Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Randomised Controlled Trial

Presenter
Tejas Shah
Chair
Dr. K. B. Kumar
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY AS A
WEB-BASED INTERVENTION FOR DEPRESSIVE
SYMPTOMS: RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
JOURNAL CLUB
Wendy T. M. Pots, Martine F., Peter A. M. M., Peter M.
ten K., Karlein M. G. Schreurs, Ernst T. Bohlmeijer
The British Journal of Psychiatry (Jan, 2016)
208 (1) 69-77; DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068

IMPACT FACTOR 7.06
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Background
Depression is a highly prevalent disorder,
causing a large burden of disease and
substantial economic costs. Web-based
self-help interventions seem promising
in promoting mental health. Aim
To compare the efficacy of a
guided web-based intervention
based on acceptance and
commitment therapy (ACT)
with an active control
(expressive writing) and a
waiting-list control condition.

1 2 3 41 2 3 4
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Martine Fledderus, PhD,
University of Twente, Department of
Psychology, Health and Technology,
Enschede;
Wendy T. M. Pots, MSc, DClinPsych,
University of Twente, Department of Psychology, Health and
Technology, Enschede, and Dimence, Community Mental Health
Centre, Almelo;
AUTHORS
Ernst T. Bohlmeijer, PhD,
University of Twente, Department of Psychology,
Health and Technology, Enschede, and Community
Mental Health Centre, Warnsveld;

Peter M. ten Klooster, PhD,
University of Twente, Department of Psychology, Health and
Technology, Enschede, and Community Mental Health Centre,
Warnsveld;
Peter A. M. Meulenbeek, PhD, DClinPsych,
Karlein M. G. Schreurs, PhD,

2SECTION
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Five or more of the following present for a 2-week period
 Depressed mood
 Loss of interest or pleasure
 Change in weight: loss or gain or change in appetite
 Change in sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia
 Psychomotor agitation or retardation
 Fatigue or loss of energy
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
 Inability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
 Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
DSM-V CRITERIA FOR MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

2SECTION
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT
THERAPY

What is Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy?
ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) is an
evidence-based treatment that focuses on promoting psychological
flexibility, defined as the ability to act effectively in accordance with
personal values even in the presence of life adversities.
ACT uses
 traditional cognitive behavioural therapy
(CBT) methods and
 mindfulness and mindfulness meditation

 ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) is a
form of psychotherapy commonly described as a form
of cognitive-behavior therapy or of clinical behavior
analysis (CBA).
 It is an empirically-based psychological intervention
that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies mixed
in different ways with commitment and behavior-
change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility.
 The objective of ACT is not elimination of difficult feelings;
rather, it is to be present with what life brings us and to "move toward
valued behavior".

 Acceptance and commitment therapy invites people to open up to
unpleasant feelings, and learn not to overreact to them, and not
avoiding situations where they are invoked. Its therapeutic effect is
a positive spiral where feeling better leads to a better
understanding of the truth.
 ACT is developed within a pragmatic philosophy called functional
contextualism.
 Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science
rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism.

 ACT is based on relational frame theory (RFT), a comprehensive
theory of language and cognition that is an offshoot of behavior
analysis.
 Both ACT and RFT are based on B. F. Skinner's philosophy of
Radical Behaviorism.
 ACT differs from traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in
that rather than trying to teach people to better control their
thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories and other private events,
ACT teaches them to "just notice," accept, and embrace their
private events, especially previously unwanted ones.

 ACT helps the individual get in contact with a transcendent sense
of self known as "self-as-context"—the you that is always there
observing and experiencing and yet distinct from one's thoughts,
feelings, sensations, and memories.
 ACT aims to help the individual clarify their personal values and to
take action on them, bringing more vitality and meaning to their
life in the process, increasing their psychological flexibility.

