A Novel Integrated Framework to Ensure Better Data Quality in Big Data Analytics over Cloud Environment

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 7, No. 5, October 2017, pp. 2798~2805
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2798-2805  2798
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
A Novel Integrated Framework to Ensure Better Data Quality
in Big Data Analytics over Cloud Environment
C. S. Sindhu1
, Nagaratna P. Hegde2
1
JNIAS, Hyderabad, Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore
2
Dept of CSE, Vasavi College of Engineering, Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 23, 2017
Revised Jun 18, 2017
Accepted Sept 11, 2017
With advent of Big Data Analytics, the healthcare system is increasingly
adopting the analytical services that is ultimately found to generate massive
load of highly unstructured data. We reviewed the existing system to find
that there are lesser number of solutions towards addressing the problems of
data variety, data uncertainty, and data speed. It is important that an error-
free data should arrive in analytics. Existing system offers single-hand
solution towards single platform. Therefore, we introduced an integrated
framework that has the capability to address all these three problems in one
execution time. Considering the synthetic big data of healthcare, we carried
out the investigation to find that our proposed system using deep learning
architecture offers better optimization of computational resources. The study
outcome is found to offer comparatively better response time and higher
accuracy rate as compared to existing optimization technqiues that is found
and practiced widely in literature.
Keywords:
Big data analytics
Data speed
Data uncertainty
Data variety
Copyright © 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Name of Corresponding Author,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
National Chung Cheng University,
168 University Road, Minhsiung Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
Email: lsntl@ccu.edu.tw
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is not a new name in the industry from the past half a decade. There are various
revolutionary enterprise applications that are highly optimized over cloud environment [1]. This optimization
is mainly in terms of high performance which is normally scaled in the form of Service Level Agreement
(SLA) and Quality-of-Experience (QoE). The biggest boon of cloud computing is its offering of the
pervasive environment that offers accessibility of user data at any point of time [2]. However, this greatest
contribution of pervasiveness of data by cloud computing has given rise to a biggest impediment in the area
of data mining. It is because of such pervasiveness, multiple types of data bearing different forms of
information, modalities, and formats are now increasingly populated over cloud server almost in every
second [3]. Certain data are physically pushed to cloud by user but majority of the data that exists in cloud
are generated by autonomous system e.g. sensors [4]. Eventhough there is abundant usage of sensors in
automation and security systems, there is one more area where sensors play a vital role i.e. Healthcare sector
[5]. The modern system exercised in majority of bigger chains of hospitals have perfectly automated all
tedious and manual task using sensors and have significantly tuned the respective information over the cloud
servers in explicit manner. Apart from the sensor, the hospital also adopts the usage of Electronic Health
Record (EHR) and Electronic Medical Record (EMR), which captures all the related information about the
patient e.g. i) prior clinical history record, ii) personal contact record, iii) medication list, iv) attending and
referral doctor information, v) insurance details, vi) surgery-related information, etc. The amount of such data

IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 
A Novel Integrated Framework to Ensure Better Data Quality in Big Data Analytics over … (C.S. Sindhu)
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just for one patient is so massive that it is really difficult to perform analysis. The problem of data analysis
worsens when complete hospital data is considered. Basically, the prime reason of this problem is obviously
the size of the data which could be in terms of petabytes, however, storage is still not a bigger challenge in
the era of cloud computing. The bigger challenges related to processing such data are i) data variety, ii) data
uncertainty, and iii) data velocity. Data variety is related to heterogeneity in the forms of the data which
makes the data highly non-applicable to be subjected to any forms of data analysis. Data uncertainty speaks
about the possibility of missing data as well as presence of ambiguous data due to which the complete
volume of data becomes unreliable. This problem is quite difficult to handle and is mainly caused due to
defective data storage and retrieval processing. The final problem i.e. data velocity is something which is
quite difficult to be solved as the data arrival rate is unknown. At present, there is no such model or
parameter that has been reportedly used to gauge the rate of data arrival from a particular source in a highly
distributed network system. Although, there are existing software frameworks like Hadoop, MapReduce,
Cassandra, neo4j and many more, all of them are mainly open source, which is never said to be secured as
the adversaries mainly uses open source to initiate attacks over cloud. Apart from this, there are many cases
wherein existing frameworks have reported problems. Therefore, we review some of the existing techniques
of data analytical application which points towards medical data processing. From this we learn that this is
still in its nascent stage and hence there is scope for evolving up with a solution. A significant research gap of
integrated framework towards addressing majority of problems in data analytics in cloud in found. We,
therefore, present a novel framework that has the capability to address multiple problems in one platform in
highly cost effective manner using big data approach. Section 1.1 discusses about the existing literatures
where different techniques are discussed for energy harvesting followed by discussion of problem
identification in Section 1.2. Section 1.3 briefs about the proposed contribution to address research problems.
