71 338-347

Vertical Handover Decision Strategies in
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Harsha A. Bhute1
, Dr. P. P. Karde2
and Dr. V.M. Thakare3
1
Sinhgad College of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, Pune, India
Email: habhute.scoe@sinhgad.edu
2
Government Polytechnic, Professor, Department of Information Technology, Amravati, India
Email: p_karde@rediffmail.com
SGBAU, Amravati University, Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science, Amravati, India
Email: vilthakare@yahoo.co.in
Abstract— The next generation wireless networks comprises of mobile users moving
between heterogeneous networks, using terminals with multiple access interfaces and
services. The most important issue in such environment is ABC (Always Best Connected) i.e.
allowing the best connectivity to applications anywhere at any time. For always best
connectivity requirement various vertical handover strategies for decision making have
been proposed. This paper provides an overview of the most interesting and recent
strategies.
Index Terms— Vertical handover, Heterogeneous wireless networks, Handover decision.
I. INTRODUCTION
The deployment of various technologies with evolving Mobile terminals having multiple network interfaces
has allowed the user to access to the services any and at any time in any type of network [1]. The next-
generation of wireless systems represented by fourth generation network which comprises of a heterogeneous
environment with different access networks technologies that differ in bandwidth, cost or latency. In such
environment, mobility management is the crucial issue that supports the roaming of MT from one system to
another. Mobility management comprises of Location management and Handover management. Location
management enables the system to track the locations of mobile users between consecutive communications.
On the other hand, handover management is the process by which users keep their connections active when
they move from one base station (BS) to another. A vertical Handoff is the Handoff between different
network technologies, is an adaptation method for the multi-homed devices to dynamically redirect the data
communication path of the mobile application to the networking interface different than the currently used
one [2]. Mobile wireless technology has gained tremendous popularity due to its ability to provide ubiquitous
information access to users on the move. However, presently, there is no single wireless network technology
that is capable of simultaneously providing a low latency, high bandwidth, and wide area data service to a
large number of mobile users. In new generation wireless network, mobile users are connected to the best
available networks that suit their service requirements and switch between different networks based on their
service needs. Efficient mobility management protocols are required to support mobility across
heterogeneous access networks [3]. The next generation wireless system supports the heterogeneity with
different access network technologies that may differ in cost, bandwidth or latency. In such environment
DOI: 02.ITC.2014.5.71
© Association of Computer Electronics and Electrical Engineers, 2014
Proc. of Int. Conf. on Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing, ITC

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mobility management is an important issue that supports the roaming of users from one system to another.
Handover management, one of the mobility management components, controls the change of the MT’s point
of attachment during communication is ongoing [4]. Handover in wireless networks result in performance
degradation to applications of these handover protocols. Handover management issues include mobility
scenarios, metrics, decision algorithms and procedures. Mobility scenarios can be categorized into horizontal
and vertical. When the handover between different cells of the same network is called horizontal and
handover between different types of networks is known to be vertical handover. In homogeneous networks,
horizontal handover occurs when the serving access router becomes unavailable due to movement of MT. In
heterogeneous networks, the need for vertical handover can be initiated for convenience rather than
connectivity reasons (e.g., according to user choice for a particular service).
There are two challenges in vertical handover management seamlessness and automation in network
switching. This requirement is termed as Always Best Connected, which is being connected in heterogeneous
networks with multiple access technologies [5]. Therefore an appropriate time and most suitable access
technology should be chosen for initiation of the handover techniques.
There are multiple issues related to handover management which include mobility scenarios, metrics,
decision algorithms and procedures. Mobility scenarios can be classified into horizontal i.e. between different
cells of the same network and vertical i.e. between different types of networks. In homogeneous networks,
horizontal handovers are typically required when the serving access router becomes unavailable due to MT’s
movement. In heterogeneous networks, the need for vertical handovers can be initiated for convenience
rather than connectivity reasons e.g., according to user choice for a desired service. The major challenges in
vertical handover management are automation and seamlessness aspects in network switching. These can be
referred to as the Always Best Connected concept, of being connected in the best possible way in an
environment of multiple access technologies, according to handover policies [5]. A handover management
technique must choose the appropriate time and the most suitable access network; to initiate the handover and
for a specific service among those available networks respectively, and must maintain service continuity.
