Studies On Energy Conservation And Audit

International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.4| Apr. 2015 | 1|
Studies On Energy Conservation And Audit
Miss. P. S. Bodke1
, Mr. A. N. Shinde2
, Miss A. V.Zoman3
1
Lecturer Electrical & Other Energy Sources Department K.K.Wagh College of Agricultural Engineering &
Technology Nashik,Maharashtra,India.
2
Assistant Professor Farm Machinery & Power Department K.K.Wagh College of Agricultural Engineering &
Technology, Nashik,Maharashtra, India.
3
Lecturer Farm Machinery & Power Department K.K.Wagh College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology,
Nashik,Maharashtra,India
I. Introduction
India has made rapid stride towards economics self-reliance over the last few years. Impressive
progress has been made in the fields of industry, agriculture, communication, transport and other sector
necessitating growing consumption of energy for developmental and economic activities. If India is to achieve
the targeted growth in GDP, it would need commensurate input of energy, mainly commercial energy in the
form of coal, oil, gas, & electricity. However, India’s fossil fuel reserves are limited. The known reserves of oil
& natural gas may last hardly for 18 and 26 years respectively at the current reserves to production ratio. India
has huge proven coal reserves (84 billion tones ), which may last for about 200 years but the increasing ash
content in Indian coal as well as associated greenhouse gas emission are the major concern.
Energy being an important element of the infrastructure sector has to be ensured it’s availability on
sustainable basis. On the other hand, the demand on energy is growing manifold and the energy sources are
becoming scarce and costlier. Among the various strategies to be evolved for meeting energy demand, efficient
use of energy and its conservation emerges out be the least cost option in any given strategies, apart from being
environmentally benign.
The steps to create sustainable energy system begin with the wise use of resources; energy efficiency is
the mantra that leads to sustainable energy management.
II. Major Energy Saving Areas
1. Energy Saving By Using Electronic Ballast
1.1Role of ballast:-
Ballasts (chokes) are used to provide higher voltage to start the tube light and subsequently limit the
current during normal operation. Fluorescent lamp is an electric discharge lamp. The two electrodes are
separated inside a tube with no apparent connection between them. When sufficient voltage is impressed on
these electrodes, electrons are driven from one electrode and attracted to the other. The current flow takes place
through an atmosphere of low pressure mercury vapour. Since the fluorescent lamps cannot produce light by
direct connection to the power source, they need an auxiliary circuit and device to get started and remain
illuminated. The auxiliary circuit housed in a casing is known as ballast.
1.2 Conventional vs. electronic ballast:-
ABSTRACT: Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.

