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Aaf credit srminar ii
- 1. Sher-e-Kashmir University of AgriculturalSciences and Technology of Kashmir Wadura, Sopore-193201 Welcome to Doctoral Credit Seminar II Name of Student Sheikh Aafreen Rehman Registration No. 15/Ag(Entom.)19-D Division Entomology Date of seminar 25/08/2020
- 3. Insecticide Insecticide is definedas any substance or preparation intended for the purpose of preventing, destroying, repenting or mitigating any insect. Insecticide poisoning: Term used when chemicals intended to control insect affect non-target organisms such as humans, wildlife, plant or bees.
- 4. Some astonishing facts 1,00,000tones pesticides used in India 63 percent used in Agriculture 50-56 percent pesticides on cotton Highest pesticide consumption in Andra Pradesh Guntur = 77 kg/ha (Cotton)
- 5. Crop wise consumptionof pesticides in India State wise consumption of pesticides in India Pesticide usage pattern in India
- 6. • Beneficial insectsare any of a number of species of insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. Crysoperla carnea Cheilomenes sexmaculata Brumoides suturalis Trichogramma Orius sp. Encarsia sp. Bombus sp. Bombyx mori
- 7. Helpful insects Beneficial insects Productiveinsects Silkworms/ honeybees Pollinators Natural enemies (Predator, Parasitoid, Pathogen) Honey bee Predatory shield bug Silkworm
- 8. Effects on beneficialinsects EFFECTS DIRECT INDIRECT Non lethal Lethal
- 9. Non lethal Effects Eliminationof prey • Contamination of floral parts Consumption of active ingredient while ingesting plant fluids • Contamination of prey Bashir et al. (2015)
- 10. Effect on Natural enemies egg laying feeding mobility Changedsex ratio Developmental impairment egg hatching emergence rate Bashir et al. (2015) Effect of insecticides on natural enemies
- 11. Classification system forrecognising adverse effects of pesticides on beneficial and non-target arthropods as given by IOBC Class Category % Mortality Laboratory studies other studies * Class 1 Harmless (low toxicity) < 30% < 25% Class 2 Slightly Harmful (slight toxicity) 30-79% 25-50% Class 3 Moderately Harmful (Medium toxicity) 80-98% 51-75% Class 4 Harmful (Highly toxic) > 99% > 75% IOBC, 2013
- 12. Impact of commoninsecticides on beneficial insects Insecticide group* Persistence Overall ranking Impact on beneficial insects Predatory beetles Predatory bugs Parasitic wasps Spiders Bees FOLIAR-APPLIED Bio-pesticides Bt Short Low L L L L L Helicoverpa NPV Short Low L L L L L Metarhizium Short Low L L L L L Petroleumspray oils Short Low L L L L L L=Low toxicity= nil or low impact on Beneficials M=Medium toxicity=activity is significantly reduced but beneficial populations are able to recover in a week or so H= High toxicity=high proportion of beneficial population killed and re establishment will not occur for several weeks (Pest management guide, 2013-2014)
- 13. Insecticide group* Persistence Overall ranking Impact onbeneficial insects Predatory beetles Predatory bugs Parasitic wasps Spiders Bees Organophosphates Dimethoate (low rate) Short Moderate M M M L H Dimethoate (high rate) Short High M M H M H Methidathion Short High H H H H H Indoxacarb Medium Low L L L L L L=Low toxicity= nil or low impact on Beneficials M=Medium toxicity=activity is significantly reduced but beneficial populations are able to recover in a week or so H= High toxicity=high proportion of beneficial population killed and re establishment will not occur for several weeks (Pest management guide, 2013-2014)
- 14. Insecticide group* Persisten ce Overall ranking Impact on beneficialinsects Predatory beetles Predatory bugs Parasitic wasps Spiders Bees Carbamates Pirimicarb Short Low L L L L L Thiodicarb Long High H M M M M Methomyl Short High H M M M H Avermectins (emamectin benzoate) Medi um Moderat e L H M M H Synthetic pyrethroids Long High H H H H H Neonicotinoids Long High H H H H H L=Low toxicity= nil or low impact on Beneficials M=Medium toxicity=activity is significantly reduced but beneficial populations are able to recover in a week or so H= High toxicity=high proportion of beneficial population killed and re establishment will not occur for several weeks (Pest management guide, 2013-2014)
- 15. impact of insecticideson beneficial species in vegetable crops Trade name Active ingredient Concentration Avatar indoxacarb 0.25 g/L Belt flubendiamide 0.2 ml/L Chess pymetrozine 0.4 g/L Confidor 200SC imidacloprid 0.25 ml/L Coragen chlorantraniliprole 0.2 ml/L Cypermethrin cypermethrin 0.2 mL/L Dipel Bacillus thuringiensis 1.0 g/L Karate lambda-cyhalothrin 0.048 ml/L Movento spirotetramat 0.4 ml/L Pirimor Pirimicarb 2.0 g/L Proclaim Emamectin benzoate 0.5 g/L Regent 200SC fipronil 0.5 ml/L Success spinosad 0.4 ml/L Vertimec abamectin 0.6 ml/L Horne et al. (2013)