This paper presents the overview of handover types, handover management process and classification of
vertical handoff, parameters required, existing work and its analysis and focuses on the handover decision
problem.
It is interesting to situate the decision phase in the global process and it needs to prove its contributions in the
vertical handover performance optimization. The vertical handover decision process answers when and
where to hand over in a heterogeneous environment. The first choice can minimize for instance the signalling
overhead and avoid unnecessary handovers. The second choice can satisfy network and user requirements.
The decision making process needs decision factors such as decision policies, criteria, algorithms, control
scheme, etc. The various decision criteria are user preferences, network conditions, application requirements
and terminal capabilities. These have to be evaluated and compared to detect and to trigger a vertical
handover. For that, many methodologies are explored: policy-enabled scheme, Fuzzy Logic and Neural
Networks concepts, advanced algorithms such as Multiple Attribute Decision Making, Context-Aware
concept, etc.
In the context of future wireless networks, many analysis, studies and tutorials were proposed in the
literature: mobility management solutions [4], vertical handover design in 4G context [1], handover in hybrid
mobile data networks [2], etc. No one was proposed including the different existing strategies in the vertical
handover decision problem. So, our paper analyzes the most interesting and recent ones in the literature. It
shows how advanced tools as well as proven concepts can be used to solve such a problem and thus
answering ABC requirement. It classifies the strategies into five main categories: function based, user-
centric, multiple attribute decision, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks based, and Context-aware strategies.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the handover management process in a heterogeneous
environment. Section 3 describes the vertical handover decision and its characteristics taken into account in
the study. Section 4 analyzes the different existing strategies and compares each one with the others. Finally,
Section 5 concludes the work and gives some perspectives.
II. HANDOVER MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS
In the development of solutions supporting mobility management, the key aspect is handover management.
Handover management is the process by which the mobile terminal used to maintain its connection active
while moving from access network to another. Vertical handover is the process that switches a mobile node
from one access technology to another in order to maintain a seamless communication in a network.

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Heterogeneous Networks are the networks that support different technologies. This section describes the
handover process features.
Fig 1. Handoff management process Fig. 2. Parameters used for making vertical handoff decisions
A. Handover Management Process
The handover process can be carried out in three phases(as shown in Fig. 1) [6,11]:
 Handover Initiation Phase: It is also called as handover information gathering or system discovery. It is
used to gather all the required information to identify the need for the handover and then initiate it.
 Handover Decision: It is also called as network or system selection. It is used to determine whether to
do handover and how to perform it by selecting the most suitable network according to the handover
selection criteria and also by giving the subsequent instructions to the next phase that is handover
execution phase.
 Handover Execution: It is used to select the network according to the handover decision phase.
The handover procedure can be characterized in various types. When the MT is connected to only one point
at a time is known as hard handover. It is also known as break before make handover. The another type of
handover in which it is called make before make when it is connected to more than one point of attachment at
a time is called soft handover. In seamless handover the MT moves from one point of attachment to another
is transparent to the user. It is performs a very fast handover having minimum handover latency and
minimum packet loss.
The handover decision mechanism [7] can be located in MT or in the network entity itself. Handover
decision process involves measurements as well as information about where and when to do handover. The
handover are again categorized in Network- Controlled HandOver (NCHO), Mobile Controlled
HandOver(MCHO), Mobile-Assisted HandOver (MAHO) and Network-Assisted HandOver (NAHO) . In
NCHO the network entity has the control over handover. In MCHO mobile takes handover decision
according to the parameters information. When the measurements and parameter information is used from
the MT it is referred to a Mobile-Assisted HandOver (MAHO) which is implemented in GSM type of
network. When the information collected by the network is used by the MT in decision making, it is called as
a Network-Assisted HandOver (NAHO). Among handover management solutions the popular handover
management scheme is IP layer mobility management protocol [8, 21].
B. Vertical Handover Decision Criteria Literature for Use in VHD Algorithms
The vertical handover decision criteria (as shown in Fig. 2) that have been proposed in the research literature
for use in the VHD algorithms.
 Received signal strength: handover decision is a handover initiation phase in homogeneous environment.