Section 2 elaborates about the algorithm implementation followed by result discussion in Section 3. Finally
summary of the paper is discussed in Section 4.
1.1. Background
This section discusses about the existing technqiues towards big data analytics. Our prior work [6-9]
have discussed about the existing technqiues pertaining to significance of classification approach, tools of big
data analytics, and applicability of big data analytics over healthcare sector. Chen et al. [10] have presented
architecture for supportability of agile methodologies over big data. Dabek and Caban [11] have introduced a
technique where a visualization mechanism is designed for modeling the user interaction. Fiadino et al. [12]
have presented a discussion towards using cellular network in the viewpoint of big data analytics. Ordonez et
al. [13] have introduced a technique that makes use of matrix multiplication in order to perform
summarization of big data using statistical modeling. The technique uses array-based operators exclusively
for sparse as well as for dense dataset to show memory consumption and scalability accomplishment. Paul et
al. [14] have used the big data analytics in order to solve the problem associated with human behaviour. The
author discusses about introducing a system that could act as a communication bridge between the internet-
of-things application and data mining technqiues over larger data scale.Sheng et al. [15] have emphasized on
the applicability of big data analytics with respect to information theory and cyber-physical system. This
paper presents a superior form of mathematical modeling connected with information theory followed by
significant channel models that could be potentially helpful for extracting knowledge from bigger scale of
data.Tawalbeh et al. [16] have discussed the generation of massive loads of data from healthcare sector and
how such forms of data can be analyzed using big data analytics. The problems pertaining to data uncertainty
is being recently discussed by Wang and He [17]. The authors point out 6 potential problems to be overcome
for future application of big data analytics e.g. i) highly complex representation of data, ii) pervasive
uncertainty, iii) extremely weaker relationship among data, iv) computation-scalability problems, v)
extraordinary massive size of complex data, and vi) larger number of classes involved in mining process.
Similar direction of study considering Electronic Health Records-based data and its applicability over mining
approach is discussed by Wu et al. [18]. The discussion highlights that dimensionality reduction is one of the
prominent problems along with processing capability. Castellano et al. [19] have presented a classification-
based approach for discriminating critical condition of arrhythmia. The authors have presented a unique
technique for involuntary clustering of electrograms in presence of cloud environment. The technique is also
claimed to offer lower computational load. The study outcome witness around 90% accuracy with 2.5% of
error in classification performance. Cavallaro et al. [20] have used learning algorithm for performing an
effective classification of images. Lu et al. [21] have presented a modeling of a concept that allows
performing big data analytics over the cloud environment. The next section discusses about the problem
being identified from the existing literature.

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1.2. Problem Identification
The existing technqiues towards big data analytics has associated advantages witth respect to
various individual applications; however, it is also associated with limitations too. This section briefs about
the open research issues in the line of various potential problems of data processing particularly relating to
the big data analytics. The identified problems in the existing system are as follows:
 Majority of existing literature have not considered many cases from healthcare sector. The data arriving
from heathcare sector is highly complex in comparison to other forms of bigger data. Such problems are
less addressed in existing literature.
 Existing system introduces big data analytics with more focus on applying mining operation and very
less focus on performing processing operation on the top of it. Majority of the processing is left of
existing software frameworks, which already has reported pitfalls.
