7492628.ppt
- 1. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES : BENEFITS, APPLICATIONS AND EXPERIENCES TERI-UNEP Workshop on Innovative and Sustainable Energy Technologies for Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges (28th May – 30th May) Sandhya Sundararagavan, Research Associate [email protected] May 29th, 2014
- 2. Concerns / Issues Supply-Demand Mismatch Variability of RE Generation Seasonal Variation in demand pattern Source: MGVCL, SLDC, TERI (Analysis)
- 3. Energy Situation in South Asia • Energy security issues due to dependence on one fuel • Energy Access challenge to remote locations • Growing demands of energy • Increasing energy deficit • High T&D losses • Untapped renewable energy potential Source: ADB South Asia Working Paper, Series 11; SAARC Regional Energy Trade Study, March 2010
- 4. Why is there a need for storage? Balance supply-demand mismatch Utilize storage for peak periods Frequency and voltage support Reliable power supply Defer/reduce the need for new generation capacity and transmission upgrades Distributed generation and Electric Vehicles Emergency support
- 5. Types of Storage Technologies Large scale Energy Storage Pumped Hydro (PHS) Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Thermal Energy Storage Batteries Lead-acid (Pb- acid), Lithium- ion (Li-ion) Flow batteries : Vanadium redox and Zinc bromine (VRB, ZnBr) Sodium Sulphur (NaS), Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Newer technologies Flywheels Super Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Electrochemical Capacitors (EC)
- 6. Applications-Technologies Matrix Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
- 7. Large Scale Energy Storage Systems Pumped Hydro (PHS) Employs off-peak electricity to pump water from a reservoir up to another reservoir at a higher elevation Can be sized up to 1 GW; Discharge duration 8-10 hours Efficiency: 80-85%; Life: 50-60 years Siting/Permitting/Env. Impact issue Compressed Air Energy Storage Use off-peak electricity to compress air and store it in a reservoir Above ground : 3-50 MW; Underground: up to 400 MW Discharge Duration: 8-26 hours Efficiency: 70%; life: 30 years Geological/siting issue Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
- 8. Batteries – Mature and Commercial Lead-Acid • Capacity range: 1 kW – 10 MW, Discharge duration: minutes to few hours • Most prevalent and cost effective storage system • Suitable for short duration application. • Life: 6-12 yrs ; Efficiency: 75% • Disposal issue - toxic Lithium-ion • Capacity range: 1 kW – 1 MW; Discharge duration: minutes to 4 hrs • Fast growing, commercial and mature • Leading technology platform for EV and PHEV • Short and medium duration applications • Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 90-95% Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
- 9. Batteries - Development Sodium-Sulphur • Capacity range: 2- 10 MW; Discharge duration: seconds to 6 hours • Multiple, parallel standard units are used to create multi-megawatt systems • Suitable for grid support application • Life: 15 years; Efficiency: 75% • Requires operating temperature 300- 350 degree Celsius, which makes it hazardous and combustible Flow Batteries • Capacity range: 50 kW – 1 MW; Discharge duration: 5-6 hours • Electrolytes stored in separate tanks which prevents deposition • Suitable for utility scale applications • Life: 20 years; Efficiency: 75-80% • Complexity of the design due to pumps and power control systems Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA
- 10. Other technologies Flywheels • Capacity range: 0.5 – 10 kWh • Suitable for shorter duration (milliseconds) • Life: 20 years, Efficiency: 70-80% • Safety issue with flywheel design and operating conditions Thermal Energy Storage (TES) • Capacity Range: 10 – 50 kWh • Suitable for cooling in buildings and industrial processes • Life: >20 years, Efficiency: 75-90% • Thermal insulation, unique design configuration, and material properties Source: DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA,
- 11. Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012 Pumped Hydro System in Taiwan • The Taiwan Power System contains ten PHS units: four 250 MW units located at the Ming-Hu hydro plant and six 267 MW units located at the Ming-Tan hydro plant • PHS units used for both time-shifting and operating reserve functions Success Stories
- 12. • 32MW/8MWh Li-ion battery storage solution • Supports 98 MW AES Laurel Mountain Wind Farm • Operational since 2011 Li-ion Battery Energy Storage System in West Virginia, USA Source: Energy Storage Association (ESA)
- 13. Source: IEC White Paper, October 2012 • 51 MW wind farm (1500 kW X 34 units) • Supported by 34 MW Sodium-sulphur (NaS) system • Being operated by Japan Wind Development Corporation since three years NaS Battery System (Japan Wind Development Project)
- 14. Deployment Status Source: Large-scale Electrical Energy Storage in Japan, Presentation by Akio Nakamura
- 15. Designing a storage system Key parameters Identify application for which storage is required Peak Shaving Load Shifting Power Quality Size of the storage system (based on capacity and discharge duration) Cost of the system (energy cost, power cost and balance of plant cost) Response time Lifetime Operability conditions Modularity and flexibility Maturation and commerciality Environmental concern
- 16. Strategic Approach Scope: Identify applications relevant for the entities (Grid operator/Utilities/Renewable project developer/Consumer) Siting: Select location considering nearness to the grid/wind farm Design: Analyze required size and type of the storage system for the required application Development: Select cost- effective and most viable option Pilot scale deployment Testing: Monitoring, Evaluation, and Measurement Commercialization: Large scale implementation
- 18. Roadmap Installing storage for balancing the grid is a long term solution Countries who are yet to explore renewable potential should explore potential of storage in parallel Policy and regulatory framework should be developed to set goals and vision roadmap Identify key stakeholders and beneficiaries Explore public-private partnerships or other funding models Establish centres for carrying out research and testing
Editor's Notes
- #3: Wind capacity sits at 318 GW (GWEC , April 2014). Average growth rate for 18 years has been around 23-24 %.
- #9: In August 2009, Hitachi completed a 10.4-MWh Lead-acid battery, built to stabilize a 15-MW wind facility at Goshogawara in northern Japan. A similar plant was installed in late 2010 at another wind-generation site at Yuasa.
- #10: The largest single installation of NaS is the 34-MW Rokkasho wind-stabilization project in Northern Japan that has been operational since August 1, 2008. At this time, about 316 MW of NaS installations have been deployed globally at 221 sites, representing 1896 MWh. VRB: Currently 50-kW, 100-kW, 500-kW, 600-kW, and 1000-kW systems in operation. The largest in the U.S. is a 600-kW/3600-kWh system in a customer energy-management application. A 1-MW/5-MWh system is in operation in Japan.
- #11: Okinawa Power has installed a 23-MW flywheel system for frequency regulation. Fuji Electric has demonstrated the use of flywheel technology to stabilize wind power generation. Spindle Grid Regulation, LLC, owns a 20-MW flywheel-based frequency-regulation facility in Stephentown, NY, that commenced operations in 2011 and sells frequency-regulation services to New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) under tariff rates. TES
- #13: http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/case-studies
- #15: DLC: Electrochemical Capacitors, RFB: Redox Flow Battery, H2 : Hydrogen storage, SNG: Synthetic Natural Gas