![AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011
Study and Development of an Energy
Saving Mechanical System
Zheng (Jeremy) Li
University of Bridgeport/Department of ME, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
zhengli@bridgeport.edu
II. INTRODUCTION
Abstract:- A new energy-saving mechanical system with
automatically controlled air valves has been proposed by
investigator and the preliminary model setup has been tested.
The testing results indicated the proper function of this
energy-saving mechanical system. This mechanical system
model has been simulated and analyzed by the computational
aided engineering solution. The major advantages of this
mechanical system include: simple and compact in design,
higher efficiency in mechanical functioning, quiet in
manufacturing operation, less energy losses due to less
frictional forces in this free piston-cylinder setup, selfadjustable in operational parameter to improve the system
performance, and etc.
The energy-saving mechanical systems applied in
refrigerating units have been studied in the past and different
R&D research work has been done to improve its function
and implement more energy-saving features ([1] and [2]). In
this paper, the investigator proposes a new energy-saving
mechanical system with automatically controlled air valves
and the prototype has been verified through the
computational modeling simulation and lab testing. The
simplified prototype and its functioning cycle are indicated
in Fig. 1 and 2. This new mechanism makes the mechanical
system more simply and compact. The gas pressure can be
self-adjusted by two automatic valves AV controlled by PLC
program in the control unit and the free piston’s travel is also
controlled by two electric sensors ES to improve the system
performance over different environmental conditions. In
addition, partial compressive work within middle fluctuating
cavity in this new system can be converted to the useful
work compared with some mechanical/thermal systems such
as Solvay system in which no energy can be retrieved from
middle cavity where the total compressive work is exhausted
to the air as the heat ([3] and [4]). Also the thermal efficiency
of the mechanical system has been improved because the
refrigerating energy capacity can be delivered through two
ends of cylinder. The mechanical vibration has been
significantly reduced due to its symmetrical balancing setup.
The phase angle of its performance and functional curves
can be self-adjusted with PLC program through the
automatically controlled valves to improve the system
performance and efficiency.
Keywords:- Energy saving, Computational modeling, System
optimization, Finite element analysis
I. NOMENCLATURE
V c (V’ c ) - volumes of right and left compressive
cylinders
Ve (V’e) - volume of right and left expansive cylinders
F (F’) - free pistons in right and left expansive cylinders
Vmc (V’mc) - middle fluctuation cavities in right and left
expansive cylinders
Ph - high pressure
Pl - low pressure
Ag - cross section area of working gap
r - positive constant characteristic of the system with the
units of 1/time, and is sometimes expressed in terms of a time
constant r = 1/t0
T(t) - temperature at the time t
T(0) - initial temperature at zero time, or t = 0
T (0) - initial temperature difference at time 0
III. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
Vk - volume of clearance
H - compressive piston
Α, β - crank turning angle at different time
T c , T e , T k - temperatures in compressive chamber,
expansive chambers and clearance cavity,
R - gas constant
Mi - mass in expansive chamber, compressive chamber and
clearance cavity with i indicating the index of compressive,
expansive and clearance volumes
Mt - total gas mass in this energy-saving system.
