ (d) (i) Name the air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange (line 19). (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Suggest how damage to the air sacs can cause the symptom of breathlessness when exercising (line 17). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  • 4.
    4 *P44249A0416* (e) Explain howthe vaccination against Pneumococcus provides protection from further infection (lines 24 to 27). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (f) (i) Suggest how mucolytic medicines help to treat the symptoms of COPD (lines 30 and 31). (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Breathing in oxygen from a cylinder changes the concentration of oxygen in the air sacs. How does the change in oxygen concentration help to reduce the symptoms of COPD? (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 1 = 15 marks)
  • 5.
  • 6.
    6 *P44249A0616* 2 The tableshows the energy requirements (in kilojoules) for females at different ages and different levels of activity. Age in years Energy requirement in kilojoules Level of activity Sitting Active 3 4 200 5 600 6 5 000 7 600 11 6 700 8 400 16 7 600 10 100 25 8 400 10 100 41 7 600 9 200 55 6 700 9 200 (a) Plot a line graph on the grid below to show how age affects the energy requirements at each level of activity. Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines. (5)
  • 7.
    7 *P44249A0716* Turn over (b)Describe how increasing age changes the energy requirements of females. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Explain the effect that the level of activity has on the energy requirements of females. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)
  • 8.
    8 *P44249A0816* 3 Nitrogen isan essential element for plant growth. Most plants can only use nitrogen in the form of nitrate ions. Only legumes that have bacteria living in their root nodules can use nitrogen from the air. (a) (i) Explain how nitrate ions help plants to grow. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Name the type of bacteria that live in the root nodules of legumes. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) Many animals excrete urine that contains urea. Some soil microorganisms use the enzyme urease to change urea to ammonium ions and carbon dioxide. Describe how ammonium ions can be converted to nitrate ions in the soil. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  • 9.
    9 *P44249A0916* Turn over (c)The graph shows the effect of different temperatures on the rate of urease activity. (i) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 10°C to 36°C. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain the change in rate of urease activity from 36°C to 50°C. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 3 = 9 marks) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 temperature in °C rateofureaseactivityinarbitraryunits
  • 10.
    10 *P44249A01016* 4 The diagramshows a salmon fish farm in the sea. (a) Suggest three ways in which the net protects the salmon. (3) 1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ seal waste food and faeces float predatory birds wild salmon sea lice (parasite of salmon) sludge worms wrasse, a fish which feeds upon sea lice dead salmon with fungus growing on it fence salmon net
  • 11.
    11 *P44249A01116* Turn over (b)Waste food and faeces can collect in the mud beneath the fish farm. Suggest how this could affect the growth of the salmon. (3) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) Suggest what should be done with the dead salmon with fungus growing on it. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Give the example of biological control shown in the diagram of the fish farm. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 4 = 9 marks)
  • 12.
    12 *P44249A01216* 5 A studentwanted to investigate the conditions required for the germination of seeds. He set up 5 boiling tubes each containing 10 cress seeds on cotton wool sealed with rubber bungs. Tube A contained dry cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light. Tube B contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light. Tube C contained moist cotton wool and was placed in a fridge in the dark. Tube D contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the dark. Tube E contained moist cotton wool and was placed at room temperature in the light and contained alkaline pyrogallol to absorb oxygen. The student left the tubes for 3 days and then returned to observe the results. He measured the height of the seedlings and recorded how many had germinated. Some of his results are shown below. Tube A no seeds germinated. Tube B 9 seeds germinated with the following heights: 2.0 cm, 2.1 cm, 3.1 cm, 2.2 cm, 2.1 cm, 1.8 cm, 2.3 cm, 2.7 cm and 2.5 cm. Tube C one seed germinated with a height of 0.3 cm. (a) Complete the summary table to show the conditions and the results for tubes A, B and C only. (4) Tube Location Water Light % seeds germinated Average height in cm A room yes B yes C 0.3
  • 13.
    13 *P44249A01316* Turn over (b)Explain how the student could tell whether the seeds had germinated. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (c) The student’s teacher commented that there were too many different independent variables in his experiment. Identify the independent variables in the experiment. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Explain what the results would be for tube D. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (e) Explain why the seeds in tube E failed to germinate. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)
  • 14.
    14 *P44249A01416* 6 When organicmaterial in sewage, manure, silage effluents and waste milk enters a lake or river it causes pollution. The organic material is broken down by microorganisms. This process removes oxygen from the water. The amount of oxygen removed from the water is called the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The table shows data for different pollutants. Pollutant BOD in mg of O2 per litre of pollutant treated domestic sewage 20 – 60 raw domestic sewage 300 – 400 cattle manure 10000 – 20000 pig manure 20000 – 30000 silage effluent 30000 – 80000 waste milk 140000 (a) Explain which pollutant is likely to have the most severe effect on the organisms in a river. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) A quantity of pollutant is released into a river. The effect on the organisms will depend on the BOD value and other factors. Suggest one of these other factors. (1) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  • 15.
    15 *P44249A01516* (c) Waste milkis one of the pollutants. Name one of the biological molecules found in milk that the microorganisms could feed on. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (d) Suggest a reason for the difference between the BOD of raw domestic sewage and the BOD of treated domestic sewage. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (Total for Question 6 = 6 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS
  • 16.