Conventional electromagnetic ballasts (chokes) are used to provide higher voltage to start the tube light
and subsequently limit the current during normal operation. Electronic ballasts are oscillators that convert the
supply frequency to about 20,000 Hz to 30,000Hz.
The conventional ballast make use of the kick cost by sudden physical disruption of current in an
inductive circuit to produce the high voltage required for starting the lamp and then rely on reactive voltage drop
in the ballast to reduce the voltage applied across the lamp. On account of the mechanical switch (starter) and
low resistance of filament when cold the uncontrolled filament current, generally tend to go beyond the limits
specified by Indian standard specifications. With high values of current and flux densities the operational losses
and temperature rise are on the higher side in conventional choke. The high frequency electronic ballast
overcomes the above drawbacks.
The basic functions of electronic ballasts are:-
1 To ignite the lamp.
2 To stabilize the gas discharge.
3 To supply the power to the lamp.
The electronic ballasts make use of modern power semiconductor devices for their operation. The
circuit components form a tuned circuit to deliver power to the lamp at a high resonant frequency (in the vicinity
of 25 kHz) and voltage is regulated through an inbuilt feedback mechanism. It is now well established that the
fluorescent lamp efficiency in the kHz range is higher than those attainable at low frequencies. At lower
frequencies (50 or 60 Hz) the electron density in the lamp is proportional to the instantaneous value of the
current because the ionization state in the tube is able to follow the instantaneous variations in the current. At
higher frequencies (kHz range), the ionization state cannot follow the instantaneous variations of the current and
hence the ionization density is approximately a constant, proportional to the RMS (root mean square) value of
the current. Another significant benefit resulting from this phenomenon is the absence of stroboscopic effect,
thereby, significantly improving the quality of light output.
Advantages:-
1 One of the largest advantages of electronic ballast is the enormous energy savings it provides. The losses in
electronic ballast for tube lights are only about 1watt, in place of 10 – 15 watts in standard electromagnetic
chokes. This is due to its amazingly low internal core loss, quite unlike old fashioned magnetic ballasts.
Hence a saving of about 15 -20 watts per tube light can be achieved by use of electronic ballasts. Energy
savings up to 35% is achieved.
Table no.1: Units Consumption
2 The efficiency of tube lights improves at higher frequencies, resulting in additional savings if the ballast is
optimized to provide the same light output as with the conventional choke.
3 The tube light lights up instantly without flickering.
4 Less heat dissipation which reduces the air conditioning load.
5 Lights instantly.
6 Improved power factor.
7 Less in weight.
8 Increase the life of lamp.
The advantages of HF electronic ballast, outweigh the initial investment (higher costs when compared
with conventional ballast).In the past the failure rate of electronic ballast in Indian industries was high. Recently
many manufacturers have improved the design of the ballast leading to drastic improvement in their reliability.
The life of the electronic ballast is high especially where, used in a lighting circuit fitted with a automatic
voltage stabilizer.
Type of Lamp
With Conventional
Electromagnetic ballast
With Electronic
Ballast
Power
Savings
Watts
40W Tube light 51 35 16
35W Low pressure
sodium
48 32 16
70W High pressure
sodium
81 75 6

III. Energy Saving By Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Definition: A Compact Fluorescent Light produces light when electricity is passed through a gas sealed
in a glass tube, creating UV rays which react with a phosphor coating on the inside of the glass tube. CFLs use
less power, release less heat, and last a longer than an incandescent light bulb.
Fig. No.1 Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Comparison with Incandescent Lamps
1. Lifespan:- Modern CFLs typically have a lifespan of between 6,000 and 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent
lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours. These lifetimes are quoted
according to IEC60969, which specifies that “life to 50% of failures shall be not less than value declared by the
manufacturer”. The life time of any lamp depends on many factors including manufacturing defects, exposure to
voltage spikes, mechanical shocks, frequency of cycling on and off and ambient operating temperature, among
other factors.
The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is only turned on for a few minutes at a time: In the case
of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be up to 85% shorter, reducing its lifespan to the level of an
incandescent lamp. The US Energy Star program says to leave them on at least 15 minutes at a time to mitigate
this problem.
CFL’s give less light later in their life than they did at the start. The light output depreciation is
exponential; with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp was new. By the middle to end of their lives, CFLs
can be expected to produce 70-80% of their original light output.
2. Interaction with other energy sources:-All operating electrical lamps contribute heat to a building and
therefore, when considering the energy savings of CFLs versus incandescent lamps, it is necessary to consider
energy used for illumination as well as energy used for heating or cooling.
If incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs the heat produced by the building’s lighting system will be
reduced. At times when the building requires both heating and lighting, the building’s central heating system
will then have to work harder to maintain the same temperature. Depending on the sources of energy used for
heating and for electricity production, this may result in either a small increase or a small decrease in the total
cost and environmental impact of changing to CFLs.
There is a third case where electric lighting is used with natural vibration and without either heating or
cooling. In this case the energy saving due to CFLs are simpler to estimate, as described above.
Conversely, if the building requires both illumination and cooling, then CFLs will use less electricity
themselves and will also reduce the load on the cooling system compared to incandescent lamps. This results in
two concurrent savings, and since most air conditioners are also electrically powered, they are directly
comparable.
When the energy used for both heating and lighting is considered, the use of CFLs saves three quarter
to four fifth of lighting energy in temperate climates and cooled buildings, and less in cold climates and heated
buildings.
3. Energy Efficiency:- In order to compare the actual energy efficiency of CFLs with various other lamp
technologies such as incandescent, LED and halogen, factors to compare include lumens, the subjective
usefulness of different frequencies of light, the distribution of light over imaginary 360 degree spheres around