- 16. Beneficial species subjectedto pesticide bioassays Scientific name Common name Beneficial group Coccinella transversalis Transverse ladybird Predatory beetle Harmonia conformis Common-spotted ladybird Predatory beetle Hippodamia variegata White-collared ladybird Predatory beetle Dalotia sp. Predatory rove beetle Predatory beetle Micromus tasmaniae Brown lacewing Predatory lacewing Nabis kinbergii Damsel bug Predatory bug Melangyna viridiceps Common Hoverfly Predatory fly Phytoseiulus persimilis Persimilis Predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris Cucumeris Predatory mite Aphidius colemani General aphid parasite Parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum Plutella parasite Parasitoid wasp Orgilus lepidus Potato tuber moth parasite Parasitoid wasp Trichogramma pretiosum Trichogramma Parasitoid wasp Horne et al. (2013)
- 17. Results Product Direct spray application Insecticide Avatar (indoxacarb) M t MtHc Hv Ct Nk Da Tp Belt (flubendiamide) M t Mt Ct Nk Ds Tp Chess (pymetrozine) M t Mt Hc Hv Ct Nk Mv Da Ac Ol Ds Tp Confidor (imidacloprid) M t Mt Hc Hv Ct Nk Tp Da Coragen (chlorantraniliprole) M t Mt Ct Nk Ds Tp Cypermethrin M t Mt Ct Nk Pp Dipel (B. Thuringiensis) M t Mt Ct Nk Hv Hc Pp Ol Horne et al. (2013)
- 18. Product Direct spray application Insecticide Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) MtHv Movento (spirotetramat) Mt Ct Nk Tp Pirimor (pirimicarb) Mt Hc Hv Ct Nk Tp Da Mv Ol Proclaim (emamectin benzoate) Mt Hc Hv Ct Nk Da Tp Mv Nc Pp Regent 200SC (fipronil) Mt Hc Hv Nk Tp Da Success (spinosad) Mt Hc Hv Ct Nk Mv Tp Vertimec (abamectin) Mt Ct Nk Tp Pp Horne et al. (2013)
- 19. Effect of Insecticideson Lady Bird Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Sunflower • I • Fenpropathrin, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, Spinosad, Flubandiamide, Emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprol Insecticides • Effectiveness judged on the basis of level of lady bird beetle population Effectiveness • Imidacloprid>flubendiamide>indoxacarb>chlorantraniliprole> fenpropathrin >Emamectin benzoate and spinosad Results Dake et al.( 2017)
- 20. Effect of Insecticideson Lady Bird Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Sunflower Dake et al.( 2017)
- 21. Lethal and behavioraleffects of pesticides on the insect predator Macrolophus pygmaeus • Macrolophus pygmaeus predator of whiteflies, thrips, aphids, mites and eggs and larvae of lepidopterous pests • Insecticides used in study INSECTICIDE FAMILY MODE OF ACTION Chlorantraniliprole Anthranilic Diamide Ryanodine receptor modulator Copper hydroxide Metalic hydroxide Fungal protein disruptor Emamectin benzoate Avermectin Chloride channel activator Indoxacarb Oxadiazine Sodium channel blocker Metaflumizone Semicarbazone Sodium channel blocker Spinosad Chloronicotinoid Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor modulator Thiachloprid Neonicotinoid Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor agonist (Martinou et al. (2014)
- 22. Treated eggs ofEphestia kuehniella and tomato leaves provided as food to predator Nymphs Macrolophus pygmaeus Treated tomato leaves Treated Eggs of Ephestia kauhniella (Martinou et al. (2014)
- 23. Lethal effects onM. pygmaeus at 72 hours after treatment (Martinou et al. (2014)
- 24. Behavioral effects onM. pygmaeus after 72 hours of treatment Percentage of prey consumption (Martinou et al. (2014)
- 25. POLLINATORS • Wasps • Bees •Butterflies • Moths • Flies • Bats • Beetles • Ants • Birds • Reptiles And the list goes on, many different species take interest in flowers!
- 26. Why pollinators areimportant • For quality fruit and seed production • More than 85 crops depend on pollinators • 1 out of every 3 bites of food can be attributed to pollinators • 75% of pollination by honey bees
- 28. POLLINATORS ARE STRUGGLING •Loss of habitat • Lack of food (flowering plants) • Use of pesticides (toxic chemicals)
- 29. How Pollinators areexposed to Insecticides ? • Direct contact • Residue contact • Contaminated nesting material • Contaminated nesting areas
- 30. Effect of insecticideson pollinators • On Navigation • Communication and learning • Interference with feeding behaviour • Flower and nest recognition • Impaired foraging and immune suppression • Besides these effects on pollinator population decline, one of the major effect is immune inhibition by neurotoxic insecticides particularly Neonicotinoids. (Basu et al. (2015)
- 31. Neonicotinoids • Most widelyused insecticides in the world • Contribute 24% of global market for insecticides • Systemic in nature • Persistent • Cause stimulation at low doses
- 32. Mode of action Theyare nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists They bind strongly to nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system of insects , causing nervous stimulation at low concentrations, but receptor blockage, paralysis and death at higher concentrations Neonicotinoids bind more strongly to insect nAChRs than those of vertebrates, so they are selectively more toxic to insects
- 34.