 Depression is a highly prevalent disorder with a large
impact on quality of life and high economic costs.
 The most important risk factor for developing major
depressive disorder is the presence of clinically relevant
depressive symptoms.
 Public mental health interventions targeting people with
such symptoms are a promising strategy to reduce the
prevalence of depression.
BACKGROUND AND AIM

 These interventions can be successful, but recruitment is a
challenge.
 Web-based interventions provide an opportunity to overcome this
challenge by tackling the reasons for low participation rates, such
as stigma associated with mental disorders or restrictions in time.
 Meta-analyses have shown that web-based interventions based
on cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective for the
prevention of full-blown depression.
BACKGROUND AND AIM

 Despite the efficacy of ACT in various self-help formats
 its efficacy as a web-based self-help intervention
 for adults with depressive symptoms or mild depressive
disorder has not been studied.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
examine the effects of such an intervention
in a large randomised controlled trial
The aim of the study was to

Explicitly comparing
Experimental Group
(Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy)
Active Control Condition
(Expressive Writing)
Waiting-list Control

 Individuals were invited to participate if they met the following
inclusion criteria:
 an age of 18 years or older
 with mild to moderate depressive symptoms, defined as a score
above 10 on the Dutch version of the Center for
Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale,12 and
 completion of the baseline measurement (T0).
INCLUSION CRITERIA

 Applicants were excluded if
 they reported few depressive symptoms
(≤10 on the CES-D),
 had received psychological or
psychopharmacological treatment for a
mental complaint within the past 3
months,
 had reading or writing problems due to
insufficient Dutch language skills or
 were unable to invest approximately 30
min per day up to 3 h per week in the
intervention and daily practice.
EXLUSION CRITERIA
Furthermore, applicants
were excluded if diagnosed
with a current severe
mental disorder or had a
moderate to high suicide
risk according to the Dutch
version of the Mini
International
Neuropsychiatric Interview
(MINI) and the Sheehan
Disability Scale (SDS).

 Participants were randomised after the clinical interview,
and at T2, the contact information needed for the clinical
interview was held separately from the results of the
randomisation procedure.
 Additionally, all interviewers were instructed to state explicitly at
the start of the interview that they were unaware of which
condition the participants were randomised to and that this
masking was needed to ensure the interview was conducted in a
non-biased manner.
TRIAL DESIGN

 Five Master's degree
students in psychology
conducted the telephone
interviews.
 They attended a 1-day workshop
and were supervised during the
assessments by a licensed clinical
psychologist.
All clinical interviewers
were masked to the
randomised condition.
TRIAL DESIGN

 The study was approved by an independent medical ethics
committee for research in mental health settings in The
Netherlands (METiGG; NL33619.097.100) and recorded in The
Netherlands Trial Register (NTR1296).
 It is a pragmatic, randomised controlled trial with three arms: the
ACT intervention, an active control condition (expressive writing)
and a waiting-list control condition.
 Taking into account a drop-out rate of 40% (for web-based
interventions), 235 people were needed for randomisation.
TRIAL DESIGN

 Based on previous results randomisation was stratified according
to gender, education (low v. middle–high) and age (≤50 v. ≤50
years),using a computer-generated list that was concealed from
the investigators.
 A sample size of 50 participants per condition was needed to
detect an effect size of 0.40 (Cohen's d) for the primary outcome,
with a statistical power of (1−β) = 0.80 in a two-tailed test
(P<0.05).
TRIAL DESIGN

 At 6 months after baseline those in the waiting-list control group
received either the ACT intervention or the expressive writing
intervention, which were offered as a choice.
 The assessment points were at baseline (T0), post-treatment 3
months after baseline (T1) and at 6 months (T2) and 12 months
(T3) after baseline.
 Only participants in the intervention conditions received a follow-
up measurement at T3, since the waiting-list group received their
intervention after T2 and were excluded from later analyses.
TRIAL DESIGN

Centre for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D)
Higher scores mean more
The primary outcome measure was depressive
symptoms measured by the Dutch version of
the CES-D (20 items, total score 0–60).

