A Review Thrombocytopenia

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD47659 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 1444
A Review: Thrombocytopenia
D. N. Ashritha, Subhashini. A, Dr. K. C. Arul Prakasam, Deborah Rose
Department of Pharmacy Practice, JKKMMRF’s Annai JKK
Sampoorani Ammal College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count that falls below its
normal range. The normal value of platelets for an adult is 150000 to
450000/ microliter. A platelet count of more than 450000/microliter
is called thrombocytosis and a platelet count of less than
150000/microliter is called thrombocytopenia. Various types of
thrombocytopenia occur based on theircause such as immune
thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia,
and drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Various causes of
thrombocytopenia are due to some of the drugs, diseases and
disorders, chemical exposures, microorganisms, and some rare
conditions that cause blood clots. The underlying pathophysiology of
thrombocytopenia is decreased platelet production, increased platelet
destruction, and platelets redistribution. The effective diagnosis and
treatment may help the patient improve in their quality of life and
help to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome. The scope of this
review is to describe thrombocytopenia, types, etiology,
pathophysiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, non-
pharmacological treatment, and its prevention.
KEY WORDS: Thrombocytopenia, Etiology, Types, Pathophysiology,
Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
How to cite this paper: D. N. Ashritha |
Subhashini. A | Dr. K. C. Arul Prakasam
| Deborah Rose "A Review:
Thrombocytopenia" Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-5 |
Issue-6, October
2021, pp.1444-
1448, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47659.pdf
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INTRODUCTION:
Platelets are also called thrombocytes. Platelets are
small colorless cell fragments that are present in the
blood. In 1841, George Gulliver drew pictures of
platelets. He used a twin-lens compound microscope.
In 1842, William Addison drew pictures of a platelet
fibrin clot. In 1864, Lionel Beale was the first to
publish a drawing showing platelets. When a count of
platelets falls below its normal range is called
thrombocytopenia. The normal value of platelets in
adults is 150,000/microliter to 450000/ microliter.1
In
blood vessel injuries, platelets form plugs and stop
bleeding by clumping.2
Platelets helped in clot
formation and stopped or prevented bleeding and it
helps to maintain the integrity of the blood vessels
walls. In the bone marrow, platelets are made. Bone
marrow is present inside the bones and it is a sponge-
like tissue. Stem cells are present in the bone marrow
that develops into red blood cells (RBC), White blood
cells (WBC), and platelets. 3,4,5
Thrombopoietin
regulates platelet production.6
In a healthy body,
platelets can live about 10 days.16
When the platelet
count reduces below 100,000/microliter, spontaneous
bleeding will occur.1,7
Aplastic anemia and Leukemia
are blood diseases that are associated with
thrombocytopenia. They contribute to the impaired
production of platelets. A complete blood count test
shows platelets numbers.8
The reasons for
thrombocytopenia are making decreasing numbers of
platelets, destruction of platelets increased, and
distribution of platelets changing.10
Low platelets
occur when the damage of bone marrow cannot make
enough of its platelets, Severe bleeding causes lost
platelets due to surgery and traumatic injury and,
many platelets are removed by the spleen because of
the filter process.3
The Reducing the risk of
thrombocytopenia is avoiding alcohol consumption
because alcohol slows platelet production, avoiding
environmental toxins as it can reduce platelet
production, avoiding thrombocytopenia caused
medications, and receiving medical professionals
recommend drugs and vaccinations.17
Severe
thrombocytopenia such as intracerebral and
intraabdominal bleeding may be life-threatening and
diagnosing the condition immediately can save the
life.
IJTSRD47659

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Three stages of thrombocytopenia based on their
platelet count:
Mild: 100,000 to 150,000/ microliter.
Moderate: 50,000 to 100,000/microliter.
Severe: < 50,000/microliter.10
When platelets count exceeds 450000/microliter the
condition is termedthrombocytosis. There are two
types of thrombocytosis, one of these is primary
thrombocytosis and the other is secondary
thrombocytosis. Primary thrombocytosis is caused by
alterations targeting hematopoietic cells and
secondary thrombocytosis is caused by external
causes such as chronic inflammation, cancer, and iron
deficiencies.25
TYPES:
Various types of thrombocytopenia are there based on
their cause:
1. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura:
It is an acquired immune-mediated disorder. There
are no known conditions or agents known to induce
thrombocytopenia. It is also called idiopathic.
Secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura means
some other underlying conditions like lympho
proliferative disorders, Infections, and autoimmune
disorders.