Ye - moving distance of free piston
Yo - maximum moving distance of free piston
m - mass of free piston
w - turning angle speed of crank
© 2011 AMAE
DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586
The system cycle can be analyzed based on Fig.1 and
2. Two air-controlled valves, two electric sensors, two
compressive cylinders Vc (V’c), two expansive cylinders Ve
(V’e) are symmetrically installed in this system. In addition,
two identical free pistons F (F’), one fixed plate G with a tiny
hole on the middle of it and two middle fluctuation cavities
Vmc (V’mc) are also indicated in the pictures. Due to its
symmetrical configuration, only right side, namely Vc, Ve and
Vmc, compressor piston H and free piston F required to be
studied and analyzed. The initial condition of this mechanical
system is indicated in Fig.1 with its steady working condition
being reached at its first stage of the cycle, piston H being at
the bottom position in the compressive chamber and free
piston F being at the right end of expansive chamber. Since
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![AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011
the gaseous media with high pressure (P=Ph) flows into Vmc
through a tiny hole at the end period of last functioning
cycle, gaseous media with low pressure (P=Pl) in Vmc gas
has been mixed with high-pressure gaseous media. The mixed
pressure in Vmc is Pwa. While H starts to move upward in Vc,
gaseous media in Vmc is assumed not flowing into V’mc since
the moving speed of the piston is so fast and the diameter of
hole is so tiny. Because the gaseous pressure in left side of F
is higher than the right side of F (Pmc = Pwa >Pe), F is not
moving and Pe is reaching to Ph and Ve is increasing from zero
to V2 as H is continuously moving up. This process is
indicated as curve 1-2 in Fig.3 and then gaseous media in
Vmc enters V’mc. In this period, pressure at the left and right
sides of F is same and F moves to the left with constant
speed. When crank angle α reaches 180°, Ve increases from
V2 to V3 and this process is shown as line 2-3. In the earlier
stage that H moves downwards in Vc, F does not move since
the gaseous media in V’mc is assumed not entering Vmc. Pe
reduces from P3 to P4 with corresponding course 3-1. As H is
continuously moving downwards in Vc, gaseous media in
V’mc is flowing into Vmc through tiny hole and F is moving to
the right end in the expansive chamber in constant speed
and corresponding process is 4-1. This concludes the full
functioning cycle including all the above processes. With
the addition of two automatically controlled valves, the
gaseous pressure in Vmc and V’mc can be self-adjusted to
change the phase angles of all performance curves to improve
the mechanical and thermal functions of the system through
PLC controlled automatic valves. Two electric sensors at two
ends of the expansive chambers can monitor the motion of
free pistons that can be fed back to the PLC unit to readjust
the mechanical and thermal parameters to optimize the system
function.
Figure 3. P-V Diagram of System Cycle in
Expansive Chamber
IV. COMPUTATIONAL MODELING
This new mechanical prototype has being tested and
the experimental results indicated that this new energy-saving
system is feasible in function and performance. The
computational modeling and analytic simulations have been
performed to study and verify the functionality of this
automatically controlled mechanical system and all functional
parameters can be determined as follows. If T(t) is the
temperature of expansive chamber at time t, and Tenv is the
environmental temperature around this mechanical system,
then
dT (t )
= -r (T – Tenv)
(1)
dt
The solution of this differential equation can be
determined by integration and substitution of boundary
conditions:
T(t) = Tenv + [T(0) - Tenv ] e-rt
(2)
If:
(3)
T (t ) is defined as T(t) – Tenv
then the Newtonian solution is written as:
(4)
T (t ) = T (0 ) e-rt
Because the piston H in compressive chamber moves in
sine law, we can get
Vc(α)=
1
*N*Vco*[1+cos(α)]
2
If Vk is the volume of clearance, then
V=Vk+Vc+Ve
P = R*
Mi * [
Tk Te Tc
]
Vk Ve Vc
(5)
(6)
(7)
When compressive piston H moves up with crank turning
Figure 1. Prototype
to some angle ,
(Pe–Pme)*S=Ff
P()=R*Mi * []
(9)
Assume:
W=,L=,Q=,
Combine (3) and (5):
Vc( )
Veo
P=P( )*{
Ve
Vc( ) }
L *W
*Q
Veo
Veo
(8)
L *W
From equation (10), the solution of P = P(α) can be determined
after relation between Ve and α being found. The differential
Figure 2. Simplified Energy-Saving Mechanism
© 2011 AMAE
DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586
(10)
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![AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011
equation of motion for free piston can be indicated, based on
Newton’s second law, as follows:
m*(d2Ye/dt2)=Pe–Pmc)*S–Ff
(11)
Combine equations (10) and (11):
Ve( )
Vc( )
Veo = P(β)*[L*W+
* m *W 2 *
Veo
2
d
d 2[
Yo
Ve( ) Vc ( )
* (L *W Q *
S
Veo
Veo
2 * Veo * S * ( Pl Ph ) * m * W *Yo ]
(12)
Figure 6. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Volume Ratio
Ve/Vt in Expansive Chamber
So P ( ) can be calculated by the following equation:
d 2Vc( )
0
(13)
d 2
Also, Vc () can be determined by formula (9).
Based on the computer modeling and numerical analysis,
Vc(α ) in (12) and P(α ) in (10) can be determined. Through the
computational simulation and solutions, the relations among
all functional parameters can be shown in Figs.4, 5, 6, 7 and 8,
which indicate the proper and feasible function of this
automatically controlled energy-saving mechanical system.
