A Study on Algorithms for Block Motion Estimation in Video Coding

Indo-Iranian Journal of Scientific Research (IIJSR)
(Peer Reviewed Quarterly International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 4, Pages 66-71, Oct-Dec 2018
66 | P a g e ISSN: 2581-4362 Website: www.iijsr.com
A Study on Algorithms for Block Motion Estimation in Video Coding
Sharon Elsa Mathew1
, Mrs.S.Kokila2
1
PG Scholar, Department of ECE, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Namakkal, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Namakkal, India.
Article Received: 29 May 2018 Article Accepted: 22 September 2018 Article Published: 06 October 2018
1. INTRODUCTION
In current video coding standards such as H.26x and MPEGx, block matching algorithms (BMAs) has been widely
used for motion estimation. The most straightforward algorithm is the full search (FS). FS can obtain the global
optimal motion vector (MV); however, it is time-consuming. To speed up the process of block motion estimation
(BME), many fast BMAs have been developed to speed up the process of block motion estimation. One way is to
improve the search patterns based on the study of motion-vector distribution characteristics. The second one is to
obtain better starting points using spatial or temporal correlation between blocks. The algorithms using a certain
approach are usually efficient for the series with certain motion characteristics. In the last decade, the algorithms
which blend the approaches mentioned above together has been developed rapidly with the advantages of the above
approaches combined these algorithms.
Many algorithms are introduced to compute the homography between two frames by using information on images.
Mainly by exploiting the homography between two frames, many algorithms are proposed for block motion
estimation in coding the sequences captured by PTZ cameras. Pan-tilt (PT) cameras are commonly used in such
fields as surveillance, distance learning, patient care, and reconnaissance and space exploration. Due to the
constrained movement, there lies a geometric relationship between two frames in the video sequences captured by
PT cameras. The geometric relationship has been studied and utilized for motion detection or tracking but few of the
BMAs utilize the inherent relationship in coding the increasing video sequences captured by PT cameras.
In this paper, I present a review of the various block matching based motion estimation algorithms. Many
techniques have been proposed for the motion estimation for video coding so far. All the method is proposed aiming
that 1. Reduce computational complexity 2. Representing true motion (provide good quality), 3.reducing bit rate
(high compression ratio).
ABSTRACT
Block matching algorithm (BMA) for motion estimation is extremely normally utilized in current video coding standard like H.26x and MPEG-x as
a result of its simplicity and performance and also it is a very important content in video compression the motion estimation is becoming a problem in
many video applications as it to estimate the motion of the object. There are homography between 2 frames within the video sequences captured by
pan-tilt (PT) cameras in their unnatural movements and therefore the geometric relationship is used to reduce the spatial redundancy in the video. In
this paper, I present a homography based motion estimation algorithm and a comparative study of different algorithms. Also I introduce a unique
homography-based motion for block motion estimation. This study is to provide an idea about the important tradeoff between computational
complexity, result quality and various applications. This algorithm can be done on Matlab.
Keywords: Block Motion Algorithm, PT camera, Homography.