Example: Systemic lupus erythematosus,
antiphospholipid syndrome, Grave's disease, and
sarcoidosis.
2. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia:
It occurs when the patient was treated with Heparin.
There is no previous exposure but the platelets count
starts to decline 5 to 10 days later. Recent Heparin
exposure is the reason for platelet count declination.
It is a life-threatening disorder. Patients with Heparin-
induced thrombocytopenia having a 50% decrease in
platelet count from baseline. When compared with
surgical patients, medical patients have a lower
incidence.
3. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura:
One of the rare disease conditions is Thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). In small blood
vessels, it forms blood clots. Some of the blood
vessels are present in the brain, kidneys, and heart.
Neurological changes, renal manifestation, and fever
present. Without treatment it is fatal. Primarily, it
occurs in adults. In children with acute renal failure,
bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain, the hemolytic
uremic syndrome is said to be Thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura. The most common
causative organism in hemolytic uremic syndrome is
Shiga toxin which is produced by Escherichia coli.
4. Immune thrombocytopenia:
Abnormal immune reaction. It destroys their platelets.
The immune system recognizes platelets as foreign
substances.
5. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia:
Quinine is one of the most common causes of drug-
induced thrombocytopenia. It occurs within 5 to 7
days of exposure to drugs. Usually resolves 7 to 14
days after discontinuation.3,10
ETIOLOGY:
1. Drugs:
Antiplatelet agents: Abciximab, Eptifibatide,
Tirofiban.
Anticoagulants: Heparin; Heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia.
Analgesics: Acetaminophen
NSAIDs: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Amiodarone
Antibiotics: Cimetidine, Piperacillin, Vancomycin
Anti-seizure medications: Carbamazepine
Sulfonamides: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Histamine 2 blocker: Cimetidine
Vaccines: Measles, Mumps, and rubella vaccine.
2. Diseases and disorders:
Alcoholism and Alcohol use disorder
Autoimmune disease: Systemic lupus
erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Henoch-
schonlein purpura (small blood vessels).
Splenomegaly.
Bone marrow diseases: Myelodysplastic
syndromes and certain lymphomas. Leukemia and
Aplastic anemia.
3. Treatments:
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
4. Chemical exposures:
Arsenic
Benzene and
Pesticides.
5. Microorganisms:
Chickenpox virus.
Hepatitis C.
Cytomegalovirus.
Epstein-Barr virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Parvovirus
Severe bacterial infection in blood i.e., Sepsis
Helicobacter pylori.
6. Some rare conditions that cause blood clots:
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Disseminated Intravascular coagulation (DIC).
4,11-15

SYMPTOMS:
Bleeding gums
Blood in the stool(black), urine (haematuria), or
vomit
Red or pink urine
Heavy menstrual periods
Rectal bleeding
Purpura or easy bruising
Rash: Tiny red-purple or dots on lower legs.
Superficial bleeding into the skin: pinpoint-sized
reddish-purple.
Prolonged bleeding from cuts
Bleeding gums or nose
Fatigue
Splenomegaly
Severe headache
Muscle pain
Joint pain
Dizziness
Feeling weak.2,7,12,16
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
1. Decreased platelet production:
In aplastic anemia, there is the presence of bone
marrow failure. Exposure to certain drugs (valproic
acid, daptomycin, certain chemotherapeutic agents,
and irradiation) bone marrow suppression may occur.
Vitamin B12 deficiencies and folate deficiencies,
myelodysplastic syndrome, Sepsis impairs platelet
production in the bone marrow. The above-mentioned
conditions associated with decreased production of
other cell lines cause leukemia and Aplastic anemia.
2. Increased platelet destruction:
In a healthy human, platelets get removed by
monocytes or macrophages of the reticuloendothelial
system. Anti-platelets autoantibodies bind to platelets
and megakaryocytes and cause increased destruction
of platelets in immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Antiplatelet antibodies are present in:
A. Primary Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura
(ITP)
B. Drug-induced Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
purpura (ITP)
C. Lymphoproliferative disorders
D. Autoimmune conditions like Systemic lupus
erythematosus.
E. Chronic infections like HIV and Helicobacter
pylori.
3. Platelet’s redistribution:
In a healthy adult, one-third of the platelet mass is in
the spleen. In thrombocytopenia, Splenomegaly and
increased spleen congestion occur. This results in
increased mass in the spleen and decreased platelet
production in blood circulation.15
DIAGNOSIS:
Physical examination
Medical history: General eating habits, alcohol
consumption, OTC medications and herbal
remedies, quinine-containing beverages. (Often in
tonic water and nutritional health products,
quinine is present as a substance). Signs of
bleeding under the skin (bruises or spots on the
skin), Enlargement of the spleen (platelets
trapping).
