About html

1. Student’s Introduction
2. Introduction to HTML
3. HTML elements or tags
4. Types of elements
5. HTML structure
6. Creating and saving a HTML document
7. Viewing HTML documents in a browser
8. Basic HTML Tags
9. Conclusion
10.Bibliography

INTRODUCTION OF STUDENT
Name – Manvi Gangwar
Class – 10th ‘A’
Roll no. – 742017
Project Information
Assigned by – Akash sir
Submitted by – Manvi

Introduction to HTML
HTML is a markup language, which is used to define the layout
and attributes of a World Wide Web (WWW) document as well as
to create links between Web pages. It was designed by the British
scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN nuclear physics
laboratory in Switzerland during the 1980s.
HTML is the underlying foundation of Website design. It is a
subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) and a
high-level markup language.
HTML is a short form of Hyper Text Markup Language, which
means
(i) Hyper Text is simply a piece of text that has some extra
features like formatting, images, multimedia and links to another
document.
(ii) Markup Language is a way of writing layout information
within documents. HTML is a page layout and hyperlink
specification language. It allows images and other objects to be
embedded that can be used to create interactive forms. HTML
documents are described through HTML tags or elements.
Timothy Berners-Lee

HTML ELEMENTS or TAGS
HTML is written in the form of tags. A tag refers to a string enclosed within angular brackets
(< and >). HTML elements represent semantics or meaning.
HTML tags are predefined and are not case-sensitive.
All HTML tags are typed inside the angular brackets (< and >) and the text between these
brackets are called elements.
The opening tags are written within the less than (<) and greater than (>) signs,
e.g. <HTML>
The closing tags are written within the < and > signs with a forward slash (/) appended
before the name of the tag.
e.g. </HTML>
The attributes are always specified in the opening tags, which provides additional information
about that tag. It comes in name/value pairs like name = “value”,
e.g. <FONT size =“5”>

TYPES OF ELEMENTS
There are two kinds of elements, i.e. Container elements and Empty elements.
Container Elements
These types of HTML elements always wrap around the text or graphics which come in a set
with an opening as well as a closing tag. In other words, HTML tags that include both On and
Off tags are known as container tags.
e.g.
<HTML>.. .</HTML>
Empty Elements
On the other hand, the empty elements are standalone tags, i.e. empty tags do not have to be
wrapped around text or graphics and do not require a closing tag.
In other words, HTML tags that include only On tag and there is no Off tag then, these tags
are known as empty tags.
e.g.
<HR> inserts a horizontal line
<BR> adds a line break

HTML STRUCTURE
HTML document is a combination of various tags, which define the
structure and appearance of the Web page.
Following four basic structure elements are always present in every
HTML document:
(i) The <HTML> tag tells the browser that this is an HTML
document. You must begin your html files with this tag and must
end your html file with matching closing tag.
(ii) The <HEAD> tag is used for text and tags that do not appear
directly on the page. It acts as a header of file and contains some
information like setting the title of the Web page.
(iii) The <TITLE> tag contains the document title. This tag lies
between <HEAD> and </HEAD> tags. The title specified inside this
tag appears on the browser’s title bar.
(iv) The <BODY> tag is used for text and tags that appears directly
on the Web page. It helps us to create a look and feel of the Web
page. It holds all your content words, pictures and other stuff. The
most basic structure needed for creation of any Web page are as
follows:

CREATING and SAVING a HTML DOCUMENT
Since, HTML documents are just text files, they can be
written in any simple text editor like Notepad, FrontPage,
Dreamweaver, WordPad etc.
If you are using a Notepad to create a HTML document,
the steps are as follows:
Step 1: Open Notepad by clicking at
Start —> All Programs —> Accessories —> Notepad.
Step 2: Type the HTML document in Notepad as shown in
the following figure:
Step 3: To save the document, click at File menu —> Save As
command.
Step 4: The Save As dialog box will appear as shown in the
following figure:
Step 5: In Save As dialog box, after selecting the desired folder,
give the desired file name along with the extension .htm or
.html in the File name: box and then, click Save button. In the
above figure, we have saved out HTML document under name
First.html.