2. RELATED WORKS
Chukka Santosh, Prayline Rajabai C and S Sivanantham (2017) introduced SAD Architecture for Variable Block
Size Motion Estimation in H.264 Video Coding. In this paper, the high throughput hardware architecture is
designed to calculate the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) based on the variable block size of the image. Even
though the fixed block size motion estimation [1-25] is simple with respect to the complexity of the variable block
size motion estimation, variable block size estimation technique results in exquisite performance. The hardware
implementation of SAD is done using Comparator and Carry skip adder. Comparator and Carry skip adder unit
improves the performance of SAD calculation in terms of speed, area, and power. They also proposed a control unit
for H.264 video. This proposed control unit calculates the SAD output values according to block size given as input
to control unit.
Ashika K O, N ManjaNaik, Parameshachari B D, ReshmaBanu and Rajashekarappa (2017) introduced Inter
Frame Coding in Advanced Video Coding Standard H.264 using Block Based Motion Compensation Technique. In
this, the working of video coding techniques is briefly explained. Out of two types frame coding method a block
based motion estimation and motion compensation module is implemented and also they implemented an advanced
video encoding module based on inter frame video technique is implemented. To predict the future frame based on
the current frame and previous frame they performed particular block based motion estimation. A respective motion
vector based on the motion compensation and current frame information is obtained. Here previous frame is used to
predict the future frame, motion estimation predict the motion vector. The resultant vector information is encoded to
transmit high quality video information in a less bandwidth.
Yucheng Sun and Lu Yu (2017) explored a geometric motion model to derive a geometric derived motion vector
(GDMV) when an object has a relative movement that is close to or away from the camera. The proposed GDMV is
integrated to HM 16.0 to further improve the motion prediction in HEVC. In order to ensure the accuracy of the
motion vector predictor, a refining process is adopted before integrating the model into HEVC motion vector
prediction. Experimental results showed that compared to HM 16.0, the proposed GDMV can bring 0.14%~1.13%
BD bitrate saving in low delay P main test. In the proposed motion model, object has only a slight rotation with
large τ value.
Shyamala Kattula and MalleshamDasari (2016) proposed an efficient and fast motion estimation (ME) algorithm
for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The proposed work was based on video content that gives the provision
to select a best macro block mode and suitable search pattern for a given slice of the video frame. Based on a tiered
scene labeling mechanism, each frame is divided into multiple slices and a suitable search pattern is estimated for
each slice by investigating texture of the slice. The interspace distance between a macro block in current frame to
the candidate macro block in the previous frame is calculated for all the macro blocks in a slice, to find the block
movement factor (BMF) which identifies an appropriate search pattern for that slice. Also, the disparity between the
neighboring blocks is measured for each slice to predict the mode to be considered for block matching in next

frame. The experimental analysis was performed with x265 video codec, which shows considerable amount (20%)
of improvement in compression performance.
Mahmoud Ahmadi, Ali Wali, AhlemWalha and Adel M. Alimi (2015) introduced a New Motion Estimation
Technique for Video Coding. This paper presented REGIM Video Coding (REGIMVC) as a new video coding
technique. REGIM-VC proposes an efficient motion estimation algorithm based on block matching. The proposed
algorithm is to improve the compression performance by applying new Motion Estimation techniques. So it reduces
the search points number in Motion Estimation block of video codec. Consequently, it saves significantly the
bit-rate and the computational time. This method had proved its performance when it will be tested under x265
framework.
P.Jayakrishnan and Harish.M.Kittur (2014) presents a new design for the implementation of Full- Search (FS)
Variable Block Size (VBS) Motion Estimation (ME), which is a key issue of different video compression standards
such as MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Visual, H.261, H.263 and H.264. The FS algorithm is widely used for
implementation of ME in video compression algorithms. This design is fully parametric in terms of block size,
which is variable, and the Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) is presented by re-using the outputs. These
architectures were designed using Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) and the functionalities are
verified using ModelSim Simulator.
Yogananda Patnaik, Dinesh Kumar Singh and Dipti Patra (2014) explored a new search method for block motion
estimation in video compression. The purpose of the paper was to review recent research on the search techniques
for block motion estimation, and to present a new search method for the same which uses its neighboring blocks for
the prediction of motion vectors. This method had used the motion vectors of neighboring blocks which are more
likely to be helpful in the prediction process. A search center is located, with the help of these motion vectors; a
search window is placed around it. In this paper, they had also proposed sorted method algorithm by forming a
combination of current block with different neighborhood blocks, and compared the result. The performance of the
algorithm was then compared with the FSA, ARPS, and diamond search (DS) and TSS algorithms.
Abdou Khadre Diop, K. Tall, S. M. Farssi and I. Diop (2014) presents a performances of the estimation and
motion compensation for the reconstruction of motion areas in a sequence video Motion JPEG 2000. In this paper,
they proposed a technique of estimation and motion compensation for optimal recovery of lost packets in motion
areas. The application implemented in Matlab can see firsthand the disappearance of the effects of blocks in the
transmission of video sequence Motion JPEG 2000 in a very noisy environment. The transmission of video
sequences Motion JPEG 2000 is not entirely reliable in a very noisy environment, since attending packet loss in the
code stream the movie Motion JPEG 2000. For a reconstruction of the lost packets, the method of conditional
replenishment has been proposed. However, with this method, the effects of blocks appear in motion areas making
the quality of the video poor in these areas.