Complete blood count: It helps to measure the
number of red blood cells (RBCs), White blood
cells (WBCs), and platelets in the blood.
Thrombocytopenia results show low platelet
levels
Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin
time (PTT) tests: This helps to measure the time
taken for blood clotting.
Automated counter: To determine the severity of
thrombocytopenia. It is examined with the help of
a microscope.
Bone marrow biopsy: Sample observed under a
microscope.
Blood smear: It helps to check the appearance of
platelets with the help of a microscope.2,4,17-19
TREATMENT:
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT:
1. Corticosteroids: The first choice of drug is
Corticosteroid. These are also called steroids. It helps
to slow down the destruction of platelets by
decreasing the production of antibodies against
platelets. The example of corticosteroids is
Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone.
Dose: Prednisone; For adults: 1-2 mg/kg/day with
taper Dexamethasone 40 mg/day x 4 days for 1-3
cycles orally or intravenously. For children: 2-4
mg/kg orally divided 2 times a day for 5-7 days.20
ADR: Irritability, stomach irritation, weight gain,
difficulty sleeping, mood changes, and acne.21,22
2. Immune globulin: Immune globulin injection. It is
used for critical bleeding. The example for Immune
globulin is IV gamma globulin and anti-D Immune
globulin. IV gamma globulin temporarily slows the
rate of platelet destruction.
Dose: 0.8 – 1 gram/kg for 1 dose.20
ADR: Headache, fatigue, nausea, chills.
3. Thrombopoietin mimetics: These are the drugs
that boost platelets production. It helps our bone
marrow produce more platelets. Recently FDA
approved drugs for patients who do not respond to

steroids. It may also increase the risk of blood clots.
The examples of Thrombopoietin mimetics are
Romiplostim and Eltrombopag.
Dose: Romiplostim: 1 mcg/kg subcutaneous q Week
Eltrombopag: 50 mg oral qDay.24
ADR: upper respiratory tract infection,
nasopharyngitis, anemia, pyrexia.
4. Rituximab: It helps to increase platelet counts by
reducing immune system response. The results can be
seen after 4 to 6 hours. The risk of Rituximab may
damage platelets and reduce the effectiveness of
vaccinations.25
5. Platelets or blood transfusion: Receiving healthy
blood or platelets. Replacement of lost blood with
transfusion of packed red blood cells or platelets.2
NON -
PHARMACOLOGICALMANAGEMENT:
1. Surgery: Splenectomy is the removal of the spleen.
This removes the main source of platelets destruction.
This procedure is done in adults who have immune
thrombocytopenia (ITP). It is a permanent solution
and effective treatment.21,22
2. Vitamin B12: It helps to keep our blood cells
healthy. For example, beef liver and eggsare rich in
vitamin B12.23
3. Vitamin B (Folate): It helps blood cells. Example:
peanut, black-eyed peas, kidney beans, orange,
orange juices.
4. Iron: It is essential to produce healthy blood cells.
Example: Mussels, pumpkin seeds, lentils, beef.
5. Vitamin C: It helps our platelets group together
and functions efficiently. It also helps to increase
platelets by increasing iron absorption. Example:
Mangoes, pineapple, broccoli, tomatoes,
cauliflower.22
6. Plasma exchange.2,21
7. Lifestyle modification:
Avoid injuries-causing activities such as sports
(boxing, martial arts, and football)
Moderate intake of alcohol if at all.
Caution for over-the-counter medications.
Example: Aspirin, Ibuprofen can prevent platelets
from working properly.24
PREVENTION:
Usually, thrombocytopenia cannot be prevented.
Some of the steps which help to prevent health
problems associated with thrombocytopenia:
Avoid contact with toxic chemicals
Be aware of medications that cause
thrombocytopenia.
Avoid injuries or trauma.
Avoid drinking alcohol.14
CONCLUSION:
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count that
falls below its normal range. The normal value of
platelets in adults is 150,000/microliter. This review
focuses on thrombocytopenia, types, etiology,
pathophysiology, diagnosis, pharmacological
treatment, non-pharmacological treatment, and
prevention. Successful treatment of thrombocytopenia
is the understanding of the underlying
pathophysiological process in the disease
development. Patients who have thrombocytopenia
should take preventive measures and due to the
complexity of this condition management of
thrombocytopenic conditions requires an inter
professional team of health care professionals to
achieve an optimal patient outcome.
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