 There are no research attempts where the data before storing over cloud undergoes processing in order to
eliminate problems. Moreover, there is integrated system which offers mitigation procedure for data
variety, data uncertainty, and data speed in existing literature.
1.3. Proposed Solution
The proposed system is a continuation of our prior study [22-23], where we have presented an
individual algorithm for solving the problems related to big data analytics e.g. data variety, data uncertainty,
and data speed. Figure 1 highlights the architecture of proposed system.
Data Variety
Data Veracity
Data Velocity
Algorithm
d
odata
udata
fdata
Healthcare Facility
d
d
Figure 1 Proposed architecture
It is already known that there are different levels of complexities associated in addressing the
problem related to medical big data analytics e.g. data variety, data uncertainty, and data speed. The proposed
system offers an integrated framework where it is feasible to address all the three significant problems
without using any sophisticated tool or expensive process. We assume that a healthcare facility already uses
cloud server in order to stack out the generated information from the facility. However, we consider that our
algorithm runs over such cloud server where before storing the data, the system implements a chain of
algorithm in order to eliminate the problems associated in processing big data. We also assume that the data
generated by the healthcare facility is highly unstructured and it should not be stored in this state that may
further invite challenges during analytical operation. The unstructured data after arriving to cloud server it
has to undergo processing from its first algorithm that removes the unstructuredness charecteristic of the data
and make it more organized data. This data than further undergo processing with next chain of the algorithm
to explore better substitution of the missing values or eliminiate the ambiguities. The obtained data from this
part of the algorithm is then subjected to last part of the algorithm that makes the data modeling structure in
such a way that the storage system will be able to store the arrived data irrespective of its time of arrival i.e.
velocity. The next section further elaborated about such algorithms descriptively.
2. ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION
The framework discussed in the prior section mainly incorporates three types of algorithm targeting
to countermeasures the problems associated with the medical data analysis of larger size. The algorithm takes
the input of medical data which has the corresponding information about the patient e.g. patient id, hostpital
name, Referral doctor, Date, Patient Name, Gender, Age, Attending Doctor, and Clinical History and
perform a series of operation in order to overcome the problems associated with big data analysis.

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2.1. Algorithm for Addressing the Variety Problem
The rationale of this algorithm is based on the fact that data with high score of variety are highly
unorganized and hence it is required to provide a robust structure to this data so that further operation can be
carried out. This algorithm is responsible for minimizing the problem associated with variety of medical data.
The algorithm takes the input of unstructured data d which has different forms of variables of patient
information residing under category C (Line-1). The algorithm read the text file and extracts textual contents
on the basis of cardinality (card) of different entries as well as positions and finally stores it in a matrix
(Line-2). The algorithm first finds the list of categories in the form of index and then takes one by one entry
for creating new categories (Line-3). Finally, it is capable of finding the feasible number of array. The
possibility of empty value in the data is also addressed in this system where it checks the size of all the
matrix elements matelem. In case, a matrix element is found null than it is replaced by an integer value
corresponding with the single matrix (Line-5-6). Finally, all the total entries are accumulated by exploring
the size of the matrix. This process of data transformation finally generates organized data odata free for data
variety problem.
