Uploaded byNick Harvey
A Brief History Of Surgery
The document provides a brief history of surgery from ancient times to modern times. It discusses early trephination and dentistry practices dating back thousands of years. It outlines ancient surgical practices and techniques in Egypt, India, Greece, and China. It then discusses the decline of surgery during the Middle Ages and developments in bleeding, infection, anesthesia, transplantation, and minimally invasive techniques in modern surgery. Key individuals and their contributions to advancing the practice of surgery are also mentioned.
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Introduction to the history of surgery by Nick Harvey, setting the context for further discussion.
Explanation of the term 'surgery' derived from Latin and Greek roots, connecting handwork to surgical practice.
Neolithic trephanation in France and New World (1500 BC), and early instances of dentistry in ancient Pakistan and Egypt.
Various surgical practices dated 2000-2500 BC in Egypt, including trephination, amputation, and dental procedures.
Overview of Sushruta and the Sushruta Samhita, detailing 120 surgical instruments and 300 procedures practiced around 600 BC.
Insights into Hippocrates' reluctance for body openings, and surgical advancements from Greek figures like Herophilus and Galen.
Reference to Hua Tuo, an influential Chinese physician and surgeon whose works were unfortunately destroyed.
Decline of surgical practices during the medieval period, with responsibility shifted to barbers instead of trained surgeons.
Transition to modern surgery, advancements related to bleeding control, infection prevention, anaesthesia, and notable figures in the field.
Major milestones in organ transplantation from 1905 to 2006, highlighting significant procedures and advancements.
Historical achievements from 1901 to 1996 in laparoscopic techniques, including the introduction of robotic telesurgery.
Guidance from Sushruta about qualities a physician should possess, emphasizing cleanliness, honesty, and cheerful disposition.
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A Brief History Of Surgery
- 1. A Brief Historyof Surgery Nick Harvey MemorableMedicine.com
- 2. Chirurgery Latin: chirurgia Greek: cheir = hand ergon = work anglicized to Surgery
- 3. Trephanation Neolithic 6500BC France New World 1500 BC Inca
- 4. Dentistry 7000 BCMehgarh, Pakistan 2650 BC Egypt
- 5. Ancient Egypt 2000-2500BC Religious reasons?
- 6.
- 7. Ancient Egypt TrephinationDraining dental abscesses Circumcision Castration Amputation Lithotomy Opiates …
- 8. Ancient India 600BC – Sushruta Sushruta Samhita 120 surgical instruments 300 surgical procedures I&D Rhinoplasty Bowel anastmosis Cataract removal Prostatectomy Tonsillectomy Leeches Ethical code Technical skills lab!
- 9. Ancient Greece 460-370BC – Hippocrates Disliked opening the body Knowledge from the battlefield
- 10. Ancient Greece “cutting persons labouring under the stone should be left to such persons as practice it”
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- 13. Ancient Greece Kritodemos& Alexander the Great Operated with a spoon!
- 14. Ancient Greece 3rd Century BC Herophilus: allowed to dissect Arcagathus: famous for enthusiastic use of knife & cautery 130 AD – 200 AD Claudius Galen – Gladiator’s surgeon, advanced practice
- 15. Ancient China 200BC - Hua Tuo Physician & surgeon Executed & scripts burnt
- 16. Middle Ages 5th – 14 th Century AD Practice of surgery declines Left to barbers
- 17. Modern Surgery “There is no more science in surgery than in butchering” Lord Thurlow
- 18. Modern Surgery BleedingInfection Anaesthesia Transplants Minimal invasion
- 19. Bleeding 10 th Century Ligatures Abulcasis 16 th Century Ligatures over cautery Ambroise Par é 20 th /21 st Century ABO system (1901 - Karl Landsteiner) Diathermy Harmonic scalpel
- 20. Infection 1847 Handwashing Ignaz Semmelweis 1860 Germ theory Louis Pasteur 1867 Cleanliness & gloves Joseph Lister 1928 Penicillin Alexander Fleming
- 21. Anaesthesia 200 HuaTuo 1842 Ether Crawford Long 1844 Nitrous oxide Horace Wells 1846 Ether William Morton 1847 Ether John Snow 1596-1942 Curare Walter Raleigh - Harold Griffith
- 22. Modern Surgery Otherbig names 1316 - Guy de Chauliac Chirurgia magna 1616 - William Harvey An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals 1651 - Richard Wiseman Several Chirurgical Treatises 1661 - Marcello Malpighi Describes capillaries 18 th C - John Hunter Anatomist & Surgeon 1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen X-rays 1953 - John Gibbon Heart/Lung bypass machine
- 23. Allografts 1905 Cornea (Eduard Zirm) 1954 Kidney (Joseph Murray) 1959 Azathioprine 1963 Lung (James Hardy) 1964 Heart - chimpanzee (James Hardy) 1966 Pancreas (Richard Lillehei & William Kelly) 1967 Heart (Christiaan Barnard) 1967 Liver (Thomas Starzl) 1968 Heart & Lung - failed (Denton Cooley) 1970 Cyclosporine 1981 Heart & Lung (Bruce Reitz) 1987 Lung (Joel Cooper) 1998 Hand (Jean-Michel Dubernard) 2005 Face (Bernard Devauchelle) 2006 Penis (Hu Weilie)
- 24. Modern Laparoscopy 1901Cystoscope, Kelling 1911 Proctoscope, Bernheim 1918 Pneumoperitoneum, Goetze 1929 135 o scope, Kalk 1934 Forceps & cautery, Ruddock 1936 Sterilization, Boesch 1938 Veress needle 1977 Assisted appendicectomy, Dekok 1983 Appendicectomy, Semm 1985 Cholecystectomy, Mühe 1996 Robotic telesurgery
- 25. Sushruta’s general adviceto physicians “A physician who has set out on this path should have witnessed operations. He must be licensed by the king. He should be clean and keep his nails and hair short. He should be cheerful, well-spoken and honest.”