The results show that the refrigerating temperature can reach
to 152°K and the output refrigerating capacity is 388 Btu/hr
with media gas of nitrogen and crank turning speed of 150 r/
min. The refrigerating temperature over time is indicated in
Fig.4, the relation that P/Pmax changes with α is shown in
Fig.5, the indicator cards in expansive chamber and full system
are presented in Fig.6 and 7, and the distributions of mass
(Me in expansive chamber, Mc in compressive chamber and
Mk in clearance cavity) are found in Fig.8. All these diagrams
indicated that this automatically controlled energy-saving
mechanical system functions properly because all parameter
performance curves of pressure and mass in this machinery
system are feasible and acceptable. The above computational
solution also closely matches the testing results from
prototype.
Figure 7. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Volume Ratio
V/Vt in Total Chamber
Figure 8. Mass Ratio Mi/Mt over Crank Angle α
in Compressive, Expansive Chambers
and Clearance Cavity
V. CONCLUSION
The feasible functioning of this automatically controlled
energy-saving mechanical system has been verified through
the thermodynamic study, theoretical mechanism analysis,
computational modeling simulation, and prototype testing.
The major advantages of this system are that its performance
can be easily controlled and optimized by adjusting the
automatically controlled valves and monitoring of free
piston’s movement through the electric sensors, system is
simple and compact, vibration is significantly reduced due to
its symmetrical structure, performance efficiency is improved
because its refrigerating capacity can be carried out through
both ends of the cylinder.
Figure 4. Refrigerating Temperature over Time
Figure 5. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Crank Angle α
© 2011 AMAE
DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586
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![AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011
REFERENCES
[3] N. Zhang and A. D. Rosato, “Analysis of Instantaneous
Dynamic States of Vibrated Granular Materials”, Mechanics
Research Communications 31 [5], 525-544, (2004).
[4] W. Y. Lai, B. Duculescu and P.E.Phelan, “Convective Heat
Transfer With Nanofluids in a Single 1.02-mm Tube”, 2006 ASME
International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, November
2006.
[1] J. Liu and A. D. Rosato, “Migration of An Intruder in a Boundary
Driven Granular Flow”, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 17,
S2609-S2622, (2005).
[2] Bao Yang & Zenghu Han, “A New Type Of Nanoengineered
Heat Transfer Fluids: Nanoemulsion Fluids”, 2006 ASME
International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,
Chicago, IL, USA, November 2006.
© 2011 AMAE
DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586
36](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/586-131126012502-phpapp02/85/Study-and-Development-of-an-Energy-Saving-Mechanical-System-4-320.jpg)
Study and Development of an Energy Saving Mechanical System
- 1. AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011 Study and Development of an Energy Saving Mechanical System Zheng (Jeremy) Li University of Bridgeport/Department of ME, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA [email protected] II. INTRODUCTION Abstract:- A new energy-saving mechanical system with automatically controlled air valves has been proposed by investigator and the preliminary model setup has been tested. The testing results indicated the proper function of this energy-saving mechanical system. This mechanical system model has been simulated and analyzed by the computational aided engineering solution. The major advantages of this mechanical system include: simple and compact in design, higher efficiency in mechanical functioning, quiet in manufacturing operation, less energy losses due to less frictional forces in this free piston-cylinder setup, selfadjustable in operational parameter to improve the system performance, and etc. The energy-saving mechanical systems applied in refrigerating units have been studied in the past and different R&D research work has been done to improve its function and implement more energy-saving features ([1] and [2]). In this paper, the investigator proposes a new energy-saving mechanical system with automatically controlled air valves and the prototype has been verified through the computational modeling simulation and lab testing. The simplified prototype and its functioning cycle are indicated in Fig. 1 and 2. This new mechanism makes the mechanical system more simply and compact. The gas pressure can be self-adjusted by two automatic valves AV controlled by PLC program in the control unit and the free piston’s travel is also controlled by two electric sensors ES to improve the system performance over different environmental conditions. In addition, partial compressive work within middle fluctuating cavity in this new system can be converted to the useful work compared with some