Ailing Zhang, Xiaopeng Fan, Ruiqin Xiong and Debin Zhao (2013) proposed a new method of distributed soft
video broadcast with variable block size motion estimation. In this paper, they used the variable block size motion
estimation to replace the fixed block size motion estimation, that will efficiently reduce the block effect and also it
will improve the quality of the reconstructed frame generated using motion compensation and predicted frame. On
the coding side, complexity does not add too much and the predicted frame of the encoding side and decoding side
is more accurate, thereby the reconstructed frame generated by motion compensation and predicted frame is better.
The DCAST with variable block size motion estimation is proved to be 0.5dB better than DCAST with fixed block
size motion estimation.
Yanfei Shen, Jintao Li and Zhenmin Zhu (2013) described a based on sparse representation, which is applied in
video coding to reduce the temporal redundancy. The sparse coefficients are firstly calculated in support region by
orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm using the reference blocks as dictionary elements, and then these
optimal sparse coefficients are utilized to predict the current block. To get the same prediction in decoder, the
number of iterations in OMP is transmitted to decoder as side information. Simulation results showed that gain up to
2.87dB in terms of the PSNR when compared with traditional translational motion estimation model.
TABLE 1: Comparison between block matching methods
SL NO PAPER TITLE ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
1
A SAD Architecture for Variable Block Size
Motion Estimation in H.264 Video Coding
Improves the performance in terms
of speed with a good frequency.
Block size varies the
complexity increases.
2
Inter Frame Coding in Advanced Video
Coding Standard H.264 using Block Based
Motion Compensation Technique
Transmits high quality video
information in a less bandwidth.
Time decoding in inter
frame coding is complex.
3
Geometric Derived Motion Vector for
Motion Prediction In Block-Based Video
Coding
Derive a geometric derived motion
vector (GDMV).
Complexity in selecting the
suitable neighboring MV
pair.
4
On the Adaptive Motion Estimation in Video
Coding
Based on Video Content Analysis
Select a best macro block mode and
suitable search pattern.
Introduces discontinuities at
the block borders.
5
A New Motion Estimation Technique for
Video Coding
Reduces the search points number in
Motion Estimation block of video
codec.
Computation is more
expensive.
6
2-Dimensional Systolic Architecture for
H.264/AVC Variable Block Size Motion
Estimation
1-D and 2-D design of ME block is
developed for VBS using FS
algorithm.
Computational time is high
to identify a best matching
block.
7
A New Search Method for Block Motion
Estimation in Video Compression
Sorted method algorithm is
proposed.
As the number of blocks
increases in the sorted search

method, the computation
time increases.
8
Performances of the estimation and motion
compensation for the reconstruction of
motion areas in a sequence video Motion
JPEG 2000
Recover lost packets in motion
areas.
Lacks very high reliability in
the motion of areas video.
9
Distributed Soft Video Broadcast with
Variable Block Size Motion Estimation
Reduce the block effect and improve
the quality.
Rate distortion optimization
performing on every
possible mode will greatly
increase the coding
complexity.
10
Motion Estimation for Video Coding based
on Sparse Representation
A motion estimation algorithm
based on sparse representation is
proposed.
The coefficients of sparse
representation are calculated
in real time, so it has more
computation complexity.
3. CONCLUSION
A review of the various block matching based motion estimation algorithms has been presented. These features,
advantages and disadvantages of those algorithms have been presented. It is a very important content in video
compression the motion estimation is becoming a problem in many video applications such as HDTV, multimedia
communications, video conferencing as it to estimate the motion of the object. In addition, I have been briefly
reviewed the various matching. Algorithms are reviewed, in terms of both coding efficiency and their
computational complexity.
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