VIEWING HTML DOCUMENT in a BROWSER
You can view HTML document in any Web browser such as
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple Safari,
Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome etc. Here, we are using
Internet Explorer Web browser to view the HTML
document.
To view an HTML document, the steps are as follows:
Step 1: Open Internet Explorer, by clicking at
Start —> All Programs —> Internet Explorer.
Step 2: To open the document First.html, select File menu —
> Open.
Step 3: The Open dialog box will appear as in the following
figure:
Step 4: Click the Browse… button, the Microsoft Internet Explorer dialog
box will appear and select the file First as shown in the following figure:
Step 5: Click Open button, and then click OK button.
Step 6: Now, you will be
viewing your desired page as
shown in the following
figure:

BASIC HTML TAGS
HTML provides some basic tags which are required for HTML
code.
<HTML>Tag
It represents the root of an HTML document, so it acts as a container for all other HTML elements. It informs the
browser that it is dealing with an HTML document. It is very important to place both of these tags (open and close
HTML tags) in your documents as they tell the browser, where your page begins and ends,
e.g.
<HTML>
</HTML>
Attributes of <HTML> Tag
This tag provides various attributes, which are as follows:
DIR - It tells the browser the direction in which the displayed text is to be read. This attribute can have values either
ltr (left-to-right) or rtl (right-to-left). By default, the value of dir attribute is ltr.
Syntax
<HTML dir=“ltr"/“rtl”>
LANG
It specifies the language of an element content and attribute values. Now-a-days, Web pages are designed in many
languages, e.g. German, Hindi, Greek, Spanish etc.
Syntax
<HTML lang=“fr”>
Here, fr denotes to the French language.

<HEAD> Tag
This element is a container for all the header
elements. The <HEAD> tag must include a
title for the document that can include scripts,
styles, meta information and many more. The
second line of your HTML document should
be <HEAD>.
The content contained in the head section of
your document provides information to the
browsers and search engines but, it is not
displayed directly on the Web page. The end
of the head tag is indicated by </HEAD>.
e-g.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
Header information comes here
</HEAD>
</HTML>
<TITLE> Tag
This tag defines the title of the document.
Title must be a simple text and should not be
same as the file name. It is placed between
<HEAD> and </HEAD> tags.
e-g-
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
This is the title of my page.
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
</HTML>
Output is given below-

<BODY> Tag
This tag defines the document’s body. It is used to set the basic page characteristics. It contains all
the necessary contents of a HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks, images, tables, lists etc. The
content of your Web page is placed in between the opening <BODY> and closing </BODY> tags.
The <BODY> tag is opened just after the head section is closed. It is closed just before closing the
<HTML> tag.
e.g.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
My First Web Page
</TITLE> .
</HEAD>
<B0DY>
Hello world. This is my first web page. </B0DY>
</HTML>
Output ->

Attributes of <BODY> Tag
This tag provides various attributes, which are as follows:
( I won’t describe them using complete code like I described them in previous main tags as they will be used in HTML web page )
Background
This attribute specifies a background image for a document. HTML supports various graphics format
such as .gif, .jpg etc.
<B0DY background=“URL”>
Where, URL may be an image name or a path of an image.
Text
This attribute specifies the color of the text in a document.
<B0DY text=“color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>
Bgcolor
This attribute specifies the background color of a document.
<B0DY bgcolor=“color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>
Link
This attribute specifies the color of an unvisited link in a document. The default color of link attribute
is blue (#0000FF).
<B0DY link=“color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>

Alink
This attribute specifies the color of an active link in a document (a link get activated when it is clicked).
The default color of an alink attribute is red (#FF0000).
<B0DY alink=“color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>
Vlink
This attribute specifies the color of a visited link in a document. The default color of vlink attribute is
purple (#800080).
<B0DY vlink=‘‘color_name | hex_number | rgb_number”>
Topmargin
Sets a topmargin (distance between the top of the document and the top of the browser window) of
your body element.
<B0DY topmargin=“value”>
Leftmargin
Sets a left hand margin (distance between the left side of the document and the left edge of the
browser window) of your body element.
<B0DY 1eftmargin=“value”>

