4. report writing & presentatioins

Research Report
&
Presentation
1
Dr. RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

Guidelines of Writing
the Research Report
2
Dr. RS Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

Types of Research
• Primary research involves gathering new
ideas and information on your own.
• Secondary research involves gathering
and analyzing the results of other people‟s
primary research.

Ways to Relate Ideas
• Chronological order: from first event to last
event or from last event to first event.
• Spatial order: by arrangement in space.
• Classification: in groups sharing similar
properties or characteristics.
• Order of degree: according to
importance, value, interest, obviousness, certain
ty, or similar quality.
• Cause-and-effect order: from cause to effect or
from effect to cause.

• Comparison-and-contrast order: from similarities to
differences or from differences to similarities.
• Analytical order: according to parts and relationships
among the parts.
• Inductive order, or synthesis: from specific
examples to generalizations based on those
examples.
• Deductive order: from general to specific
conclusions.
• Order of impression, or association: according to
the sequence in which things strike one‟s attention.
• Hierarchical order: from class to subclass (group
within a class) or from subclass to class.

6
The Research Report
– Title page
– Table of contents
– Summary
– Introduction
– Results
– Conclusion
– Recommendations
– Introduction
– Body
– Methodology
– Results
– Discussion
– Conclusions, Limitation and recommendations
– Appendix
– Questionnaire
– Sampling methodology and definition
– Other tables not in the report
– Bibliography
• Completeness
• Accuracy
• Clarity

• Organization of the report:
– Preliminary pages:
title page, page with signature
of guide & Head of
Institution, acknowledgement,
table of content, list of
tables, list of figures.
7Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

Main body:
•Chapter I: Introduction:
Background, need or
justification, problem
statement, objectives, definition
terms/operational
definitions, conceptual
framework, variables, hypotheses, assu
mptions, delimitations, organization of 8Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

•Chapter II:Review of
research literature in
relevant sections related
to the problem; at the end
give a summary.

• Chapter III: Methodology:
Research
approach, setting, population
sample size and
technique, development of tools –
reliability, validity, objectivity, pretest
ing, pilot study, procedure for data
collection and plan of analysis.

• Chapter IV: Data
analysis & interpretation:
Organization of analyses
according to the objectives
and hypotheses; use tables
and graphs.

• Chapter V:
Summary, discussion, conclusio
n, implication and recommendation
• References, Bibliography:
Use approved reference style
• Appendices

Writing Style
• Use past tense for chapter I to III.
For chapter IV use past or present
tense appropriately e.g. "data were
analyzed", "data are presented in
table 1"
• Write in third person
• Use approved abbreviations
only, "e.g., i.e.”

• Do not begin a sentence with a number
e.g. "40% of mothers were anemic"
instead write "Forty percent of mothers
were anemic".
• Any number that is less than ten is
written in words, e.g. "One out of six
patients …….. "
• Write short sentences, Avoid
compound sentences.
• Avoid long paragraphs.

Guidelines:
• Double space
• Page Number:
- Preliminary Pages: roman small- I, ii, iii etc
- Text: from CH- I, - Arabic- 1, 2, 3 etc till last
• Table No-1, 2, ( Table 1) with title just
below and centre, above table.
• Appendix before references
• References at last

Guidelines:
• Font size: TNR
- title: 16
- Other title and main heading: 14
- Body of text: 12
- Read APA Guidelines for writing
• References: only relevant and cited sources
• Bibliography: Consulted Materials
• Follow: APA guidelines

Guidelines:
• Final Copy:
- Type in one side
- 16-20 bond quality paper, size A-4
- Use black ink only, use, Times New Roman Font only
- Free of Mistakes and Correct Spelling and
Punctuation
- Number of copies: 7 = original copy photocopied.
- Final binding after approval from guide
- Uniformity: Color of binding, formats, writing,
references of All students (VVI)

Research
Presentation
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS 18

Oral Presentations
• Art of communicating effectively
• Individual difference/uniqueness
• Last is first: the summary or conclusion slide, no
more than five key slides
• All preparations should be before 15 minutes
• Keep focus on message
• Do not memorize your presentations
• Explain using points
• Wear appropriate dress: avoid over/under