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Randomised Controlled Trial

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety subscale
Higher scores mean more
anxiety symptoms.
Anxiety was measured with the Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety
subscale (HADS-A; 7 items, total score 0–21).

Mental Health Continuum – Short Form
Positive mental health was measured with the Mental Health
Continuum – Short Form (MHC-SF; 14 items, each scored 0–
5), which measures three dimensions of positive mental
health: emotional, social and psychological well-being.
In this study the total MHC-SF score was used, with higher scores
indicating greater emotional, social and psychological well-being.

Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II
Higher scores indicate greater psychological
flexibility.
The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II; 10
items, total score 10–70) was used to measure the
participants' willingness to be in contact with negative
private events, their acceptance of these events and the
ability to live according to their values.

 The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form
(FFMQ-SF; 24 items, total score 24–120) was used to measure
mindfulness in five dimensions:
1) observing,
2) describing,
3) acting with awareness,
4) non-judging and
5) non-reactivity.
The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire – Short Form
Facet scores range from
5 to 25 (except for
observing, which ranges
from 4 to 20), with
higher scores indicating
greater mindfulness.

 Secondary outcome measures were diagnostic classification,
anxiety symptoms, positive mental health, psychological flexibility
and mindfulness.
 The diagnostic classification was assessed with the Mini
International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and
supplemented the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) to measure the
severity of the disorder.
 Severity was defined as at least two areas of functioning with
severe role impairment due to the disorder according to the SDS.
 The MINI and SDS assessments were conducted by telephone at
T0 and T2

 Participants were recruited in January and February 2011 through
advertisements in Dutch national newspapers and on the internet,
asking for participation in research on coping with negative
emotions through the use of a free web-based intervention.
 After informed consent had been received, initial screening was
conducted online for checking the inclusion and exclusion criteria
by use of a self-report questionnaire in a fully automated
computerised assessment battery.
SAMPLING PROCEDURES

 After passing the initial screening procedure all participants were
contacted by telephone for a semi-structured interview using the
MINI and the SDS.
 Together with the initial screening this constituted the baseline
assessment.
 All approved participants received an email with instructions on
how and when to log into the system.
SAMPLING PROCEDURES

 The web-based ACT intervention was based on a self-help
intervention, ‘Living to the Full’.
 This has shown to be effective in promoting psychological
flexibility, both as a group course and as a self-help intervention
with email support.
 The web-based intervention comprised nine online modules,
divided into three parts.
INTERVENTIONS – ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY

1) Cognitive diffusion: Learning methods to reduce the
tendency to reify thoughts, images, emotions, and
memories.
2) Acceptance: Allowing thoughts to come and go
without struggling with them.
3) Contact with the present moment: Awareness of the
here and now, experienced with openness, interest,
and receptiveness.
4) Observing the self: Accessing a transcendent sense of self, a continuity of
consciousness which is unchanging.
5) Values: Discovering what is most important to oneself.
6) Committed action: Setting goals according to values and carrying them
out responsibly.
SIX CORE PROCESSES OF ACT

 People who are psychologically flexible also score highly on
acceptance, which is seen as a more effective strategy for
regulating negative emotions and thoughts than experiential
avoidance, i.e. persistent and generally fruitless attempts to avoid
unwanted private experiences such as feelings, thoughts and
bodily sensations.
 In the first part of the intervention participants reflect on their
avoidance and control strategies and whether these are effective
in the long run.

 In the second part participants learn how to stay in contact with
their present experiences without trying to avoid or control them.
 Cognitive diffusion and experiencing self as context are practised.
 In the third part the focus is on becoming aware of one's most
important personal values and making decisions based on these
values.
 An additional focus is relapse prevention, which includes self-
management and action plans.

 Each module uses experiential exercises and metaphors to
illustrate the ACT process, as well as text messages, tailored
stories for motivation and an option to personalise the homepage.
 Furthermore, participants were encouraged to practise daily
mindfulness exercises, designed to reduce stress.
 These exercises lasted on average 10–15 min and were provided
on audio, downloadable within the web-based intervention.