<FONT> Tag
This tag specifies the font face, font size and font color of the text. The <FONT> tag provides no
real functionality by itself but with the help of a few attributes, this tag is used to change style, size
and color of HTML text elements. This tag is generally used for changing the appearance of a short
segment of text. It can be set for a character, sentence or entire document.
Attributes of <FONT> Tag
Following are the attributes of <FONT> tag:
Size
This attribute specifies the size of the text inside a <FONT> tag. The range of accepted values goes
from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). We can also set the relative size to the current size using (+)
ve or (-) ve sign,
e.g. size = +2
<F0NT size=“number”>
Face
This attribute specifies the font name or type face of the text inside a <FONT> tag.
<F0NT face=‘‘font_name”>
Color
This attribute specifies the color of the text inside a <FONT> tag.
<FONT color=“color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>

<BASEFONT> Tag
This tag specifies a default font color, font size or font family for all the text in a document that follows
it, which is only supported by Internet Explorer Web browser.
Ending tag (< /BASEFONT >) of basefont is optional. This tag can also have face, size and color
attributes, which can be used exactly in the same way as face, size and color attributes of <FONT> tag.
Attributes of < BASEFONT> Tag
Following are the attributes of <BASEFONT> tag:
Color
This attribute specifies the color of the text inside a <BASEFONT> tag.
<BASEF0NT color=‘‘color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>
Face
This attribute specifies the face type of the text inside a <BASEFONT> tag.
<BASEF0NT face="font_family”>
Size
This attribute specifies the size of the text inside a <BASEFONT> tag.
<BASEFONT size=“number”>

<CENTER> Tag
This tag is used to centralize a segment of text to be displayed on browser’s window. With the
<CENTER> tag, closing tag </CENTER> is always used. Anything between these two tags will be
centered including text, images or tables.
<CENTER> ... </CENTER>
Comment <!-…- -> Tag
This tag is used to insert comments in the source code of the Web page. Comments are not displayed
in the browser’s window.
All the text inserted inside this tag (<! — … — >) will be ignored by the browser that made invisible
for the user. You can use comment to explain your code, it can help you, when you edit the source
code later. This is especially useful, when you have a lot of codes.
<! - -.... - ->
Heading Tags
In HTML, heading tags are used to display the text as a heading. It can also be used to give section
headings. There are six levels of headings, ranging from <H1>…</H1> to <H6>…</H6>. <H1>
defines the most important largest heading level. <H6> defines the smallest heading level.
<Hn>...........</H n>
Where, n may be any number from 1 to 6.

Attribute of <HEADING> Tag
Following is the attribute of <HEADING> tag:
align
This attribute specifies the alignment of the text as heading. By default, alignment is left.
<Hn align=“center | left | right |>
Where, n= 1 to 6
Paragraph <P> Tag
This tag is used to mark a block of text as a paragraph. It is used to insert a line break with extra
space in the beginning. This is a container tag.
<P>.........</P>
Line Break <BR> Tag
This tag is used to insert a line break which means the text/image following the tag will be moved to
the next line when displayed in the browser. To add a single line of space, you can use a break tag
<BR>.
This is an empty tag, i.e. no need of closing tag. You can also use the <BR> tag to insert one or more
blank lines.
Horizontal Rule <HR> Tag
To create a horizontal line on your page, you have to use the empty tag <HR>. This horizontal line
can be used to divide information into sections.
<HR align=“left|center|right”>

