410510021-Uses-and-Properties-of-the-Following-Materials-Depend.pdf
- 1. USES AND PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS DEPENDING ON THEIR STRUCTURE
- 2. MEDICAL IMPLANTS, PROSTHESIS Medical implants are devices or tissues that are placed inside or on the surface of the body. Many implants are prosthetics, intended to replace missing body parts. Other implants deliver medication, monitor body functions, or provide support to organs and tissues. With the unique responsiveness and rational design in terms of clinical needs, responsive polymers have been used to facilitate the deployment or removal if the devices with minimum damage to the host tissue, support function of current devices to treat ailments, deliver drugs, control infection, or monitor psychological factors or biomolecules.
- 3. Medical implants restore damaged parts, certain devices or tissues are implanted inside or on the surface of the patient. These also include prosthetics which mean artificial body parts. Others have function like monitoring body functions, delivering medication or providing support to organs and tissues. Some implants are derived from body parts while others are fabricated using metals and alloys. These can be incorporated permanently or may be removed after certain time. Surgical implants have enough risks. They may induce allergies, swelling or other immunological problems. They may have chances to break and even cause internal damage. More research is being carried on to reduce the risk and use them for benefits. Orthopedics Breast implants Cosmetic implants Sensory and neurological implants
- 4. Think about the materials we use in buildings and structures. Glass, iron, wood, and plastics are generally solids, but in buildings they do different jobs and behave in very different ways. The most important consideration is the way a material responds to forces, known as its mechanical properties. Building materials need to withstand different types of forces that squeeze them (putting them into compression), stretch them (putting them into tension), or twist them (shearing them). Most buildings have to do little more than withstand gravity; some have to be designed to cope with more extreme forces such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Mechanical properties are part of the physical properties of a material. Other physical properties include whether materials conduct heat and electricity, whether they let light pass through them, and how they age or weather (do they rust like iron, rot like wood, or degrade in sunlight like certain plastics?).
- 5. SPORT EQUIPMENT Sporting equipment, also called sporting goods, has various forms depending on the sport, but it is essential to complete the sport. The equipment ranges from balls, to nets, and to protective gear like helmets. Sporting equipment can be used as protective gear or as tool used to help the athletes play the sport. Among these characteristics are strength, ductility, density, fatigue resistance, toughness, modulus (damping), and cost. To meet the requirements of sports equipment, the materials of choice often consist of a mixture of material types—metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite concepts.
- 6. Aside from the structural design of the equipment, it is equally important to choose the correct materials to use for each part of the equipment to achieve its optimum performance. The design gives provisions for unwanted dissolutions, melting, or breakage of any part of the equipment when used or worn. For example, materials used for tennis rackets and bicycle frames are lightweight to allow easy movement for the user and durable enough and longer time of usage since great force is applied when using them. For these purposes, composites are used. Composites are materials that have two or more constituents joined together by different bonding forces and result to a property distinct from that from that of the original materials. Examples are the carbon fiber composites, whose durability results from its webbed fibers, providing additional strength to its structure. Composites of titanium or tungsten with graphene or carbon are used in rackets. Composites are also used for some equipment, such as pole vaults, which require high resistance to strain. For gym equipment, which require high strength, pure metals or alloys(metals mixed with another metal or nonmetal to reinforce its strength) are specifically used.
- 7. ELECTRONIC DEVICES Electronic materials are the type of materials which are typically used as core elements in a variety of device applications. These elements can be, for example, memories, displays, LEDs and could be easily seen in daily electronic gadgets such as mobile phones, computers, laptops, tablets, GPS devices, LED bulbs, TVs and monitors. Changing dimensions and level of functionality requires continuous efforts to develop state of the art materials to meet the technological challenges associated with development of these devices. For example, transition from CRT based displays to LCD and then LED based displays could not have been possible without development of materials such as liquid crystals, organic semiconductors and electroluminescent materials. Similarly, high density storage capacity would not have been possible without development of materials with high permittivity and permeability in dielectrics and magnetic materials. Same can be said about the processor’s with every increasing data processing speed as the technology has progressed from 486 based platforms to quad core or octa core processors.
- 8. All of the above has been possible because of continuous efforts to improve fundamental understanding about the electronic properties of various materials and at various length scales as well as forms. This is complemented by concurrent advances in the processing and fabrication technologies, in particular related to thin film and nanostructure processing. Electronic properties of a material are governed by the response of electrons and other charged entities to external stimulus such as electrical potential difference and its variation, incident electromagnetic radiation, magnetic field, heat, mechanical forces etc. The response to external stimulus is strongly correlated with the internal structure of material at different length- scales, chemical composition, both intrinsic and extrinsic defects, as well as dimensionality (zero, one, two or three dimensional) of the material. The field of Science and Technology of Electronic Materials involve understanding these correlations, as well as development of technologies for the synthesis/fabrication of materials with desired electronic properties.
- 9. CONSTRUCTION SUPPLIES FOR BUILDING FURNITURE Any material that is used in construction and development is termedengineering or construction materials. The selectionof material for the purpose of manufacturing is based on its physical and mechanical properties. Elasticity Plasticity Ductility Toughness Strength Hardness Creep Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many natural substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from natural materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building materials is an establishedindustry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically divided into specifictrades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.
- 10. HOUSEHOLD GADGETS Household appliances or gadgets are electrical and/or mechanical machines which can (1)accomplish some household functions such as cooking; (2) make the living space more comfortable by cooling the surroundings; or (3) provide entertainment. Cooking appliances are used to heat food ingredients during the cooking process. Examples include toaster, oven, boiler, coffee maker, hot plate, and rice cooker. Most of the cooking appliances are powered by electricity. Hence, they are mostly made of electrical conductors such as steel, aluminum, and copper. To protect the users from electric shock, their handles are often made of polymers for electrical insulation. Most home electronics have electronic panel displays. A typical example of material used in display is the liquid-crystal display (LCD). LCD is made up of liquid crystal, a state of matter between solid and liquid. A liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules are oriented in a crystal-like manner.
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