 The active control condition was a web-based intervention based
on Pennebaker's expressive writing paradigm, which has shown
small effects on various mental health outcomes.
 Expressive writing generally involves asking participants to write
about a highly stressful experience (particularly their deepest
thoughts and feelings), usually in three or four sessions.
 We extended and adapted Pennebaker's method into a web-based
format equivalent to that of the ACT intervention, comprising nine
online sessions presented in three parts.
ACTIVE CONTROL CONDITION – EXPRESSIVE WRITING

 Each session started with a psychoeducational paragraph on
emotions and emotion regulation, followed by instructions in the
expressive writing method.
 This consisted of writing about emotional experiences for 15–30
min on at least 3 days a week.
 The first three sessions focused on expressive writing about
negative experiences.

 In sessions four to six participants looked back at their experiences
with expressive writing in the first part, and focused on emotion
regulation and reappraisal of emotions; these modules were
based on Gross's process model of emotion regulation, and were
added to extend the intervention to 9 weeks.
 In the last three modules of the intervention participants focused
on writing about positive experiences and self-management for
preventive purposes.

 Participants in the waiting-list control group were offered no
intervention but were free to access other forms of care (as were
all participants once they were eligible).
 They were instructed that, should they encounter symptomatic
deterioration or other difficulties over the course of the study,
they were to seek help from their family, general practitioner or
other sources, as they normally would.
 Six months after baseline these participants could start a web-
based intervention of their choice.
WAITING-LIST CONTROL

 Based on the preliminary results of this study at T2, the
participants were advised to start with ACT.
WAITING-LIST CONTROL

 Participants in the web-based ACT and expressive writing
interventions were instructed to complete one session per week,
and had 12 weeks in total to complete the nine sessions.
 After completing a session, participants wrote an email to their
counsellor reflecting on the process and using the opportunity to
ask questions.
 They could proceed to the next session after receiving personal
feedback from their counsellor.
COUNSELLING

 The feedback was accompanied by positive and encouraging
support.
 Participants received automatic email messages when they
completed a session, when personal feedback was received, and
to remind them to finish a session or to start a new session.
 A session was fulfilled when all exercises were completed.
COUNSELLING

 Five psychology Master's degree students provided the email
support in both the experimental and the active control
conditions.
 They attended a 2-day workshop from licensed doctors of clinical
psychology with ample experience in CBT, ACT and expressive
writing, in which they studied the web-based interventions and
practised writing emails in the roles of both client and counsellor.
COUNSELLING

 Each counsellor provided personal feedback to 25–30 participants
during the intervention, supervised by a clinical psychologist.
 The counsellors were given a total of 3 h on the counselling of an
individual participant.
COUNSELLING

 The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT)
guidelines for randomised trials were followed,35 and the
analyses were done using SPSS version 20 for Windows.
 Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses were performed using the SPSS
Missing Value Analysis to impute all missing data on the
continuous measures with the expectation–maximisation method.
 This method estimates the unmeasured data based on maximum
likelihood estimates using observed data on all continuous
outcome measures in an iterative process.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 To provide a comprehensive picture of the effects of the
intervention, the outcomes were analysed based on ITT as well as
for those completing treatment only.
 The completers group was defined as participants who completed
at least the first six sessions, as these sessions of the ACT
intervention dealt with each of the six ACT processes.
 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-squared tests were
conducted to examine baseline differences between the ACT
intervention and the two control conditions.

 To examine the differences between the conditions on all the
outcome measures, a 3(group)×3(time) repeated measures
ANOVA was used.
 In the case of significant time-group interactions, post hoc analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) was used on the change scores of the
outcome measures with baseline scores as covariates.
 To examine the change from T2 to T3 in the two intervention
groups, a 2(group)×2(time) repeated measures ANOVA and paired
t-tests were used.

 Differences in non-study treatment (participants receiving other
forms of care during the trial) were analysed using chi-squared
tests on the proportions of non-study treatment between the
three conditions.