RSS is the traditional handover decision criteria in almost all existing horizontal handover algorithms.
RSS is also an important decision criteria in the VHD algorithms. Received signal strength (RSS) is the
most widely used criterion because it is easy to measure and is directly related to the service quality.
There is a close relationship between the RSS readings and the distance from the mobile terminal to its
point of attachment. Majority of existing horizontal handover algorithms use RSS as the main decision
criterion, and RSS is an important criterion for VHD algorithms as well.
Handoff Information
Gathering
Handoff Decision
Handoff Execution
Vertical
Handoff
Decision
Algorithms
Received signal strength
Network connection time
Available bandwidth
Power consumption
Monetary cost
Security
User preferences
Handoff
Decision

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 Network connection time: It is referred to as the duration that a mobile terminal remains connected to a
point of attachment. Determination of the network connection time is very essential for selecting the
right moment to initiate a handover so that the satisfactory level of service quality could be maintained.
For example, in a handover between WLAN and cellular network, a handover done too early from a
WLAN to a cellular network would waste network resources while being too late would result in a
handover failure. So the network connection time estimation is also important for reducing the number
of false handovers, as handing over to a target network with comparatively short connection time should
not be expected. It is related to a MT’s location and velocity. Both these factors affect the RSS at the
MT. The variation of the RSS then determines the time for which the mobile terminal stays connected to
a particular network. Network connection time is especially important for VHD algorithms because
heterogeneous networks usually have different sizes of network coverage.
 Available bandwidth: It is a measurement of available or consumed data communication resources
expressed in bits per second. It is a good indicator of traffic conditions in the access network and is
especially important for delay-sensitive applications.
 Power consumption: If a MT’s battery is low it becomes a critical issue, in such case it would be
preferable to handover to a PoA which would help extending valuable battery life.
 Monetary cost: For different networks, there would be different charging policies, therefore, in some
situations the cost of a network service should be taken into consideration in making handover decisions.
 Security: For some applications, confidentiality or integrity of the transmitted data can be critical. For
this reason, a network with higher security level may be chosen over another one which would provide
lower level of data security.
 User preferences: A user’s personal preference towards an access network could lead to the selection of
one type of network over the other candidates.
RSS and network connection time based decision criteria are widely used in both horizontal and vertical
handover decisions
C. Performance Evaluation Metrics for VHD Algorithms
It can be compared under various scenarios by measuring the mean and maximum handover delays, the
overall throughput of a session maintained over a typical mobility pattern, the number of failed handovers
due to incorrect decisions, and the number of handovers. These metrics are explained as below:
 Handover delay: It refers to the duration between the initiation and completion of the handover process.
It is related to the complexity of the VHD process, and reduction of it is important for multimedia
sessions or delay-sensitive voice.
 Number of handovers: It is important to reduce the number of handovers as frequent handovers would
cause the wastage of resources of network. A handover is considered to be extra overhead when a
handover back to the original point of attachment is needed within certain time duration, and such
handovers should be minimized.
 Handover failure probability: When the target network does not have the sufficient resources a handover
failure may occur, or if the MT moves out of the coverage of the target network, before the process is
finalized. In the former case, the handover failure probability is related to the channel availability of the
target network, while in the latter case it is related to the mobility of the user [2].
 Throughput: It refers to the data rate delivered to the MT on the network. Handover to a network
candidate with higher throughput is usually desirable.
III. VERTICAL HANDOVER DECISIONS
Unlike homogeneous networks, heterogeneous networks provide tremendous challenges since the
environment in which the MH resides may have different characteristics. These different characteristics
should be considered carefully so that the most optimal decision for selecting the right time of the instance
for the handover may be achieved when a mobile roams between dissimilar networks.
In this paper, methods for vertical handover decisions are divided into five distinct categories based on the
decision criteria and the approach used.
