a1.pptx.pdf

a1.pptx.pdf

• 1.
  ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE BSCS/BSSE
• 2.
  Computing Machines • Generalpurpose: servers, desktops, laptops, PDAs, etc. • Special purpose: cash registers, ATMs, games, Mobile Phones, etc. • Embedded: cars, door locks, printers, digital players, industrial machinery, medical equipment, etc. Distinguishing Characteristics • Speed • Cost • Ease of use, software support & interface • Scalability
• 3.
  Inside the Computer •Application software • Written in high-level language • System software • Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code • Operating System: service code • Handling input/output • Managing memory and storage • Scheduling tasks & sharing resources • Hardware • Processor, memory, I/O controllers
• 4.
  A Programmer’s Viewof a Computer Application Programs High-Level Languages Assembly Language Machine Language Micro program Control Hardware High-Level Languages Low-Level Language Machine-independent Machine-Specific
• 5.
  Levels of ProgramCode • High-level language • Level of abstraction closer to problem domain • Provides productivity and portability • Assembly language • Textual representation of instructions • Hardware representation • Binary digits (bits) • Encoded instructions and data
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  Detailed Anatomy ofa Computer Memory Program Storage Data Storage Output Units Input Units Control Unit Datapath Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Common Bus (address, data & control) Processor (CPU)
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  Anatomy of aComputer: CPU Control Unit Datapath Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Processor (CPU) •Decodes and monitors the execution of instructions. •Controls flow of information in CPU, memory, I/O devices: •System clock (Intel® Core™ I7-720QM Processor (1.6GHz, turbo up to 2.8GHz, 6MB L3 Cache)) •Maintains a register called program counter(PC) •ALU: performs all arithmetic computations & logic evaluations. •Registers: storage location in CPU, used to hold data or a memory address during the execution of an instruction.. The brain of a Computer System
• 8.
  Anatomy of aComputer: Common Bus A group of conducting wires that allow signals to travel from one point to another: • Address bus: the location of data in memory or I/O devices • Data bus: carry data in & out from CPU • Control bus: control the operation of the CPU Common Bus (address, data & control)
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  A Hierarchy ofLanguages Application Programs High-Level Languages Assembly Language Machine Language Microprogram Control Hardware High-Level Languages Low-Level Language Machine-independent Machine-Specific
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  Assembly and MachineLanguage • Machine language • Native to a processor: executed directly by hardware • Instructions consist of binary code: 1s and 0s • Assembly language • A programming language that uses symbolic names to represent operations, registers and memory locations. • Slightly higher-level language • Readability of instructions is better than machine language • One-to-one correspondence with machine language instructions • Assemblers translate assembly to machine code • Compilers translate high-level programs to machine code • Either directly, or • Indirectly via an assembler
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  Compiler and Assembler
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  Instructions and MachineLanguage • Each command of a program is called an instruction (it instructs the computer what to do). • Computers only deal with binary data; hence the instructions must be in binary format (0s and 1s) . • The set of all instructions (in binary form) makes up the computer's machine language. This is also referred to as the instruction set.
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  Instruction Fields • Machinelanguage instructions usually are made up of several fields. Each field specifies different information for the computer. The major two fields are: • Opcode field which stands for operation code and it specifies the particular operation that is to be performed. • Each operation has its unique opcode. • Operands fields which specify where to get the source and destination operands for the operation specified by the opcode. • The source/destination of operands can be a constant, the memory or one of the general-purpose registers.
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  Translating Languages English: Dis assigned the sum of A times B plus 10. High-Level Language: D = A * B + 10 Intel Assembly Language: mov eax, A mul B add eax, 10 mov D, eax Intel Machine Language: A1 00404000 F7 25 00404004 83 C0 0A A3 00404008 A statement in a high-level language is translated typically into several machine-level instructions
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  Mapping Between AssemblyLanguage and HLL • Translating HLL programs to machine language programs is not a one-to-one mapping • A HLL instruction (usually called a statement) will be translated to one or more machine language instructions
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  Advantages of High-LevelLanguages • Program development is faster • High-level statements: fewer instructions to code • Program maintenance is easier • For the same above reasons • Programs are portable • Contain few machine-dependent details • Can be used with little or no modifications on different machines • Compiler translates to the target machine language • However, Assembly language programs are not portable
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  What is AssemblyLanguage? Developed by David John Wheeler (to interact with machine language easier to perform task). •1. Computer Programming Language •2. Low level Programming Language •It uses Mnemonics/keywords •Closer to Hardware •Time waste in compilation can reduced
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  Why should welearn Assembly Language? 1. Better/deep understanding of software and hardware interaction?? 2. Optimization of processing time 3. Embedded Programming
• 20.