 Effect sizes at post-intervention were calculated with Cohen's d
using the means and the standard deviations of the
measurements of the conditions.
 To interpret Cohen's d, effect sizes up to 0.49 were considered
small, 0.50–0.79 moderate, 0.80–1.29 large and above 1.30 very
large.
 For the changes within the groups (T2 v. T3) Cohen's d was
corrected for dependence among means by using the correlation
between the two means.

 Comparisons were two-tailed and interpreted with a significance
of P<0.05.
 Using the Jacobson & Truax method we determined the
proportion of participants who made a clinically significant change
on the CES-D from baseline to post-treatment.
 First, the reliable change was calculated with the reliable change
index.
 Second, the recovery criterion was defined as a post-treatment
score below the cut-off value of 16 for clinically relevant

 The score of 16 has been established in previous research as the
cut-off indicating the presence of clinically relevant depressive
symptoms.
 A clinically significant change on the CES-D is thus defined as a
reliable change between the measurements and a post-treatment
score below 16.
 Participants who had a clinically relevant change were coded 1
(implying favourable treatment response, ‘success’) or 0 (‘failure’).
 The binary outcome was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR)
using logistic regression.

 Based on the clinically significant change proportions, the number
needed to treat (NNT) was calculated.
 In addition to the clinically significant change, the effect on
diagnosis assessed with the MINI and the SDS was analysed using
logistic regression.
 We calculated favourable treatment response when a participant
was free from depression or did not develop a diagnosed
depression at T2 (‘success’).
 This yields a binary outcome with failure coded as 0 and success as
1.

 This binary outcome was then used to obtain odds ratios and the
NNT.
 Differences between the proportions of change within the
diagnosis group were analysed using chi-squared tests for
comparisons between the two intervention conditions and the
waiting-list control.

 Adherence was 84% for the ACT group, compared with 76% for
the expressive writing group.
 In the ACT group 73% of the participants completed all nine
sessions, compared with 63% in the expressive writing group; the
difference was not significant (χ2(1,n = 149) = 1.87, P>0.05).
 Analyses of non-study treatment revealed no significant difference
between the conditions: at T1 χ2(2,n = 175) = 1.36, P>0.05; at T2
χ2(2,n = 202) = 2.01, P>0.05.

 Treatment-completer analyses revealed similar results between
completer and non-completer groups with regard to demographic
variables and outcome measures.
 Also, per protocol analysis revealed similar outcomes.
 Therefore, only the results for the total sample on the imputed
data are reported (with exception of the logistic regression of the
diagnostic classification).

 Owing to a programming error in the randomisation procedure
the number of participants in each condition differed.
 There was no significant difference at baseline between the
conditions for any of the demographic variables or outcome
measures, indicating a successful randomisation, except for
gender: χ2(2,n = 236) = 22.78, P<0.001.
 A comparison of the results based on the analyses with v. without
gender as a covariate revealed similar results.

 Therefore, only the results without gender as covariate are
reported (additional analyses with gender as covariate are
available from the authors on request).

EFFECTS OF TREATMENT CONDITION
SECTION 11

 Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1.
 Eligible participants had a mean age of 46.8 years (s.d. = 12.1,
range 20–73), most were women (76%), and two-thirds (66%) had
a high level of education.
 Mean baseline score on the CES-D was 26.73 (s.d. = 8.38).
 Of the 236 participants, 95 (40%) were diagnosed with a mood
disorder.
BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS

 Means and standard deviations for all outcome measures at
baseline, post-treatment and follow-up and the results of the
repeated measures are presented in Table 2.
OUTCOMES

MEASURE F
CES-D 3.07*
HADS-A 3.50**
MHC-SF 2.70*
AAQ-II 4.95***
FFMQ-obs 2.38
FFMQ-des 3.76**
FFMQ-act 1.16
FFMQ-nj 3.80**
FFMQ-nr 8.94***
For all outcome measures
significant interactions
were found, except for the
mindfulness facets
 observing (F(2,233) =
2.38, P = 0.05) and
 acting with awareness
(F(2,233) = 1.16, P =
0.33).