A. Network Conditions
Handover decision criteria help us to determine which access network should be chosen and the handover
decision policy represents the influence of the network on when and where the handover occurs. Handover

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decision criteria can be static or dynamic. Following are the key points to consider viz. network coverage,
bandwidth, latency; link quality i.e. received signal strength (RSS), SIR, BER, monetary cost and security
levels etc. The traditional handover decision policy is based only on RSS which is the dynamic criteria for
handover. RSS based VHD algorithms compare the RSS of the current point of attachment against the others
to make handover decisions. Because of the simplicity of the hardware required for RSS measurements, not
surprisingly, a large number of studies have been conducted in this area [7, 16, 18, and 19].
 if RSSnew > RSSold then choose the new BS
 if RSSnew > RSSold and RSSold < T then choose the new BS which has the RSS with threshold T, RSS
with a certain threshold is typically used to avoid the problem of handing over to an access point too
quickly to a neighboring base station.
 if RSSnew > RSSold + H then choose the new BS which has RSS with hysteresis H
 if RSSnew > RSSold + H and RSSold < T then choose the new BS which has RSS, hysteresis and
threshold. RSS coupled with hysteresis avoids the problem of the ‘ping pong’ effect at cell borders. In such
cases, a handover is initiated to a neighbouring cell only when the RSS is equal or above a certain threshold
value.
There are many algorithms which are based on RSS for vertical handover decisions. Zahran et.al. [3]
Proposed an algorithm for 3G and WLAN networks, which is based on RSS in combination with an
estimated lifetime of the available bandwidth to decide the handover time. Advantage of this algorithm is
that it provides the adaptation to application requirements and user mobility. It also provides the
improvement on the available bandwidth. However the drawbacks include packet delay that increases with
the lifetime of the connectivity due to the deterioration of the channel condition as the mobile host
approaches the edge of the WLAN cell and extra lookup table. Mohanty and Akyiliz’s[20] calculated a
dynamic RSS threshold and then it is compared with the current RSS to determine the handover time from
WLAN to 3G. This proposed algorithm provides the reduction of the false handover initiation and handover
failure probabilities. However this scheme have increase of handover failure probability from 3G to WLAN
and also there are wastage of network resources. Yan et. al. [19] proposed an algorithm for cellular networks
and WLAN in which a dynamic threshold is calculated and compared with the predicted travelling time
inside the WLAN to help with handover decisions. It provides the minimization of handover failure,
unnecessary handover and connection breakdown probabilities with increase in handover delay. A
bandwidth-based vertical handover decision algorithm between WLAN and wideband CDMA (code division
multiple access) networks have been proposed in [6, 7, 8] that uses the signal to interference and noise ratio
(SINR) as its main criterion. This algorithm provides users with a higher overall throughput as well as a
balanced load between the WLAN and the WCDMA network. However, this approach might introduce
excessive handover given the dynamic variations of the SINR and may result in a ‘ping pong’ effect between
access points.
B. Cost Function
The basic idea of a cost function based vertical handover decision algorithm is to choose a combination
decision making parameters of network such as RSS, network covering area, available bandwidth, service
cost, reliability, security, battery power etc. and define a cost function based on these factors to evaluate the
performance of target networks. The handover decision can then be made accordingly. Zhu et.al proposed a
cost function based vertical handover algorithm between any two heterogeneous wireless networks. A
multiservice based algorithm [13] relies on a cost function which is used to calculate the cost of all possible
target networks in the proximity. In which all the active applications are assigned a priority and cost of each
possible target network for the service with highest priority is computed. This method is characterized by the
use of cost function, user satisfaction and reduced handover blocking probability.
Hassawa et.al proposed a cost function algorithm between any two heterogeneous wireless networks. In
which they had provided the methods for QoS normalization and weight distribution. Also proposed a
handover necessity estimator to avoid unnecessary handover. A network quality factor is used to evaluate the
performance of a handover target candidate. With the help of this method high system throughput and user’s
satisfaction is achieved. However there is a difficulty in estimating the parameters such as security and
interference level.
According to H.Wang et. al. [9], a cost function is obtained by the sum of weighted function of certain
parameters such as dynamic network condition, user defined policies and stability period. It is calculated for
each available access network and network with highest utility is chosen. The author had chosen Mobile IP
with added enhancements for load balancing and for seamless and stable handover [9]. The major advantage

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of this approach is the increased user satisfied request and the reduction in blocking probability. There is no
significant directions are given on the way in which QoS parameter is normalized or how the weights were
assigned. The main feature of their algorithm is that they have introduced a cost function and users’ active
applications are individually handed over to target networks with the minimum cost. It has increased user
satisfaction and low blocking probability. However there is no significant description about QoS
normalization and how the weights are assigned to make the algorithm realistic.