  1. High levellanguage program(C,C++, etc.,), Compiler(language translator) is used to convert high level code into Assembly. 2. Assembly code is then converted into object file by Assembler. 3. Then object file convert into machine code. Object file is linked by linker with library file. Every system has different system properties(how is it made, attributes, etc.). This library file present in system and object file link together change into machine code which run the hardware.
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  •Code in C,filename.c (.c extension language format) •Compile in Assembly language, extension changes to filename.asm •Assembler convert it into object file, extension changes into filename.obj •Linker link it with library file extension changes into .exe, hardware run it.
• 22.
  Why Learn AssemblyLanguage? • Accessibility to system hardware • Assembly Language is useful for implementing system software • Also useful for small embedded system applications • Space and Time efficiency • Understanding sources of program inefficiency • Tuning program performance • Writing compact code • Writing assembly programs gives the computer designer the needed deep understanding of the instruction set and how to design one • To be able to write compilers for HLLs, we need to be expert with the machine language. Assembly programming provides this experience
• 23.
  Assembly vs. High-LevelLanguages • HLL programs are machine independent. They are easy to learn and easy to use. • Assembly language programs are machine specific. It is the language that the processor directly understands.
• 24.
  Tools for AssemblyLanguage: Assembler • Software tools are needed for editing, assembling, linking, and debugging assembly language programs • An assembler is a program that converts source-code programs written in assembly language into object files in machine language • Popular assemblers have emerged over the years for the Intel family of processors. These include … • TASM (Turbo Assembler from Borland) • NASM (Netwide Assembler for both Windows and Linux), and • GNU assembler distributed by the free software foundation • MASM (Macro Assembler from Microsoft)
• 25.
  Tools for AssemblyLanguage: Linker & Libraries • You need a linker program to produce executable files • It combines your program's object file created by the assembler with other object files and link libraries, and produces a single executable program
• 26.
  Assemble and LinkProcess • A project may consist of multiple source files • Assembler translates each source file separately into an object file • Linker links all object files together with link libraries Source File Source File Source File Assembler Object File Assembler Object File Assembler Object File Linker Executable File Link Libraries
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  REASON Reason was tocombine machine parts to perform specific task (like switches and other components which assemble to perform task), name Assembly
• 30.
  FETCH-EXECUTE-CYCLE CPU executes theinstruction with fetch-execute-cycle as; Fetch 1. Fetch an instruction from memory. 2. Decode the instruction to determine the operation. 3. ·Fetch data from memory if necessary. Execute 1. Perform the operation on the data. 2. Store the result in memory if needed.
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  REGISTERS ❑Records or collectionof information ❑Storage area inside CPU, CPU take info, process and store it. ❑Fastest area present inside CPU ❑ Helps in Optimization of Processing time (HD file internally run on register and CPU process it) ❑Understanding of Hardware and Software interaction
• 32.
  Processor operations mostlyinvolve processing data. This data can be stored in memory and accessed from thereon. However, reading data from and storing data into memory slows down the processor, as it involves complicated processes of sending the data request across the control bus and into the memory storage unit and getting the data through the same channel. To speed up the processor operations, the processor includes some internal memory storage locations, called registers. The registers store data elements for processing without having to access the memory. A limited number of registers are built into the processor chip. Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU. The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor registers. A processor register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any data (such as bit sequence or individual characters).
• 33.
  CPU
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  HD – Mainstorage- we run files present in HD. HD file Run – RAM – Cache – Register Register built in inside CPU, CPU quickly access information from register, program work processing time optimize. Direct access register , time is saved , info save directly into Register because CPU extract info from here (CPU need space where it keep data to hold or remove). CPU extract info from register through Assembly language programming.
• 35.
  •Registers are thefastest memory locations built into microprocessor. Fast means CPU quickly access it close to CPU. •Chip by Intel 4004 in 1971, launched registered are used first time, by Federico Faggin •Following are the 14 types of registers