- 35. Synthetic pyrethroids • Pyrethroidsare synthetic analogues of pyrethrins. • Contact insecticides
- 36. Toxicity classification scalefor bees Toxicity rating LD50 Highly toxic (H) <2µg Moderately toxic (M) 2-10.99µg Slightly toxic (S) 11-100µg Practically non-toxic (N) >100µg
- 37. • Cypermethrin andpermethrin were highly toxic insecticides against foraging workers of A. cerana indica. Methyl demeton and phosphamidon were moderately toxic while endosulfan was found to be least toxic with (Reddy, 1997) • On the basis of LD50, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin and spinosad were found to be highly toxic (0.001-1.99 μg/bee), endosulfan as moderatley toxic (LD50 2.0-10.0 μg/bee) and azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, benzoylphenyl urea, spiromesifen as relatively non-toxic with LD 50 > 11.0 μg/bee (Choudhary, 2007) • Karnatak and Thorat (2006) monitored the effects of some common insecticides and reported the order of toxicity as follows: imidacloprid > quinalphos > oxydemeton-methyl > endosulfan Research on safe use of insecticides on bees
- 38. Reduction in homingflights in the honey bee Apis mellifera after a sublethal dose of neonicotinoid insecticides • Four insecticides used in study • Sampled 100 Bees Treatment INSECTICIDE NAME GROUP T1 Clothianidin Neonicotinoid T2 Dinotefuran Neonicotinoid T3 Etofenprox Synthetic pyrethroid T4 fenitrothion Organophosphate 100 20 20 20 20 20 ½ LD 5O, ¼ LD50, 1/10 LD 50 T1 T3 T2 T4 T5 (Matsumoto et al. (2013)
- 39. RESULTS Percentage of Succesful homing flights ½ LD 50¼ LD 50 1/10 LD 50 (Matsumoto et al. (2013)
- 40. A common neonicotinoid,thaimethoxam impairs honey bee activity, motor functions, and movement to light This study was conducted in University of Californai San Diego (Tosi et al. (2017)
- 41. This studypresents first evidence that thaimethoxam exposure at field realistic sub-lethal levels can significantly alter forager movement to light They used vertical arena illuminated from top to assess forager locomotion and movement to light . Each forager was tested inside arena twice 30min and 60 min after treatment . During each test bee behaviour was recorded for three minutes. Over three minute observation 11 behavioural parameters were recorded related to bee activity, motor function and movement to light
- 44. Neonicotinoid pesticides severely affecthoney bee queens Geoffrey et al. (2015)
- 45. Queen survival after4 weeks (percent honey bees that were alive after 4 weeks) Geoffrey et al. (2015)
- 46. ( b.) Percentof honey bee queens that were alive and had produced diploid offspring by the end of experiment (=successful) Geoffrey et al. (2015)
- 47. Queen oviposition andsurvival after 4 weeks ( a.) percent of honey bee queens that oviposited (laid worker eggs) Geoffrey et al. (2015)
- 48. Effect of insecticideson sericulture • Sericulture is an integral part of the rural economy in an agrarian country like India • India is the second largest silk producing country next only to China • Mulberry is the sole food of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and is infested by several pests • The insecticides applied for the management of mulberry pests have greater impact on silkworm.
- 49. Effects • Effects Mortality Lossof cocoon yield Pronounced effect Insect Growth regulators (IGRs) IGRs are usually synthetic versions of naturally occurring hormones and they act by maintaining high levels of juvenile hormone in the insect. Non spinning syndrome
- 50. Reasons for nonspinning syndrome Selected 14 cocoon breeders Analysed cocoon production Hemolymph samples taken from the larvae Doses of Hydropene in haemolymph Suman et al.( 2017)
- 51. In the farms,where high level of hydropene was found in larvae, following symptoms appeared Unpupated larvae Malformed cocoon The matured larvae in the last instar, but they died no making cocoon. Suman et al.( 2017)
- 52. Pesticide management toreduce loss of beneficial insects 1. Use pesticides only when needed • Heavy infestation 2. Don’t use pesticides in Bloom 3. Use of safest formulation • Granular formulations are safest • Dusts Harmful than Sprays • Adding solvent make the sprays safest
- 53. 4. Method ofpesticide application Pesticide management to reduce loss of beneficial insects Ground application safer than aerail application Don’t apply pesticide when pollinators flying Repellants may be used to discourage beneficials from foraging on the treated crop 5. Timing of pesticide application combined application is often safer as well as cheaper than the individual application Morning or evening spray
- 54. Conclusion • Consideration ofpesticide impacts on beneficial insects in crops should be part of decision making for all spray applications. • Application of insecticides should be considered as a back-up to other pest control strategies such as biological and cultural controls. • Selective insecticides should be chosen • Growers and advisors need better understanding of the beneficial species present in their crops and to achieve this requires monitoring of crops and education in insect identification. • The online pesticide charts and information on safety of insecticides need to be made available to the public