Size
This attribute specifies the height of the rule in pixels. A pixel is a tiny dot that makes up the display
of your computer. Its default value depends directly on the browser. The default size of a rule is 3
pixels.
<HR size="pixels”>
Noshade
When this boolean attribute is present, the rule is drawn with a solid black line as a 2D effect instead
of the default 3D effect, i.e. without shading.
<HR noshade>
Width
This attribute specifies the width of a horizontal line in pixels or percent. Its default value is 100%.
<HR width=“pixels or %”>
Color
This attribute specifies the color of the horizontal line.
<HR color="color_name|hex_number|rgb_number”>

Style Tags
HTML provides various style tags, which are as follows:
Bold <B> Tag
This tag specifies the text into bold text. It is a container element.
<B>............</B>
Italic <I> Tag
This tag is used to make the text in italic form. It is also a container element.
<I>........</I>
Underline <U> Tag
This tag is used to underline the text. It is also a container element.
<U>...........</U>
HTML LISTS
Most HTML lists are created in the following form:
<LIST type>
<ITEM> First item in list
<ITEM> Second item in list
<ITEM> Third item in list
</LIST type>

Ordered List or Numbered List
In the ordered HTML lists, all the list items are marked with numbers by default. It is known as
numbered list also. The ordered list starts with <ol> tag and the list items start with <li> tag.
INPUT OUTPUT
<ol> 1. Aries
<li>Aries</li> 2. Bingo
<li>Bingo</li> 3. Leo
<li>Leo</li> 4. Oracle
<li>Oracle</li>
</ol>
Unordered List or Bulleted List
In HTML Unordered list, all the list items are marked with bullets. It is also known as bulleted list
also. The Unordered list starts with <ul> tag and list items start with the <li> tag.
INPUT OUTPUT
<ul>
<li>Aries</li>
<li>Bingo</li>
<li>Leo</li>
<li>Oracle</li>
</ul>

Description List or Definition List
HTML Description list is also a list style which is supported by HTML and XHTML. It is also known as
definition list where entries are listed like a dictionary or encyclopedia.
The definition list is very appropriate when you want to present glossary, list of terms or other name-
value list.
The HTML definition list contains following three tags:
<dl> tag defines the start of the list.
<dt> tag defines a term.
<dd> tag defines the term definition (description)
INPUT OUTPUT
<dl>
<dt>Aries</dt>
<dd>-One of the 12 horoscope sign.</dd>
<dt>Bingo</dt>
<dd>-One of my evening snacks</dd>
<dt>Leo</dt>
<dd>-It is also an one of the 12 horoscope sign.</dd>
<dt>Oracle</dt>
<dd>-It is a multinational technology corporation.</dd>
</dl>

Nested List
A list within another list is termed as nested list. If you want a bullet list inside a numbered list then
such type of list will called as nested list.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested list</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>List of Indian States with thier capital</p>
<ol>
<li>Delhi
<ul>
<li>NewDelhi</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Haryana
<ul>
<li>Chandigarh</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Gujarat
<ul>
<li>Gandhinagar</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Rajasthan
<ul>
<li>Jaipur</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Maharashtra
<ul>
<li>Mumbai</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Uttarpradesh
<ul>
<li>Lucknow</li></ul>
</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>

Conclusion
This project is based on Introduction to HTML.
HTML is one of the easiest topics to add in our diary of knowledge, it will help us in future also if
we don’t pursue computer science as our carrier. Most of the colleges related to commerce, business
and all, teach students HTML in first or second year so that they can make their own ecommerce
websites without hiring any website experts.
Nowadays, schools have started teaching coding from eighth standard only, starting with HTML
followed by CSS or scratch. And I think that’s a good thing for students it will help in a lot ways.
Even for me HTML is helpful, making pop up greeting cards and all are easier now. Plus after
doing this project, my HTML is more strong now, all the topics are revised completely and that will
surely help me in my upcoming exams.

Bibliography
Most of the content that I used are from some useful websites, helped me a lot and saved my time
from typing for hours, sites are mentioned below:
1. Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s photo from https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zkcqn39/articles/z2nbgk7
2. PPT most content from https://www.cbsetuts.com/cbse-notes-class-10-foundation-information-
technology-html-hypertext-markup-language/

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