Algorithm for Addressing the Variety Problem
Input: pid, hn, Rd, D, pname, G, A, Adoc, Chis, C, d, Epos
Output: odata
Start
1. init d, read C [C={pid, hn, Rd, D, pname, G, A, Adoc, Chis, C}]
2. Read & Storecard (entries) & Epos
3. Get Cindex & content
4. If matelem=0
5. Substitutematelem(SingleMat)
6. odatamatelem=[matelem ii]
End
2.2. Algorithm for Addressing Uncertainty Problem
The design principle of this algorithm is based on the fact that uncertainty score in the medical big
data may occur due to incompleteness of data or ambiguities in data sourcing model. Therefore, uncertainty
problem in medical big data can be countermeasured if incomplete or data ambiguity is addressed in the
micro-scale. The input to the study is the output from prior algorithm i.e. organized data, which is initially
read (Line-1). In this case, all the field of the data sources are read and checked if all of them have undergone
the process of removal of data variety problems. This process is then further followed by an iterative
operation for checking the matched identification of the data corresponding to all the case studies of the
hospital database. The main objective of this operation is to chek for scores of matched elements along with
identity and respective categories. Hence, if any one of the field information is missing, the other key
attributes e.g. atched elements along with identity and respective categories will assist to find the missing
elements or even ambiguous elements in the matrix. Finally, based on the selected identity of the newly
explored data, it is then stored. The mechanism also obtains the initial word from the columnar element and
converts it to character followed by extraction of mean value. A new matrix is then formulated using unique
element in order to generate a random number within a range of size of the matrix. This phenomenon will
significantly avoid any kind of ambiguity in the data and only the matched data will be retrieved. Hence, if
the category element do exists (Line-2) than it will use the same category identity (Line-3) or else it will
generate a new category identity that corresponds with the size of category matrix (Line-5). The matrix with
newly positioned data is then updated followed by calculation of data purity as the ranking mechanism of
addressing uncertainty problems in medical big data (Line-7). We also compute error that could possibly
occur during the substitution process to fill up missing or ambiguous data (Line-8); however, it is just a
performance paramerer.

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Algorithm for Addressing Uncertainty Problem
Input: odata (Organized Data), Celem (Category Element)
Output: udata (updated data), dpur (data purity), E (Error)
Start
1. Read odata
2. If (Celem≠0)
3. use Cid
4. Else
5. use newCid[Cid, size(C)]
6. Update matelem
7. dpursize(unique(C), matelem) / card(Celem)
8 E=E+size(newEntry)
9. Update matelemudata
End
2.3. Algorithm for Addressing Speed Problem
The prime rationale of this algorithm is that data speed cannot be controlled by any means but we
consider that if the speed of data is known to some extent than a proper data management could be done.
Hence, we offer a very simple model where irrespective of any speed of arrival of the incoming data, the data
could be efficiently stored in out database framework. The algorithm takes the output of prior algorithm
where uncertainty problem is addressed. The algorithm initially read the column value of the incoming data
(Line-1) and finds its numerical value. A classification of different matrix are generated depending on the last
column of the incoming data (Line-2) followed by extraction of different labels too (Line-3). Basically,
Labels corresponds to each individual cell in the matrix. We formulate a temporary matrix match that is
responsible for identifying similar elements in incoming data and storage area. If the incoming data is found
to have match than the data is directly discarded and only the column index is updated (Line-4). By this
process, the algorithm ensures cost effective usage of data storage model by only considering unique
incoming data to be stored. However, if the incoming data is found to be unique i.e. it has no matched
elements between itself and data storage structure (Line-4), than it instantly update its label with respect to
size of the label (Line-5). It will mean that a single label is sufficient enough to store the different frequencies
of the incoming data, so that other part of the cells offers enough buffers for new arrival of massive data.
Finally, all the explicit columnar information col is accomplished (Line-6) and cells are updated with respect
to labels and output cells (Line-7). Hence, irrespective of any flow of the incoming data, the proposed system
can offer significant room for data storage system in order to store the incoming data arriving from certain
healthcare facilities.
