8. Comparative History: Article Readings

8. Comparative History: Article Readings

• 1.
  Comparative History -Article-By- Angie Martinez
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  World War IIWarbegan in Europe in 1939
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  Got to Americaby 1941
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  War would changemany things for the US & the world Great Depression ended while world war was going on Many people died which caused the west victory
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  After the fallof Western empires- cold war begun between communist and noncommunist nationsThe arrival of Japan at the world’s economic and political center
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  1930 Adolf Hitlerrejected the Treaty of Versailles
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  Nazi leaders tookGermany out of the League of Nations. They formed an alliance with Italy’s director Benito Mussolini. That resulted in territorial seizures that ended the invasion of Poland in 1939, which then cost Europe to go to war US stood out of it, Roosevelt declared neutrality on WW II
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  1940 France attackedGerman, Roosevelt decided to help England Continue…Roosevelt convinced Congress to allow the sale of arms to England Roosevelt got congress to transfer needs Great Britain in exchange for long-term leases on several British bases in the Americas.
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  1941 Congress passedRoosevelt's Lend-Lease bill, US gave billions of dollars to the Britain and the Soviet Union for their military need
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  Hitler invades inJune 1941.
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  Japanese attacks PearlHarbor in December
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  Roosevelt wanted isolationand intervention
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  Prime MinisterWinston Churchill tried to talk Roosevelt into a military alliance against Hitler
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  If Britain andAmerica had stood up to the dictators in the 1930s the Second World War would never have happened
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  1930s the worldeconomy had collapsed into depression,
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  1931 Japan takesover Manchuria which is Asian mainland from ChinaContinue…After Hitler came to power in January 1933, he took over Germany and planned a vast Aryan empire in Europe and beyond1923 Italian dictator Mussolini, admired Hitler’s success and invaded Ethiopia virtually unchallenged
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  Britain and Americadid not intervene since they were both just recovering from the depression
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  President Franklin D.Roosevelt lost faith in the League of Nations but still believed that the United States should use its influence in the cause of world peace
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  The Neutrality Actof 1935 was made to prevent America into going into the Great War
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  Roosevelt hated war
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  The English Channeland its routs were very important and they wanted Hitler as far as they could from it
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  British leaders adopteda policy of appeasement… they would negotiate their way out of danger by satisfying their enemies in return for peace
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  1930Appeasement was thepolicy of the Tory dominated National Government that was adopted by Neville Chamberlain who then became prime minister in May1937Continue…Chamberlain trying to reach personal agreements with Hitler & Mussolini.
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  Chamberlain under estimatedHitler's long-term ambitions
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  Trade was amajor issue.
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  1937 only 16%then dropped to 11% of America products were being exported to Britain… American became irritated because of the discrimination towards our goodsCordell Hull was the Secretary of State
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  Britain policy ofImperial Preference- low tariffs on imports form empires of other nations were lower than Americans… they wanted America to lower their as well before they began to trade again
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  1937 Japan, onceagain violates the treaty of 1922 by attacked China
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  1938 Roosevelt askedfor a peace conference he hoped to open up world trade During 1938 Hitler invaded Austria and then threatened Czechoslovakia.
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  London prepared forattack
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  Chamberlin went toMunich and made agreements with Hitler. He would give him part of Czechoslovakia if he would do no more territorial demands & if Britain and Germany would stop the war He had doubts the Hitler would keep his word and recommended to have an army prepared for anything, America would back them up Continue…World War II was a catastrophe, deadliest war in human history- more than 19 million soldiers were killed… 3 hundred thousand were Americans
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  Europe, Asia, andthe Soviet Union suffered during years because their cities were being destroyed, many civilians were being killed, homeless people and everyone was terrorized
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  After Pearl Harborwas attacked Americans were racist and would stereotype them in the media
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  anti-German propaganda madeAdolf Hitler look like an evil person
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  Americans dislike Japanesepeople more while world war II but now they hate Adolf Hitler more
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  We saw Japaneseas poor navigators, yet they had pilot skills … prejudice makes people under estimate intelligence… Westerners said that Japanese people had no imagination, they couldn’t shoot, sail, or fly very well
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  Men in combatusually get Dehumanization… eliminates scruples so they don’t hesitate to kill the enemy
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  Japanese were calledYellow Rats!/ Little Men/ Monkeys … Americans had a nasty hate towards Japanese
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  Caricatures were madeto make fun of our enemies… so it was said that Americans were childish/ immature (men where more in control)
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  Admiral Yamamoto Isorokuwas who planed Pearl Harbor attackThe Great Depression October 29, 1929 - Black Tuesday; New York stock market crash
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  Great Depression- 1929and 1933, more than eleven thousand American banks failed, 13 million lost their jobs
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  Some European countriesgot it worse because they had not yet recovered from WWI
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  Unemployment was between15% - 30% early 1930s.