Tawil et.al[15] proposed a similar algorithm between any two heterogeneous networks. The main feature of
this algorithm is that it introduced a weight function and the handover calculation is delegated to the visited
network instead of MT. By assigning the calculation to the visited network, the resource of the mobile
terminal can be saved so that the system is able to achieve short handover decision delay, low handover
blocking rate and high throughput. However, the method requires extra cooperation between the mobile
terminal and the point of attachment of the visited network, which may cause additional latency and
excessive load to the network when there are a large number of mobile terminals.
C. Multiple-Attribute
Multiple-attribute Vertical handover decision is nothing but a mathematical optimization problem that deals
with the problem of choosing the best alternative from a set of alternatives based on their attributes i.e. a
MADM (multiple attribute decision making) problem. The most popular classical MADM methods are:
(1) SAW (Simple Additive Weighting): the overall score of a candidate network is determined by the
weighted sum of all the attribute values. (2) TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal
Solution): the chosen candidate network is the one which is the closest to ideal solution and the farthest from
the worst case solution. (3) AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process): decomposes the network selection problem
into several sub-problems and assigns a weight value for each sub-problem.(4) GRA (Grey Relational
Analysis) is then used to rank the candidate networks and selects the one with the highest ranking. The
vertical handover decision with multiple attribute is a complex problem; AHP is the most popular method to
decompose it into a hierarchy of simpler and more manageable sub problems [18]. These sub problems can
be decision factors or weights according to their relative dominances to the problem. Decision factors can be
solution alternatives and AHP selects the solution alternative with the largest synthesized weight. Briefly,
AHP method is a three step process:
(1) Decomposes the decision problem into different levels of the hierarchy (identification of the decision
criteria).(2) Compares each factor to all the other factors within the same level through pair wise comparison
matrix (such as comparing objectives at the first level and networks with the respect of each objective at the
second level).(3) Calculates the sum of products of weights obtained from the different levels, and selecting
the solution with the highest sum.
This method is considered as a well-known and proven mathematical process. Otherwise, such a classical
method remains insufficient to handle a decision problem with imprecision in decision criteria. More
advanced methods are needed or combined with classical ones to get more efficient decision strategies. It is
the scope of the following sections.
In this approach, the network decision process is formulated as a problem of MADM and does the evaluation
of access networks based on a ‘multiple attribute wireless network selection function’ i.e. WNSF. It is an
objective function which measures the efficiency of using radio resources as well as the weighted gains in
QoS from handing off to a particular network. The network having the highest WNSF value is selected as the
best network to handover from the current access network. The parameters considered include host attributes,
network conditions, service and application requirements, cost of service, and user preferences. The network
selection algorithm requires the input data from both the user and the system The objective function for a
network should achieve fair signal strength, good network coverage, optimum data rate, low service cost,
high reliability, strong security, good mobile velocity, low battery power requirements, and low network
latency. However, this approach is not optimized to handle problems with uncertain conditions [12].
D. AI Approaches
Fuzzy logic and neural networks are two artificial intelligence (AI) approaches that may be used in
conjunction with other methods to handle uncertainty as well as improve performance for vertical handover.
Neural network based vertical handover architecture was designed to address user bandwidth requirements
[13]. Many combination algorithms have been proposed [6, 18] and many researchers have studied and used
this approach. Nasser et al. developed a VHD algorithm based on artificial neural networks [13]. According
to Nasser et al. usually the mobile device collects all the necessary features of available wireless networks

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and sends them to a middleware generally known as vertical handover manager through the existing links.
These network features are used for helping handover decisions and also include the parameters such as
network usage cost, security, transmission range and capacity. The vertical handover manager consists of
three major components viz. network handling manager, network feature collector and artificial neural
network training /selector. A multilayer feed forward artificial neural network based on user preferences is
used to determine the best handover target wireless network available to mobile device. The topology which
is used for artificial neural network. It consists of an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer. The
authors have used the cost function as in [13], and for artificial neural network training they have generated a
series of user preference sets with random weights. Later the system has been trained to select the best
network among all the available candidates. According to the author it is observed that the best available
network was successfully found out by properly selecting the learning rate and acceptable error value.
