2. Modern Loom
What is Modern Loom :
• A modern loom is a device that uses electric power to weave fabrics with a
variety of patterns and textures.
• Modern looms are faster, smaller, and more efficient than older designs.
• Modern looms have better safety systems and more design variety
Classification:
Modern looms are faster, more efficient, and have better safety systems than
conventional looms.
They can be classified into a number of types, including:
1. Projectile Loom
2. Rapier Loom
3. Air jet Loom
4. Water jet Loom
5. Multiphase Loom
3. General Features of Modern Loom
Features of modern loom:
•High weft insertion rate i.e. higher production rate.
•No pirn winding is required.
•Large warp & weft supply packages of up to 8-9 lb wt.
•Central lubrication system.
•Increased weaver’s productivity, more than 40%.
•Halve the over looker's work load.
•Lower maintenance cost.
•Lower labour cost.
•Reduction in material handling generally could be
achieved by the use of large beams & cloth rolls.
•Lower power consumption per meter of fabric
production.Reduction in noise level.
•In modern loom noise is 95 dB, whereas in
conventional loom it is 110 dB
Features of modern loom:
•Reduction in production cost.
•Auto light indication in case of any fault.
•Easy operation of the loom.
•Auto pick finding. If a bad pick of oily weft
yarn is inserted through the shed, then
there is a mechanism to find it.
•Cam beat up system.
•Motorized warp let-off motion.
•Electrical warp stop motion and sensor-
based weft stop motion.
•Reduction in labor cost resulting from
elimination of pirn winding.
•Unidirectional picking.
•Modern selvedge.
4. General Features of Projectile Loom
•Separated Picking and Beat-up Units: Picking and projectile receiving systems operate
independently from the reed/sley/beat-up mechanism.
•Steel Gripper Projectile: Uses a small, durable steel projectile (approx. 90 mm × 14 mm × 6 mm,
weight ~40g) to carry the weft across the shed.
•Direct Weft Feed: Weft yarn is fed directly from a cone or cheese, eliminating the need for pirns.
•One-Sided Picking: The projectile is always inserted from a single side of the loom.
•Steel Guide Path: Projectiles travel on steel guide rakes, avoiding contact with warp threads,
reducing damage and friction.
•Tucked-in Selvedge Formation: Naturally forms a neat, tucked-in selvedge without additional
mechanisms.
•Adjustable Receiving Unit: The width of the projectile receiving unit can be reduced with a
narrower reed.
•Small Shed Opening: Requires a smaller shed, reducing strain on warp threads and energy
consumption.
•High Weft Insertion Rate (WIR): Can achieve up to 1500 m/min weft insertion, making it suitable
for high-volume, heavy-duty fabric production.
5. Main parts of projectile
loom
Torsion bar (A)
Picking shaft (B)
Picking lever (C)
Picking shoe (D)
Picking shaft lever (E)
Toggle plate (F)
Antifriction bowl (G)
Link (H)
Picking cam (I)
Shaft (J)
Bevel wheels (K)
Oil brake (L)
Projectile (P)
Projectile guide (R)
7. Mechanism of projectile picking
Weft is withdrawn from the package through a tension device,
weft tensioner, shuttle feeder, scissor, and weft end gripper.
The picking arm has released the projectile which is shown in the
guide teeth at the mid-shed position.
At the receiving side the weft end gripper is positioned to grip the weft
after reception.
The shuttle break is shown in its operating position with the shuttle
returner ready to push the projectile to the release and tucking
position.
Illustrates the torsion bar picking system of the machine.
Strain energy is developed in the bar and released in such a way as
to transfer the maximum possible strain energy to the projectile
before it separates from the picker shoe.
8. Mechanism of projectile
picking
The torsion bar (A) has its splined ends rigidly constrained in an adjustable
housing with provision for adjusting the maximum angle of twist and
projectile initial velocity.
The other end of the torsion rod is splined into the picking lever (C) which
carries the picking shoe (D) at its extremity.
The projectile (P) is illustrated in the shuttle lifter with the projectile spring
opener.
The bevel wheel (K) rotates the picking cam shaft (J) which carries the
picking cam (I).
The picking shaft lever (E) is rigidly connected to the torsion bar and
through a short linkage to the toggle plate (F) center at anti friction bowl
(G).
The action of the cam is for the small roller to bear against the toggle
otate it anti clockwise about anti friction bowl (G), thus withdrawing the
picking shoe to its rearmost position.
In this position the center of the toggle arrangement is in line and the
torsion bar is twisted to its predetermined angle.