Algorithm for Addressing Speed Problem
Input: udata, colval
Output: fdata
Start
1. findcolval
2. classify based on col
3. get Label
4. If match=0
5. update Label[1:size(label)]
6. Get col
7. fdataupdate cells (Label, Output Cells)
End

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Table 1 Notation used in Algorithm Design
Notation Meaning
pid patient id
hn hostpital name
Rd Referral Doctor
D Date
pname Patient Name
G Gender
A Age
Adoc Attending Doctor
Chis Clinical History
C Category
d unstructured data
Epos Entry Position
odata Organized Data
Celem Category Element
udata updated data
dpur data purity
E Error
colval numeric value of column
fdata final data
3. RESULT ANALYSIS
This part of the study discusses about the results being accomplished from the proposed study. The
implementation of the proposed system is carried out in Matlab. The constructed framework offer a highly
comprehensive single environment for testifying the three significant problems associated with medical big
data i.e. data variety, data uncertainty, and data speed. The reason for selecting Matlab for design and
development is its easiness, convenient, and scalable. The implementation of the study was carried out using
sythentic medical data of larger size. As the proposed system is nearly similar to optimize the performance of
a framework for big data analytics, hence, it is wise enough to be compared with similar frequently used
techniquesof optimization. We find that adoption of Support Vector Machine has been carried out by
Cavallaro et al. [20] as well as by Singh et al. [24]. One of the optimization feature of SVM is its excellent
classification approach that has capability to be applied over high-dimensioanl data and it is independent of
any form of conventional feature selection procedures in over to resists the problem associated with larger
dimensionality of big data. Different forms of regularization elements as well as extracted features are
concatenated during the process of learning. In order to make the SVM works efficiently for big data, it is
required for the class boundary to be very close to the outcome of the anticipated samples of training. Apart
from SVM, we also find the adoption of neural network in optimizing big data analytics. The most recent
work carried out by Chung et al. [25] has discussed the usage of neural network for high performance
computation of big data. One of the significant advantages of applying neural network over big data analysis
is its capability of approximation of any forms of function. This operation can be significantly helpful while
exploring for the sub-space clustering in high dimensional data. A significant sigmoid function can be further
fine tuned in order to arrive into ellite outcome using neural network in big data analysis. For simplicity, we
implement support vector machine as the training algorithm to address the problem discussed in our paper.
We take the feed-forward algorithm as the learning approach for neural network too. Hence, our existing
system is a combined result arrived from implementing support vector machine and neural network. The
comparative assessment of the study was carried out considering accuracy parameter and computational
response time.
Figure 2. Comparative performances on accuracy

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The comparative assessment of the accuracy is carried out using True Positive, False Positive, and
False Negative for both proposed system as well as existing system. The study outcome shows that proposed
system accomplishes better true positive from statistical score (probability) viewpoint, whereas the existing
system offer slightly reduced accuracy performance as compared to proposed system. The prime reason
behind this that the proposed system performs a sequential operation where output of first operation becomes
input of second process. By this process, the proposed system offers better optimization without using any
recursive function as well as with every increasing steps the problems get reduced. This procedure of filtering
the problems is more iterative and less filtered and hence eixtsing system couldn’t offer better accuracy.
Figure 3. Comparative performances on response time
We also compute the amount of computational complexities associated with both proposed and
existing system with respect to compuatational response time. Figure 3 clearly shows that proposed system
offers better response time in comparison to existing system. However, because of too many dependencies on
iteration, the existing system encounters the problem of faster convergence. Therefore, such iterative
operations cannot be suitably applied over high-dimensional data thereby causing time lags to yield the
outcome. On the other hand, the proposed system offers the results owing to faster convergence while
making transition from one algorithm to other. Therefore, the proposed system offer better computational
response time as well as lower memory consumption over normal machine to prove its cost effectiveness.
The storage complexity is highly controlled as the complete framework offers results only over runtime
processing of the algorithm and hence enough resource consumption is saved.
4. CONCLUSION
This paper emphasizes on the inherent problems associated with the big data analytics over cloud
i.e. data variety, data uncertainty, and data speed. We have reviewed some of the recent literatures to find that
there is a big tradeoff in the existing approaches between problems being addressed as claimed and real-time
problems. The problems being addressed as claimed in literature only emphasizes on part of one problem
where in real-sense there could be endless number of occurance of all the reported problems while
performing real-time analysis over cloud environment. This paper describes one novel research model which
is experimented over synthetic bigdata of healthcares sector. The technique introduces a novel framework
where all the reported problems e.g. .data variety, data uncertainty, and data speed is addressed. At present,
we find that it offer better accuracy and response time in comparison to existing optimization system. Our
future work direction will be to further optimize the outcomes.
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