However due to training process the algorithm suffers from long delay. According to Pahlavan et.al.[10],
they have applied their algorithm on WLANs and GPRS in which the different RSS samples are collected as
the inputs of the neural network and the system is trained before being used in handover decision. Such a
system has reduced number of handover and there is an elimination of ping pong effect. However algorithm
has certain disadvantages such as there is insufficient details on training process and parameter selection.
Also the algorithm suffers from traing delay and system complexity is increased. A fuzzy logic heuristic
proposed by Xia et.al.[11] is used to handle handover between WLANs and cellular networks.
In this approach, a fuzzy logic based normalized quantitative decision (FNQD) is applied. The FNQD has
three procedures: ‘fuzzification’, normalization and quantitative decision. The three inputs – current RSS,
predicted RSS and bandwidth – are ‘fuzzified’ and normalized to generate performance evaluation values. A
handover from the WLAN to the cellular network is initiated when the velocity of the mobile host is higher
than a certain velocity threshold so as to ensure service continuity. However, this is subject to the following
condition - if either the predicted RSS from the WLAN is larger than its threshold, or the predicted RSS from
the cellular network is smaller than its threshold, then handover is not initiated. The approach used is able to
achieve improved performance by lowering the number of unnecessary handover, thereby reducing the ‘ping
pong’ effect.
E. Context-Aware
Context-aware handover are based on the information related to the mobile host, network and other
contextual parameters for intelligent decision making. This information may include capacity, location, user
preferences, network QoS, coverage, QoS requirements, and service type e.g. real-time, interactive or
streaming traffic. In [12], an algorithm has been developed to facilitate vertical handover based on context
changes. In their work, two entities are proposed i.e. a context repository that manages and evaluates context
information, and an adaptability manager that manages context changes for handover execution. The
selection is based on optimizing QoS requirements and entails satisfying multiple objectives such as user
preference, maximizing throughput, and minimizing jitter, delay, packet loss, bit error rate (BER), and
bandwidth fluctuations. These objectives were defined as ‘lowest cost’, ‘preferred interface’, and ‘best
quality’. The proposed framework is a mobile assisted solution where measurements are gathered from the
host as well as the systems’ environment. S. Balasubramaniam et. al. [17] proposed a hierarchical
architecture based on active nodes, which maximizes the computational capabilities of various nodes within
the pervasive computing environment, while efficiently gathering and evaluating context information from
the user’s working environment Hong et al. [22] propose a vertical handover scheme for ubiquitous
environments, where handovers to suitable wireless access networks are performed based on combined QoS
requirements of all the applications running on the mobile device. The use of a dwelling timer for avoiding
ping-pong effect is also considered in their work. A context aware computing based vertical handover
mechanism which matches QoS requirements of multimedia applications onto the QoS provided by the
wireless networks. In their work they first determine the need for the handover and if so, it evaluates the
available networks will provide the desired QoS. It explores a comprehensive context model for information
about handover[8]. Ahmed et. al. [23] also proposes a context-aware vertical handover decision algorithm for
the multi-homed devices. The work reported in [23]. It assumes that the information about the offered QoS
will be published by the corresponding wireless network. The use of AHP method for the optimization is
motivated by the use of AHP in [8] and [23]. The selection of AHP over other decision algorithm is its ability
to vary the objective weights very useful for dealing with events considered by the context. Moreover, AHP
involves simple mathematical computations, which do not result in much processing overhead on the mobile
device.