the lamps and other factors. In round figures, typical incandescent lamps are around 2% efficient and domestic
CFLs are currently 7%-8% efficient (life cycle comparisons are necessarily more complex).
4. Cost: - In addition to the above savings on energy costs, the average life of a CFL is between 8 and 15 times
that of incandescent. While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3 to 10 times greater than that of an
equivalent incandescent lamp, the extended lifetime (fewer lamps to replace and reduced labor) and lower
energy use will compensate for the higher initial cost in many applications.
5. Cost-Effectiveness in Commercial Buildings:-CFLs are extremely cost-effective across commercial
building types and applications. Savings are greater and payback periods shorter in regions with higher than
average electric rates and, to a lesser extent, higher than average cooling requirements.
6. Cold weather function:- Incandescent give light almost immediately upon the application of voltage. CFLs
take a moment to brighten up, and can take much longer in very cold temperatures. Coupling this with the
shorter life of CFLs when turned on and off for short amounts of time may make incandescent bulbs more
attractive for things like outdoor and/ or motion activated lighting.
IV. Energy Saving By Transparent Roofing Sheets
Energy saving through “Translucent roofing sheet” Translucent sheets are the transparent type having
ability to pass specific type of light through it.
As natural light is freely available at the day time we can use it with the help of these sheets. Utilization
of free natural light requires Specific type of sheets passing specific lumens through it. These sheets are FRP or
poly roof sheet. These are protected against degradation from UV radiation and long term exposure during
extreme weather conditions.
Fig.No.2 Transparent Roofing Sheets
Sheet Specifications
 Thickness ranging from 0.60 mm to 8.00 mm.
 Width is maximum 59 inches (1500 mm).
 Length is custom made.
 Its outstanding performance includes.
 Excellent light transmission.
 Ability to withstand wind loads up to 140 mph (200 kmh).
 UV resistance and impact strength.
 Exceptional sound dampening qualities to create quieter indoor environment.
 Thermal insulation.
 Low maintenance, Long life product constructed of mold, mildew and fungus resistant materials.
ADVANTAGES:-
 Excellent clarity improves natural light transmission.
 Self-emboss surface finishing enhancing aesthetic of roof.
 UV stabilized.
 No warp during long-term heat exposure.
 Excellent Heat and sound insulation.
 Weather resistant.
 Nil maintenance and homogeneously colored.
 Moisture Absorption 0.008%.

 High chemical resistance.
 Lightest in weight compare to any other roofing material.
 Easily cut with saw, Nailed and screw.
 Conventional fixing methods applied for installation.
 Material used can be poly carbonate, which has ability to withstand wind loads up to 140mph (200Kmh).
 This sheet retains light transmission & at the same time provides excellent light transmission.
 Translucent sheet is mainly applicable to admit high levels of light while keeping access heat to minimum.
Also, it gives better lumens value at working point & saves 30-40% of electricity of the total electricity for
lighting purpose.
V. Energy Saving In Ventilation By Using Wind Ventilator
Wind ventilators are the ventilators used at the top of the roof of workshop area for natural ventilation
of air in this area. This ventilators rotate by wind pressure so no, power requirement.
These are designed to allow the vent to spin freely under wind load & provide the same exhaust rate as
the traditional Hurricane Vent.
Natural Air ventilators are practically the most suitable type of ventilator for the use today as it is a
Ventilator. It Works on the natural movement of wind energy, and works even at the slowest velocity of wind.
Golden turbo vent is definitely a revolution in the world of attic ventilators, as these require minimal
maintenance.
Benefits:-
 Completely reliable, just fit and forget.
 Ample of fresh air in the living area for pleasure of living.
 Prolongs life of costly electrical appliances.
 High quality and corrosion resistant body.
 Satisfactory prices and marvelous performance.
Features:-
 Works minus noise.
 Nonresistant from sunlight and rain.
 Available in aluminum and stainless steel.
 Works with natural wind energy.
 Literally maintenance free.
 Easy to installation.
Fig.No. 3 Natural Air Ventilators
Procedure For Energy Audit
A GUIDE FOR CONDUCTING ENERGY AUDIT AT A GLANCE
Industry-to-industry, the methodology of Energy Audits needs to be flexible. A comprehensive ten-step
methodology for conduct of Energy Audit at field level is presented below. Energy manager and Energy
Auditor may follow these steps to start with and add/change as per the in needs and industry types.
Phase I -Pre Audit Phase Activities:-
A structured methodology to carry out an energy audit is necessary for efficient working. An initial study of
the site should always be carried out, as the planning of the procedures necessary for an audit is most
important.
Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required For Detailed Auditing:-