mechanical/thermal systems such as Solvay system in which no energy can be retrieved from middle cavity where the total compressive work is exhausted to the air as the heat ([3] and [4]). Also the thermal efficiency of the mechanical system has been improved because the refrigerating energy capacity can be delivered through two ends of cylinder. The mechanical vibration has been significantly reduced due to its symmetrical balancing setup. The phase angle of its performance and functional curves can be self-adjusted with PLC program through the automatically controlled valves to improve the system performance and efficiency. Keywords:- Energy saving, Computational modeling, System optimization, Finite element analysis I. NOMENCLATURE V c (V’ c ) - volumes of right and left compressive cylinders Ve (V’e) - volume of right and left expansive cylinders F (F’) - free pistons in right and left expansive cylinders Vmc (V’mc) - middle fluctuation cavities in right and left expansive cylinders Ph - high pressure Pl - low pressure Ag - cross section area of working gap r - positive constant characteristic of the system with the units of 1/time, and is sometimes expressed in terms of a time constant r = 1/t0 T(t) - temperature at the time t T(0) - initial temperature at zero time, or t = 0 T (0) - initial temperature difference at time 0 III. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE Vk - volume of clearance H - compressive piston Α, β - crank turning angle at different time T c , T e , T k - temperatures in compressive chamber, expansive chambers and clearance cavity, R - gas constant Mi - mass in expansive chamber, compressive chamber and clearance cavity with i indicating the index of compressive, expansive and clearance volumes Mt - total gas mass in this energy-saving system. Ye - moving distance of free piston Yo - maximum moving distance of free piston m - mass of free piston w - turning angle speed of crank © 2011 AMAE DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586 The system cycle can be analyzed based on Fig.1 and 2. Two air-controlled valves, two electric sensors, two compressive cylinders Vc (V’c), two expansive cylinders Ve (V’e) are symmetrically installed in this system. In addition, two identical free pistons F (F’), one fixed plate G with a tiny hole on the middle of it and two middle fluctuation cavities Vmc (V’mc) are also indicated in the pictures. Due to its symmetrical configuration, only right side, namely Vc, Ve and Vmc, compressor piston H and free piston F required to be studied and analyzed. The initial condition of this mechanical system is indicated in Fig.1 with its steady working condition being reached at its first stage of the cycle, piston H being at the bottom position in the compressive chamber and free piston F being at the right end of expansive chamber. Since 33
- 2. AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011 the gaseous media with high pressure (P=Ph) flows into Vmc through a tiny hole at the end period of last functioning cycle, gaseous media with low pressure (P=Pl) in Vmc gas has been mixed with high-pressure gaseous media. The mixed pressure in Vmc is Pwa. While H starts to move upward in Vc, gaseous media in Vmc is assumed not flowing into V’mc since the moving speed of the piston is so fast and the diameter of hole is so tiny. Because the gaseous pressure in left side of F is higher than the right side of F (Pmc = Pwa >Pe), F is not moving and Pe is reaching to Ph and Ve is increasing from zero to V2 as H is continuously moving up. This process is indicated as curve 1-2 in Fig.3 and then gaseous media in Vmc enters V’mc. In this period, pressure at the left and right sides of F is same and F moves to the left with constant speed. When crank angle α reaches 180°, Ve increases from V2 to V3 and this process is shown as line 2-3. In the earlier stage that H moves downwards in Vc, F does not move since the gaseous media in V’mc is assumed not entering Vmc. Pe reduces from P3 to P4 with corresponding course 3-1. As H is continuously moving downwards in Vc, gaseous media in V’mc is flowing into Vmc through tiny hole and F is moving to the right end in the expansive chamber in constant speed and corresponding process is 4-1. This concludes the full functioning cycle including all the above processes. With the addition of two automatically controlled valves, the gaseous pressure in Vmc and V’mc can be self-adjusted to change the phase angles of all performance curves to improve the mechanical and thermal functions of the system through PLC controlled automatic valves. Two electric sensors at two ends of the expansive chambers can monitor the motion of free pistons that can be fed back to the PLC unit to readjust the mechanical and thermal parameters to optimize the system function. Figure 3. P-V Diagram of System Cycle in Expansive Chamber IV. COMPUTATIONAL MODELING This new mechanical prototype has being tested and the experimental results indicated that this new energy-saving system is feasible in function and