Oral Presentations…
• Pace your self: avoid too slow or too fast,
give at least 10 seconds per slide
• Necked audience: fear in presenting large
group is more than death, concentrate and
relax
• Control your audience not computer/A-V
aids
• Deferring questions: you are the best judge
to decide how to handle
• Measuring your audience: eye contact

Oral Presentations…
• The power of language: to express ideas
• Humor: use judiciously
• Quotations: only appropriates
• The audience is sacred : respect them
• Finish: early/on time
• Practice: makes men perfect

Five things to do:
Rehearse
1. Find out: interesting, memorable &
confusing
2. Test all your equipment in advance
3. Include necessary contents only
4. Have a backup plan: alternatives
5. Introduction, objectives, results &
conclusion

Five things your audience to
do
1. Stay awake
2. Receive the information they
seek
3. Get your message
4. Use supporting materials for
clarity
5. Act on your information

Five things to do when you
finish:
1. Thank them
2. Make materials available
3. Make your self available
4. Provide them with a method of reaching you
5. Get feedback: for improvement
Review your last presentation and correct it.

VIVA VOICE
• Viva voce is an oral examination conducted
by word of mouth.
• Examines the competencies of researcher.
• The examiner can see:
- whether it‟s your own work?
- whether you understand what you did?
- whether it‟s worth: contribution to
knowledge

VIVA VOICE…
• Preparing for viva: before you submit
• Preparing for viva: after you submit
• Personal preparation
• Possible viva questions: make ready to
answer

Research Presentation Evaluation Criteria
SN Criteria
1 Tile of the study
2 Significance or need of the study
3 Objective of the study /Hypothesis & literature review
4 Methodology (brief):
Design
Settings/place
Population
Sample and sample size
Sampling methods
Research tool (validity reliability):
5 Findings/Results – (only related major findings)
6 Recommendations
7 Presentation
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS
27
Time: 20 Minutes presentation
5 minutes discussion
Comment:

Report Writing: Review
• One idea per sentences only
• Not more than 20 words per sentences
• Not more than 5 sentences per paragraph
• Not more than 3 paragraph per heading
• Do not use that or which more than one
per sentences
• Check spelling and grammar
• Acknowledge: original source

RULES FOR MAKING A TABLE
1. Should be self explanatory
2. Should always have table number & title
3. Names of the variables (units) must be
mentioned
4. Choice of row and column
5. Number should always add to the group
total

• Percentages should be rounded to make
total 100.0
• Number of digits after the decimal
place(output)
• Table and text could co-exist on the same
page
• For binary variable, one category and the
total can be given
• For quantitative variable, specify (mean,
SD, median, range, etc.)
RULES FOR MAKING A TABLE (contd.)

RULES FOR MAKING A DIAGRAM
1. As simple as possible and self-explanatory
2. Mostly to show important points
3. Table followed by a diagram, not advisable
4. Must specify: names of variables, units,
legends
5. Like tables, graph and text can be on the
same page
6. Golden rule is that it should speak by itself

Thank You

Plagiarism: Catching the Cheats

•Deliberate plagiarism is cheating.
•Deliberate plagiarism is copying the work of others
and turning it as your own.
•Whether you copy from a published essay, an
encyclopedia article, or a paper from a fraternity's
files, you are plagiarizing.
•If you do so, you run a terrible risk. You could be
punished, suspended, or even expelled.

•The verbatim copying of others work
without acknowledgement.
• The close paraphrasing of others
work by simply changing a few words
of altering the order of presentation.
• The unacknowledged quotation of
phrases.