9. Rapier Loom
General Features:
• Flexible Weft Insertion: Uses rapier rods or tapes (single or double) to carry weft yarn across
the shed.
• Suitable for a Wide Range of Fabrics: Can handle light to heavy fabrics, including delicate or
fancy yarns.
• High Weft Insertion Rate: Generally, ranges from 600 to 800 meters/minute.
• Double Rapier System (Common): One rapier carries the yarn halfway; the other receives it
and completes the insertion.
• No Shuttle Required: Faster and less vibration than traditional shuttle looms.
• Capable of Weaving Complex Patterns: Works well with dobby or jacquard attachments.
• No Pirns Needed: Weft yarn is fed directly from cone or package.
• Lower Noise Level: Operates more quietly than shuttle looms.
• Wider Fabric Widths Possible: Available in widths up to 360 cm or more.
• Automatic Control Options: Compatible with electronic controls for patterning and efficiency.
10. Classification of Rapier Loom
Rigid rapier: rigid rapiers are again divided into rigid rapier and telescopic rapier. In case of telescopic rapier,
the rigid rapier can be shortened like areal stick of radio or television.
Flexible rapier. For higher width a guide is used for inserting the rapier whereas for lower width such guide is
not required.
12. General Features of Air jet Loom
•Uses compressed air to insert the weft yarn across the shed
•Capable of very high weft insertion speeds (up to 2000 m/min)
•Best suited for light to medium weight fabrics (e.g., cotton, polyester)
•Weft yarn fed directly from cone/package (no pirn required)
•Quick weft insertion results in high production efficiency
•Controlled by advanced electronics for precision and monitoring
•Relatively high noise level due to use of compressed air
•Applies low tension on weft yarn, reducing the risk of breakage
•Equipped with main and relay nozzles for wide-width fabric handling
•Produces clean selvedges using tuck-in or leno mechanisms
13. Main parts of airjet
loom
► Yarn Package
► Tensioner
► Accumulator
► Balloon breaker
► Finger
► PFT
(Programmable
filling tensioner)
► PFT motor
► Fixed Main
nozzle
► Filling cutter
► Shed
► Relay nozzle
► Filling detector-1
► Waste cutter
► FD -2
16. Mechanism of Air jet Loom
Stretch Nozzle (Label 7):
At the receiving end, a stretch nozzle pulls the weft gently to its final position and tensions it properly
before beat-up.
Compressed Air System:
Compressed air tank units feed the nozzles via pipelines.
Pressure is controlled by a pressure control unit, ensuring consistent airflow for effective weft
insertion.
Computer Control Unit:
A central computer regulates timing, weft insertion coordination, air pressure, and nozzle activation,
optimizing the loom's performance.
Sensors at Delivery End:
Additional sensors ensure the weft has reached the correct position and monitor for mispicks or
breaks.
17. Mechanism of Air jet Loom
Air-Jet Loom Mechanism (According to the Diagram)
Weft Supply:
Yarn is drawn from the weft package and fed into a weft feeder unit, which regulates the yarn supply
length and tension.
Sensor Detection:
A sensor monitors the presence and position of the weft yarn before insertion.
Main Nozzle (Label 2):
The yarn enters the main nozzle, where a high-pressure compressed air jet propels the weft across the
shed (through the reed channel, Label 3).
Tandem Nozzle (Label 1 - Optional):
In some looms, a tandem nozzle may be used in addition to the main nozzle to enhance acceleration
and stability of the weft yarn.
Relay Nozzles (Label 6):
As the weft moves across the reed channel, a series of relay nozzles help maintain its speed and
direction.
These nozzles are activated in groups:
Relay nozzle group: off (Label 4) – inactive section.
Relay nozzle group: active (Label 5) – currently pushing the yarn forward with air jets.
19. Mechanism of Air jet Loom
Why profile reed is used in air jet loom?
profile reed
20. Multiphase Loom
A multiphase loom is an advanced weaving machine designed for high-speed
production by inserting multiple picks of weft yarn simultaneously. Unlike
conventional looms that insert one weft at a time (single-phase), multiphase looms
create several sheds along the warp at once, allowing multiple weft insertions in
parallel.
Key features:
✅ Multiple sheds are formed across the loom width.
✅ Continuous weft insertion occurs using spirals or rotating grippers.
✅ Production speeds can reach up to 3000–4000 meters per minute, making them
much faster than traditional looms.
✅ Mainly used for producing simple, lightweight fabrics, such as sheeting and
apparel materials.
Multiphase looms represent the cutting edge of weaving technology, combining high
productivity, energy efficiency, and automation to meet modern textile industry
demands.