performance. The computational modeling and analytic simulations have been performed to study and verify the functionality of this automatically controlled mechanical system and all functional parameters can be determined as follows. If T(t) is the temperature of expansive chamber at time t, and Tenv is the environmental temperature around this mechanical system, then dT (t ) = -r (T – Tenv) (1) dt The solution of this differential equation can be determined by integration and substitution of boundary conditions: T(t) = Tenv + [T(0) - Tenv ] e-rt (2) If: (3) T (t ) is defined as T(t) – Tenv then the Newtonian solution is written as: (4) T (t ) = T (0 ) e-rt Because the piston H in compressive chamber moves in sine law, we can get Vc(α)= 1 *N*Vco*[1+cos(α)] 2 If Vk is the volume of clearance, then V=Vk+Vc+Ve P = R* Mi * [ Tk Te Tc ] Vk Ve Vc (5) (6) (7) When compressive piston H moves up with crank turning Figure 1. Prototype to some angle , (Pe–Pme)*S=Ff P()=R*Mi * [] (9) Assume: W=,L=,Q=, Combine (3) and (5): Vc( ) Veo P=P( )*{ Ve Vc( ) } L *W *Q Veo Veo (8) L *W From equation (10), the solution of P = P(α) can be determined after relation between Ve and α being found. The differential Figure 2. Simplified Energy-Saving Mechanism © 2011 AMAE DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586 (10) 34
- 3. AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011 equation of motion for free piston can be indicated, based on Newton’s second law, as follows: m*(d2Ye/dt2)=Pe–Pmc)*S–Ff (11) Combine equations (10) and (11): Ve( ) Vc( ) Veo = P(β)*[L*W+ * m *W 2 * Veo 2 d d 2[ Yo Ve( ) Vc ( ) * (L *W Q * S Veo Veo 2 * Veo * S * ( Pl Ph ) * m * W *Yo ] (12) Figure 6. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Volume Ratio Ve/Vt in Expansive Chamber So P ( ) can be calculated by the following equation: d 2Vc( ) 0 (13) d 2 Also, Vc () can be determined by formula (9). Based on the computer modeling and numerical analysis, Vc(α ) in (12) and P(α ) in (10) can be determined. Through the computational simulation and solutions, the relations among all functional parameters can be shown in Figs.4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, which indicate the proper and feasible function of this automatically controlled energy-saving mechanical system. The results show that the refrigerating temperature can reach to 152°K and the output refrigerating capacity is 388 Btu/hr with media gas of nitrogen and crank turning speed of 150 r/ min. The refrigerating temperature over time is indicated in Fig.4, the relation that P/Pmax changes with α is shown in Fig.5, the indicator cards in expansive chamber and full system are presented in Fig.6 and 7, and the distributions of mass (Me in expansive chamber, Mc in compressive chamber and Mk in clearance cavity) are found in Fig.8. All these diagrams indicated that this automatically controlled energy-saving mechanical system functions properly because all parameter performance curves of pressure and mass in this machinery system are feasible and acceptable. The above computational solution also closely matches the testing results from prototype. Figure 7. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Volume Ratio V/Vt in Total Chamber Figure 8. Mass Ratio Mi/Mt over Crank Angle α in Compressive, Expansive Chambers and Clearance Cavity V. CONCLUSION The feasible functioning of this automatically controlled energy-saving mechanical system has been verified through the thermodynamic study, theoretical mechanism analysis, computational modeling simulation, and prototype testing. The major advantages of this system are that its performance can be easily controlled and optimized by adjusting the automatically controlled valves and monitoring of free piston’s movement through the electric sensors, system is simple and compact, vibration is significantly reduced due to its symmetrical structure, performance efficiency is improved because its refrigerating capacity can be carried out through both ends of the cylinder. Figure 4. Refrigerating Temperature over Time Figure 5. Pressure Ratio P/P max over Crank Angle α © 2011 AMAE DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586 35
- 4. AMAE Int. J. on Production and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 02, No. 01, June 2011 REFERENCES [3] N. Zhang and A. D. Rosato, “Analysis of Instantaneous Dynamic States of Vibrated Granular Materials”, Mechanics Research Communications 31 [5], 525-544, (2004). [4] W. Y. Lai, B. Duculescu and P.E.Phelan, “Convective Heat Transfer With Nanofluids in a Single 1.02-mm Tube”, 2006 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, November 2006. [1] J. Liu and A. D. Rosato, “Migration of An Intruder in a Boundary Driven Granular Flow”, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 17, S2609-S2622, (2005). [2] Bao Yang & Zenghu Han, “A New Type Of Nanoengineered Heat Transfer Fluids: Nanoemulsion Fluids”, 2006 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Chicago, IL, USA, November 2006. © 2011 AMAE DOI: 01.IJPIE.02.01.586 36