An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer an opportunity to meet the
personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the site and to assess the procedures necessary to carry out the
energy audit.
During the initial site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following actions: -
 Discuss with the site's senior management the aims of the energy audit.
 Discuss economic guidelines associated with the recommendations of the audit.
 Analyse the major energy consumption data with the relevant personnel.
 Obtain site drawings where available - building layout, steam distribution, compressed air distribution,
electricity distribution etc.
 Tour the site accompanied by engineering/production.
 The Main Aims Of This Visit Are:-
 To finalise Energy Audit team.
 To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed during the audit.
 To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.
 To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit e.g. kWh, steam,
 Oil or gas meters.
 To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.
 To plan with time frame.
 To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centres.
 To create awareness through meetings/ programme.
Phase II- Detailed Energy Audit Activities:-
Depending on the nature and complexity of the site, a comprehensive audit can take from several weeks to
several months to complete. Detailed studies to establish, and investigate, energy and material balances for
specific plant departments or items of process equipment are carried out. Whenever possible, checks of
plant operations are carried out over extended periods of time, at lights and at weekends as well as during
normal daytime working hours, to ensure that nothing is overlooked.
Case study:-
Table No.2 :Case Study
Sr. No.
Energy Saving
Recommendations
Annual Energy
(Fuel And
Electricity)
saving kWh/MT
Annual
Savings
In Rs.
Capital
Investment
In Rs.
Simple
Payback
Period
1
Replace FTL - 40 W
magnetic choke with
electronic ballast of 54
no.
2592 units/year 14,280/- 12,000/- 10 months
2
Ceiling fans - 2 nos. to
be provide with
electronic regulators
42 units/year 230/- 300/- 16 months
3
Pc's of 2 nos. to be
replaced with LCD
monitor
400 units/year 2200/- 10,000/- 55 months
4
Turbo ventilator fans of
4 no’s for new shade to
avoid use of electrical
exhaust fans of 200 W-
4 nos.
2000 units/year 11,000/- 30,000/- 33 months

VI. Conclusion
The increasing preference for commercial energy has led to a sharp increase in the demand for
electricity and fossil fuels. Use of fossil fuels has resulted in emission of huge quantity of carbon dioxide
causing serious environmental damages. There is still a considerable potential for reducing energy consumption
by adopting energy efficiency measures at various sectors of our country. Energy Audit will not only reduce the
need to create new capacity requiring high investment, but also result in substantial environmental benefits.
With the enactment of the Energy Conservation Act 2001, a legal framework is now available for promoting
energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy. Efficient use of energy and its conservation will succeed as a
programme if opinion leaders and captains of industry take the lead in supporting the conservation programme.
REFERENCES
[1] Energy Management And Audit- Book I. Bureau Of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
[2] Maharashtra Energy Development Agency (MEDA), mahaurja.
[3] Encyclopedia Of Energy- McGraw Hill Publication.
[4] The Energy And Resources Institute (TERI).
[5] NPC Energy Audit Manual And Reports.

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