 Post hoc ANCOVA revealed that participants in the ACT
intervention improved significantly more from T0 to T1 on all
outcome measures compared with the waiting-list control group
(all P<0.01), except for the mindfulness facet acting with
awareness (P = 0.62).
FFMQ-act T0 T1 P
ACT 15.44 (3.74) 15.66 (2.60)
P = 0.62
WLC 15.14 (3.69) 15.30 (3.81)

 Compared with the expressive writing intervention post hoc ANCOVA revealed
that participants in the ACT group improved significantly more from T0 to T1 on
all outcome measures (all P<0.05), except for the mindfulness facets observing
(P = 0.85), describing (P = 0.12) and acting with awareness (P = 0.63).
FFMQ-obs T0 T1 P
ACT 14.66 (2.96) 15.80 (3.00)
P = 0.85
EW 14.14 (2.83) 15.37 (2.38)
FFMQ-des T0 T1 P
ACT 17.28 (3.68) 18.67 (3.33)
P = 0.12
EW 16.81 (3.46) 17.69 (3.47)
FFMQ-act T0 T1 P
ACT 15.44 (3.74) 15.66 (2.60)
P = 0.63
EW 14.67 (3.25) 15.41 (2.85)

 Additional analyses from T0 to T2 showed that the ACT intervention group
improved significantly more on all outcome measures compared with the
waiting-list condition (all P<0.05) except for positive mental health (P = 0.06) and
the mindfulness facets observing (P = 0.34) and acting with awareness (P = 0.06).
MHC-SF T0 T2 P
ACT 2.47 (0.76) 3.05 (0.95)
P = 0.06
WLC 2.45 (0.80) 2.84 (0.93)
FFMQ-obs T0 T2 P
ACT 14.66 (2.96) 15.63 (2.88)
P = 0.34
WLC 14.61 (3.18) 15.33 (3.01)
FFMQ-act T0 T2 P
ACT 15.44 (3.74) 16.64 (3.49)
P = 0.06
WLC 15.14 (3.69) 15.70 (3.80)

 The expressive writing intervention group only showed a
significant improvement from baseline to follow-up compared
with the waiting-list condition for psychological flexibility and the
mindfulness facets describing, non-judging of inner experience
and non-reactivity to inner experience (all P<0.05).
FFMQ-nj T0 T2 P
EW 13.71 (3.13) 15.30 (2.85)
P < 0.05
WLC 13.84 (3.72) 14.44 (3.79)
FFMQ-nr T0 T2 P
EW 14.37 (3.06) 15.98 (2.55)
P < 0.05
WLC 14.38 (2.78) 15.11 (3.26)

At T1 moderate and small effect sizes were found on all the
outcome measures for the ACT intervention compared with the
waiting-list condition, and small effect sizes compared with the
expressive writing intervention. For the latter intervention small
effect sizes were found compared with the waiting-list condition.

At T2 small effect sizes were found on all the outcome measures for the
ACT intervention compared with the other two conditions. The expressive
writing intervention also showed small effect sizes compared with the
waiting-list condition.

 Chi-squared tests revealed significant proportional improvement in the diagnosis of
recurrent depression for both ACT (χ2(1,n = 152) = 6.03, P<0.01) and the expressive
writing intervention (χ2(1,n = 132) = 15.9, P<0.001) compared with the waiting-list
condition.
 Comparison of the two interventions on proportions of improvement in the
diagnosis of recurrent depression was non-significant (χ2(1,n = 124) = 2.83, P =
0.09).