Catching the Cheats

Turnitin Programme: The turnitin software
programme is widely available for originality checking and
submitting the online assignments of the student to their
concerned teachers.
This programme has the facilities of assignment submission
on online, originality checking, peer marking, grading the
assignments, marking the assignment and feedback the
students.
This programme requires individual user account and
passwords. Now a day in western universities it is commonly
used and in India it‟s use is rapidly increasing.
The detail of the programme and online audiovisual
demonstration is available at www.turnitin.com

iThenticate Programme:
This programme iThenticate has the facilities of
Plagiarism or Duplication prevention, IP
Protection, and Doc-to-Doc Comparison.
iThenticate offers the ultimate in context
verification technology, whether ensuring contents
integrity, discouraging, misappropriation of
property content or performing textual comparison
between documents

Cross-Check received the Association
for Learned and Professional Society
Publishers Award for Publishing
Innovation in 2008.
The details of the programme
iThenticate along with audiovisual
demonstration is available at
www.lithenticate.com

Thank you

Top-10 tips for writing a paper

• what is the “elevator pitch” of your story?
1: Every paper tells a story
• the story is not what you did, but rather
– what you show, new ideas, new insights
– why interesting, important?
• why is the story of interest to others?
– universal truths, hot topic, surprises or
unexpected results?
• know your story!
elevator pitch = summary that is short enough
to give during an elevator ride

2. Write top down
• computer scientists (and most human
beings) think this way!
• state broad themes/ideas first, then go into
detail
– context, context, context
• even when going into detail … write top
down!

3 Introduction: crucial, formulaic
• if reader not excited by intro, paper is lost
• recipe:
– para. 1: motivation: broadly, what is problem area,
why important?
– para. 2: narrow down: what is problem you
specifically consider
– para. 3: “In the paper, we ….”: most crucial
paragraph, tell your elevator pitch
– para. 4: how different/better/relates to other work
– para. 5: “The remainder of this paper is structured
as follows”

4. Master the basics of organized writing
• paragraph = ordered set of topically-related
sentences
• lead sentence
– sets context for paragraph
– might tie to previous paragraph
• sentences in paragraph should have logical
narrative flow, relating to theme/topic
• don‟t mix tenses in descriptive text
• one sentence paragraph: warning!

5. Put yourself in place of the reader
• less is more:
– “I would have sent you less if I had had time”
– take the time to write less
• readers shouldn‟t have to work
– won‟t “dig” to get story, understand context, results
– need textual signposts to know where „story” is
going, context to know where they are
• good: “e.g., Having seen that … let us next develop a model for
…. Let Z be ….”
• bad: “Let Z be”
• what does reader know/not know, want/not want?
– write for reader, not for yourself

6. Put yourself in place of the reader
• page upon page of dense text is no fun to
read
– avoid cramped feeling of tiny fonts, small
margins
– create openess with white space: figures, lists
• enough context/information for reader to
understand what you write?
– no one has as much background/content as you
– no one can read your mind
– all terms/notation defined? 47Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

7. No one (not even your mother) is
as interested in this topic as you
• so you had better be (or appear) interested
• tell readers why they should be interested in
your “story”
• don‟t overload reader with 40 graphs:
– think about main points you want to convey with
graphs
– can‟t explore entire parameter space
• don‟t overload reader with pages of equations
– put long derivations/proofs in appendix, provide
sketch in body of paper

8. State the results carefully
• clearly state assumptions (see
overstate/understate your results)
• experiment/simulation description: enough info
to nearly recreate experiment/description
• simulation/measurements:
– statistical properties of your results (e.g., confidence
intervals)
• are results presented representative?
– or just a corner case that makes the point you want to
make

9. Don’t overstate/understate
your results
• overstatement mistake:
– “We show that X is prevalent in the Internet”
– “We show that X is better than Y”
when only actually shown for
one/small/limited cases
• understatement mistake: fail to consider
broader implications of your work
– if your result is small, interest will be small
– “rock the world”

10. Study the art of writing
• writing well gives you an “unfair advantage”
• writing well matters in getting your work
published in top venues
• highly recommended:
– The Elements of Style, W. Strunk, E.B. White,
Macmillan Publishing, 1979
– Writing for Computer Science: The Art of Effective
Communication, Justin Sobel, Springer 1997.
• who do you think are the best writers in your
area: study their style

11. Good writing takes times
• give yourself time to reflect, write, review,
refine
• give others a chance to read/review and
provide feedback
– get a reader‟s point of view
– find a good writer/editor to critique your writing
• starting a paper three days before the
deadline, while results are still being
generated, is a non-starter

Thank You

4. report writing & presentatioins

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