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  Agricultural countries didbetter because they depended on their crops and they could survive off that and local businesses developed new strategies
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  Before 1914 anestimated 15 million migrated to America years later only 5 ½ million came to the USA and after that less than 3 ¾ million
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  Germany in 1923—thecurrency value dropped to almost nothing
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  The roaring 1920sU.S.A.’s average unemployment was about 4%
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  and if thatwasn’t bad enough- 29 October 1929the New York Stock Exchange crash of
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  U.S. industrial productionfell by about a 3rd from 1929 to 1931,Continue…The League of Nations in 1931 were Argentina, Australia, the Balkan countries, Bolivia, Brazil, Malaya, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt. Ecuador, Finland, Hungary, India, Mexico, the Netherlands Indies, New Zealand, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela
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  Even after therecovery after 1933 unemployment was still 16%- 20%
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  1933-1938 Nazi Germanywas able to lower the unemployment
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  States would protecttheir markets and their currencies
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  Great Britain in1931 abandoned Free Trade
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  Governments stopped protectedagriculture. They raised the tariffs against competition
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  By 1913 theU.S.A. was the largest economy in the world it produced 42% of the worlds output
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  1921 Germany owedAmerica 132 billion Gold Marks (about 33 billion in 1921)
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  1933 almost halfof US home mortgages were in default & a thousand properties a day were being foreclosed.
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  1932 there wereincreasingly clear signs that the worst was over
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  Other nations recoveredrather quickly versus the USA. They just couldn’t pick up their economy Continue…Frenchman- Jean-Baptiste made the economy worse
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  3 options forintellectual-political hegemony- 1. Marxist communism was one. His predictions seemed to be right. US.S.R. appeared to be immune to the catastrophe. capitalism free markets and reformed by an unofficial marriage or permanent liaison with the moderate social-democracy of non-communist labor movements was effective not a conscious program or policy alternative once the depression was over 2. classical free-market liberalism was an alternative theory. J. M. Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money- the macro-economic steering and management based on national income 1930s looked at national economy as a whole and estimating the total product or income. 3. fascism, German version- National Socialism- benefited the German intellectual tradition… the neoclassical theories of economic liberalism and government determined to get rid of unemployment at allBoth Franklin Roosevelt and Adolf Hitler had no consistent economic program to end the crisis, they were ignorant about economics as well as their political programs were pressures by many people. They both symbolized "energy and commitment," and they were willing to experiment with government to bring recovery to the economy Continue…Mid- 1930s new programs promising economic and social security for the nation's workers
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  Both Roosevelt norHitler did not solved the Great Depression
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  Hitler had moresuccessful restoring employment
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  1933-1938- Nazis boycottedJewish businesses, established anti-Jewish quotas in professions and schools, forbade intermarriage between Jews and Gentiles, and built the 1st concentration camps,
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  Hitler's order toexterminate the Jews until 1941
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  Early 1933- GreatDepression was at its low point
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  Worst-hit countries wereGermany and the United States, unemployment was around 25%
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  Both countries experiencedpoverty and bad leadership
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  Herbert Hoover lackedboth political skill and popular appeal
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  1932- German chancellors;Heinrich Briining was too rigid to be a good politician and too reserved to win the affection of the public
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  Then Franzvon Papen was up but was replaced by General Kurt von Schleicher- He soon resigned
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  January 30, 1933,Adolf Hitler became chancellor
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  March 4, 1933Franklin D. Roosevelt took the oath as president of the United StatesContinue…Both took charge at a bad point which was alreadyheading towards the depression- they both just helped it get worse Roosevelt was born into wealth and social prominence. He attended elite private schools like Groton, Harvard, Columbia Law. His political career consisted of 2 terms as governor of New York. He was successful but wasn’t brilliant a
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  1932 political commentatorWalter Lippmann, described Roosevelt as "a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be President”… He didn’t really know anything about economy
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  Hitler was theson of an Austrian customs official. He was a poor student and lazy. He dropped out of school at 14. He lounged around
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  Vienna for 5years, pretending to be studying art.
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  He spoke an uncultivated form of German, with an
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  Austrian accent. He served in the army in the Great
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  War
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  1929 he had a National Socialist Party