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IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF VHD ALGORITHMS
Table 1, gives the detailed analysis of VHD algorithms. It is analyzed that, a multi-criteria solution is
needed. The context information from the terminal as well as the network is needed that can be used as the
multiple criteria to avoid wrong or false handovers and may improve the performance. So, a context-aware
vertical handover decision is consider as an area of research. It should be conscious of the possibilities
offered by each access network, it should know MT’s movements and it should take into account QoS
requirements for the demanding service. Otherwise, some of the contextual information presents uncertainty
(incomplete or unavailable). To deal with such kind of information advanced algorithms for decision making
are needed. The comparison and evaluation of this information which is different for variety of access
network and different network characteristics. Therefore, emerging handoff methods must consider a wider
knowledge of underlying context. Context awareness is the prime characteristic of next generation wireless
networks. The context aware handoff can be defined as a procedure which selects a target access network,
based not only on the signal quality as usually done traditionally, but also on the knowledge about the mobile
node and the network specifications, in order to take an intelligent and optimized decision. One of the
problems with existing CA- handover methodologies is the complex nature of collecting and managing
context information. Moreover the context management must be fast and accurate so that the fresh context
should be acquired for handover decision making process [21]. One of the requirements besides providing the
fast and fresh context irrespective of the different types of the access technology, there should be any
standard method for context management in context aware handovers. Moreover, the context management
must be fast enough to provide the fresh context for decision making procedure, while the overhead of
gathering the context should be tolerable. Having a uniﬁed framework that manages network context
information is beneﬁcial on account of heterogeneity of underlying network. To our best of knowledge, there
is not any standard method for context management in context-aware handovers.
TABLE I. ANALYSIS OF VHD ALGORITHMS
Groups/he
uristics
Algorithms Delay Number of handovers Handover failure
probability
Throughput
RSS
based
Zahran et al.’s
algorithm [3]
Relatively high packet
delay probability (up to
1%) but can be reduced
by adjusting ASST
Reduces up to 85%
comparing
with traditional
hysteresis VHD
Not provided Decreases as the
velocity increases;
Can provide overall
higher throughput
(up to 33%) than
traditional
hysteresis VHD
Mohanty and
Akyildiz’s
algorithm [20]
Not provided Not provided
Can be always kept
under the desirable
value (2%) as the
velocity increases
Not provided
Yan et al.’s
algorithm [19]
Extra RSS sampling
delay (up to 2 s)
Decreases as the
velocity increases; The
unnecessary handover
probability can be
always kept under the
desirable value (0.04)
Can be always kept
under the
desirable value (0.02)
as the
velocity increases
Not provided
Bandwidt
h
based
Lee et al.’s
algorithm
Short handover delay
(average 455ms)
achieved by considering
application types
Not provided Not provided Higher throughput
(up to 400%) than
the traditional
method in the
handover period
Yang et al.’s
algorithm [18]
Not provided Excessive handovers
can be introduced
because the variation of
SINR
Not provided Higher overall
throughput (up to
40%) than RSS
based handover
algorithms
Chen et al.’s
algorithm [5]
Not provided Small unnecessary
handover probability
(up to 1.5%)
High handover
failure probability
without considering
RSS
High throughput
achieved by
balancing the traffic
Load
Cost
function
Zhu and
McNair’s
Not provided Not provided Not provided High overall
throughput

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based algorithm [7] achieved by
spreading
users’ services over
several networks
Hasswa et
al.’s
algorithm [15]
Not provided Not provided Not provided Increases by up to
57.9% in different
background
Traffic
Tawil et
al.’s
algorithm [14]
Around 50% shorter
handover delay
compared to centralized
VHD
Not provided Low handover failure
rate due to the
distribution of the
decision calculation
Around 17% higher
throughput
compared to
centralized VHD
Combinati
on
algorithm
s
Nasser et
al.’s
Algorithm[13]
Long handover delay
because of the
training needed
Not provided Not provided Not provided
Pahlavan et
al.’s
algorithm [10]
Long delay because of
the increased
complexity and the
training
Reduced number of
handovers by
eliminating the ping-
pong effect
Xia et al.’s
algorithm [11]
Not provided Reduced number of
handovers by
eliminating the ping-
pong effect
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an overview of the vertical handover process with a classification of different existing vertical
handover decision strategies is given. In order to cope with the requirements of the heterogeneous wireless
access network context aware vertical handover methodology can play an important role in the research of
handover management and in turn to the mobility management of heterogeneous wireless networks. This
review suggests that improvements in performance may be achieved when multiple criteria are used for
handover decisions. As the evaluation function for handover decisions become more complex, delays
increases significantly. For real-time applications, this may not be feasible or appropriate. As such, there is
need for ongoing work to develop hybrid methods that can yield optimal results without being overly
complex with some form of adaptive or intelligent behaviour to handle uncertainty and address the dynamic
nature of mobile environments.
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