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
SECTION 12

 Although it was found that the ACT intervention had larger post-
treatment effects for depressive symptoms than the expressive
writing intervention, no difference was found at follow-up.
 This was contrary to our hypothesis, in which we expected ACT to
have a larger treatment effect both post-treatment and at follow-
up.
 One explanation could be that the attention and emotional
support through email contact in both interventions contributed
to the effects.
EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPRESSIVE WRITING

 Another explanation is that expressive writing is also an effective
treatment.
 Expressive writing has often been applied as an intervention, in
which people write about emotional events on at least 3 days a
week for 15–30 min for 3 or 4 consecutive days.
 However, to make the format more equal to the ACT intervention
the intervention was extended to 9 weeks.
 To enhance adherence to this longer intervention many
components were added, one of which was psychoeducation on
emotion regulation based on Gross's model.

 We found significant improvements from baseline to 6-month
follow-up for the expressive writing group in psychological
flexibility and the mindfulness facets describing, non-judging of
inner experience and non-reactivity to inner experience
compared with the waiting-list control.
 Writing about negative emotions for many weeks and writing
about positive events may help people to regulate emotions in a
way that is similar to ACT, i.e. diminishing avoidance and
increasing acceptance of emotions.

 Some authors have suggested that emotional writing may yield
larger effects, but there is no consensus on the mechanisms of
change.
 Our findings suggest that a comprehensive expressive writing
intervention could be an effective web-based intervention, but
more research is needed to support this.

 The clinical implications of this trial are that ACT can be effective
as a web-based public mental health intervention for people with
mild to moderate depressive symptoms, at least for women with
medium to high levels of education.
 Although ACT was found to have larger effects than expressive
writing in the short term, our findings also suggest that a
comprehensive web-based expressive writing therapy might be a
promising public mental health intervention. This needs to be
corroborated in future studies.
STUDY IMPLICATIONS

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
SECTION 13

 The ACT intervention was compared not only with a waiting-list
condition but also with an active control condition in the form of
a web-based expressive writing intervention.
 Non-specific treatment factors such as attention and emotional
support are generally recognised to be important for therapeutic
effect.
 Also, inclusion criteria were kept broad to enhance
generalisability with respect to the general population and the
external validity of the study.
STRENGHTS

 Moreover, adding semi-structured interviews as diagnostic
measures enhanced the reliability of the outcome measures.
 Finally, high attrition rates are common in studies of web-based
interventions.
 In our study treatment adherence was as high as 84%, in contrast
to many previous internet studies that showed lower adherence
rates.
STRENGHTS

 The first and most important is that the recruitment strategy
raises the possibility of self-selection bias (i.e. self-referral and
motivation for time investment).
 This, and the fact that our participants tended to have high levels
of education relative to the general public, raise questions on
generalisability.
 It is a common finding in internet studies that highly educated
women are especially prone to apply for guided web-based self-
help interventions.
LIMITATIONS

 Second, there was no assessment of interrater reliability of the
diagnostic classification in this study.
 However, previous studies have provided justification for this
method of assessing psychiatric disorders.
 A third limitation is the absence of competence measures of the
counsellors because of the risk of not following the treatment
protocol.
LIMITATIONS

 However, all counsellors were supervised and the treatment
protocol was highly standardised.
 Fourth, although we standardised the interventions to make
them equivalent, the format of the interventions differed
somewhat between treatments.
LIMITATIONS

 The expressive writing intervention relied almost exclusively on
text-based material, whereas the ACT used more experiential
exercises (mindfulness exercises and interactive material) and
relied more on a mix of text-based and picture-based material,
which is in line with the theoretical underpinnings of the ACT
model.
LIMITATIONS

RESULT AND CONCLUSION
SECTION 14

Result
 Significant reductions in depressive
symptoms were found following
the ACT intervention, compared
with the control group (Cohen's d
= 0.56) and the expressive writing
intervention (d = 0.36).
 The effects were sustained at 6-
month and 12-month follow-up.
Conclusion
Acceptance and commitment
therapy as a web-based
public mental health
intervention for adults with
depressive symptoms can be
effective and applicable.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Randomised Controlled Trial

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Web-based Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Randomised Controlled Trial